Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Oral Health Reports 4/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Epidemiology (M Laine, Section Editor)

Cross-transmission in the Dental Office: Does This Make You Ill?

Authors: C. M. C. Volgenant, J. J. de Soet

Published in: Current Oral Health Reports | Issue 4/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recently, numerous scientific publications were published which shed new light on the possible risks of infection for dental healthcare workers and their patients. This review aimed to provide the latest insights in the relative risks of transmission of (pathogenic) micro-organisms in the dental office.

Recent Findings

Of all different routes of micro-organism transmission during or immediately after dental treatment (via direct contact/via blood-blood contact/via dental unit water and aerosols), evidence of transmission is available. However, the recent results put the risks in perspective; infections related to the dental office are most likely when infection control measures are not followed meticulously.

Summary

The risk for transmission of pathogens in a dental office resulting in an infectious disease is still unknown; it seems to be limited in developed countries but it cannot be considered negligible. Therefore, maintaining high standards of infection preventive measures is of high importance for dental healthcare workers to avoid infectious diseases due to cross-contamination.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fast SM, Gonzalez MC, Markuzon N. Cost-effective control of infectious disease outbreaks accounting for societal reaction. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136059.CrossRef Fast SM, Gonzalez MC, Markuzon N. Cost-effective control of infectious disease outbreaks accounting for societal reaction. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136059.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Currie K, Melone L, Stewart S, King C, Holopainen A, Clark AM, et al. Understanding the patient experience of health care–associated infection: a qualitative systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46:936–42.CrossRef Currie K, Melone L, Stewart S, King C, Holopainen A, Clark AM, et al. Understanding the patient experience of health care–associated infection: a qualitative systematic review. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46:936–42.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Jones CA, Davis JS, Looke DF. Death from an untreatable infection may signal the start of the post-antibiotic era. Med J Aust. 2017;206(7):292–3.CrossRef Jones CA, Davis JS, Looke DF. Death from an untreatable infection may signal the start of the post-antibiotic era. Med J Aust. 2017;206(7):292–3.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference • Boswihi SS, Udo EE. Methicillin-resistan Staphylococcus auteus: an update on the epidemiology, treatment options and infection control. Curr Med Res Pract. 2018;8(7) This data on MRSA is an indication that we could face more problems in future related to MRSA and that antibiotic stewardship will be of increasing importance. CrossRef • Boswihi SS, Udo EE. Methicillin-resistan Staphylococcus auteus: an update on the epidemiology, treatment options and infection control. Curr Med Res Pract. 2018;8(7) This data on MRSA is an indication that we could face more problems in future related to MRSA and that antibiotic stewardship will be of increasing importance. CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Chow A, Lim VW, Khan A, Pettigrew K, Lye DCB, Kanagasabai K, et al. MRSA transmission dynamics among interconnected acute, intermediate-term, and long-term healthcare facilities in Singapore. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(suppl_2):S76–81.CrossRef Chow A, Lim VW, Khan A, Pettigrew K, Lye DCB, Kanagasabai K, et al. MRSA transmission dynamics among interconnected acute, intermediate-term, and long-term healthcare facilities in Singapore. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(suppl_2):S76–81.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lewis N, Parmar N, Hussain Z, Baker G, Green I, Howlett J, et al. Colonisation of dentures by Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in out-patient and in-patient populations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(9):1823–6.CrossRef Lewis N, Parmar N, Hussain Z, Baker G, Green I, Howlett J, et al. Colonisation of dentures by Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in out-patient and in-patient populations. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(9):1823–6.CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Koukos G, Sakellari D, Arsenakis M, Tsalikis L, Slini T, Konstantinidis A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the oral cavity. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(9):1410–5.CrossRef Koukos G, Sakellari D, Arsenakis M, Tsalikis L, Slini T, Konstantinidis A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the oral cavity. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(9):1410–5.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Cavalcante FS, Pinheiro MV, Ferreira DC, Alvarenga C, Guimaraes ACF, Nouer SA, et al. Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients on admission to a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(11):1190–3.CrossRef Cavalcante FS, Pinheiro MV, Ferreira DC, Alvarenga C, Guimaraes ACF, Nouer SA, et al. Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients on admission to a teaching hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(11):1190–3.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Budri PE, Shore AC, Coleman DC, Kinnevey PM, Humpreys H, Fitzgerald-Hughes D. Observational cross-sectional study of nasal staphylococcal species of medical students of diverse geographical origin, prior to healthcare exposure: prevalence of SCCmec, fusC, fusB and the arginine catabolite mobile element (ACME) in the absence of selective antibiotic pressure. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e020391.CrossRef Budri PE, Shore AC, Coleman DC, Kinnevey PM, Humpreys H, Fitzgerald-Hughes D. Observational cross-sectional study of nasal staphylococcal species of medical students of diverse geographical origin, prior to healthcare exposure: prevalence of SCCmec, fusC, fusB and the arginine catabolite mobile element (ACME) in the absence of selective antibiotic pressure. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e020391.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Roberts MC, Soge OO, Horst JA, Ly KA, Milgrom P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from dental school clinic surfaces and students. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(8):628–32.CrossRef Roberts MC, Soge OO, Horst JA, Ly KA, Milgrom P. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from dental school clinic surfaces and students. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39(8):628–32.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Martinez-Ruiz FJ, Carrillo-Espindola TY, Bustos-Martinez J, Hamdan-Partida A, Sanchez-Perez L, Acosta-Gio AE. Higher prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among dental students. J Hosp Infect. 2014;86(3):216–8.CrossRef Martinez-Ruiz FJ, Carrillo-Espindola TY, Bustos-Martinez J, Hamdan-Partida A, Sanchez-Perez L, Acosta-Gio AE. Higher prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among dental students. J Hosp Infect. 2014;86(3):216–8.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Petti S, Kakisina N, Volgenant CM, Messano GA, Barbato E, Passariello C, et al. Low methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate among Italian dental students. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(12):e89–91.CrossRef Petti S, Kakisina N, Volgenant CM, Messano GA, Barbato E, Passariello C, et al. Low methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate among Italian dental students. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(12):e89–91.CrossRef
14.
15.
go back to reference Baek YS, Baek SH, Yoo YJ. Higher nasal carriage rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among dental students who have clinical experience. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(5):348–53.CrossRef Baek YS, Baek SH, Yoo YJ. Higher nasal carriage rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among dental students who have clinical experience. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(5):348–53.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Petti S, Polimeni A. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the dental healthcare setting: a narrative review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(11):1109–15.CrossRef Petti S, Polimeni A. Risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in the dental healthcare setting: a narrative review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(11):1109–15.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Vickery K, Deva A, Jacombs A, Allan J, Valente P, Gosbell IB. Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2012;80(1):52–5.CrossRef Vickery K, Deva A, Jacombs A, Allan J, Valente P, Gosbell IB. Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect. 2012;80(1):52–5.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Walia SS, Manchanda A, Narang RS, N A, Singh B, Kahlon SS. Cellular telephone as reservoir of bacterial contamination: myth or fact. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):50–3.PubMedPubMedCentral Walia SS, Manchanda A, Narang RS, N A, Singh B, Kahlon SS. Cellular telephone as reservoir of bacterial contamination: myth or fact. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):50–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Almatroudi A, Hu H, Deva A, Gosbell IB, Jacombs A, Jensen SO, et al. A new dry-surface biofilm model: an essential tool for efficacy testing of hospital surface decontamination procedures. J Microbiol Methods. 2015;117:171–6.CrossRef Almatroudi A, Hu H, Deva A, Gosbell IB, Jacombs A, Jensen SO, et al. A new dry-surface biofilm model: an essential tool for efficacy testing of hospital surface decontamination procedures. J Microbiol Methods. 2015;117:171–6.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Almatroudi A, Gosbell IB, Hu H, Jensen SO, Espedido BA, Tahir S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are not killed by sodium hypochlorite: implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2016;93(3):263–70.CrossRef Almatroudi A, Gosbell IB, Hu H, Jensen SO, Espedido BA, Tahir S, et al. Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are not killed by sodium hypochlorite: implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2016;93(3):263–70.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Almatroudi A, Tahir S, Hu H, Chowdhury D, Gosbell IB, Jensen SO, et al. Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are more resistant to heat treatment than traditional hydrated biofilms. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(2):161–7.CrossRef Almatroudi A, Tahir S, Hu H, Chowdhury D, Gosbell IB, Jensen SO, et al. Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are more resistant to heat treatment than traditional hydrated biofilms. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(2):161–7.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Otter JA, Vickery K, Walker JT, deLancey Pulcini E, Stoodley P, Goldenberg SD, et al. Surface-attached cells, biofilms and biocide susceptibility: implications for hospital cleaning and disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2015;89(1):16–27.CrossRef Otter JA, Vickery K, Walker JT, deLancey Pulcini E, Stoodley P, Goldenberg SD, et al. Surface-attached cells, biofilms and biocide susceptibility: implications for hospital cleaning and disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2015;89(1):16–27.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Chowdhary D, Tahir S, Legge M, Hu H, Prvan T, Johani K, et al. Transfer of dry surface biofilm in healthcare environment: the role of healthcare worker's hands as vehicles. J Hosp Infect. 2018. Chowdhary D, Tahir S, Legge M, Hu H, Prvan T, Johani K, et al. Transfer of dry surface biofilm in healthcare environment: the role of healthcare worker's hands as vehicles. J Hosp Infect. 2018.
24.
go back to reference Deshpande A, Smith GW, Smith AJ. Biofouling of surgical power tools during routine use. J Hosp Infect. 2015;90(3):179–85.CrossRef Deshpande A, Smith GW, Smith AJ. Biofouling of surgical power tools during routine use. J Hosp Infect. 2015;90(3):179–85.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Andersen HK, Fiehn NE, Larsen T. Effect of steam sterilization inside the turbine chambers of dental turbines. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;87(2):184–8.CrossRef Andersen HK, Fiehn NE, Larsen T. Effect of steam sterilization inside the turbine chambers of dental turbines. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;87(2):184–8.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Pinto FM, Bruna CQ, Camargo TC, Marques M, Silva CB, Sasagawa SM, et al. The practice of disinfection of high-speed handpieces with 70% w/v alcohol: an evaluation. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(1):e19–22.CrossRef Pinto FM, Bruna CQ, Camargo TC, Marques M, Silva CB, Sasagawa SM, et al. The practice of disinfection of high-speed handpieces with 70% w/v alcohol: an evaluation. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(1):e19–22.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Acosta-Gio E, Bednarsh H, Cuny E, Eklund K, Mills S, Risk D. Sterilization of dental handpieces. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(8):937–8.CrossRef Acosta-Gio E, Bednarsh H, Cuny E, Eklund K, Mills S, Risk D. Sterilization of dental handpieces. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(8):937–8.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Osegueda-Espinosa AA, Sanchez-Perez L, Perea-Perez B, Labajo-Gonzalez E, Acosta-Gio AE. Dentists survey on adverse events during their clinical training. J Patient Saf. 2017:1. Osegueda-Espinosa AA, Sanchez-Perez L, Perea-Perez B, Labajo-Gonzalez E, Acosta-Gio AE. Dentists survey on adverse events during their clinical training. J Patient Saf. 2017:1.
29.
go back to reference Weaver JM. Confirmed transmission of hepatitis C in an oral surgery office. Anesth Prog. 2014;61(3):93–4.CrossRef Weaver JM. Confirmed transmission of hepatitis C in an oral surgery office. Anesth Prog. 2014;61(3):93–4.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Hanley KJ. Take a lesson from Tulsa. N Y State Dent J. 2013;79(4):4–6.PubMed Hanley KJ. Take a lesson from Tulsa. N Y State Dent J. 2013;79(4):4–6.PubMed
32.
go back to reference L P. Five former patients of 'dirty' dentist test positive for HEPATITIS following claims he ignored infection control rules. Mail Online 2015 17 March 2015. L P. Five former patients of 'dirty' dentist test positive for HEPATITIS following claims he ignored infection control rules. Mail Online 2015 17 March 2015.
33.
go back to reference Pervaiz M, Gilbert R, Ali N. The prevalence and underreporting of Needlestick injuries among dental healthcare Workers in Pakistan: a systematic review. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:9609038.CrossRef Pervaiz M, Gilbert R, Ali N. The prevalence and underreporting of Needlestick injuries among dental healthcare Workers in Pakistan: a systematic review. Int J Dent. 2018;2018:9609038.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Gooch BF, Shapiro CN. Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists, 1983-1992. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(9):1385–90.CrossRef Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Gooch BF, Shapiro CN. Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists, 1983-1992. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(9):1385–90.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Cooke CE, Stephens JM. Clinical, economic, and humanistic burden of needlestick injuries in healthcare workers. Med Devices (Auckl). 2017;10:225–35. Cooke CE, Stephens JM. Clinical, economic, and humanistic burden of needlestick injuries in healthcare workers. Med Devices (Auckl). 2017;10:225–35.
36.
go back to reference •• Cleveland JL, Gray SK, Harte JA, Robison VA, Moorman AC, Gooch BF. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens in US dental health care settings: 2016 update. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(9):729–38 This publication lists systematically the reports concerning transmission of blood borne pathogens in dentistry in the United States of America during 12 years. CrossRef •• Cleveland JL, Gray SK, Harte JA, Robison VA, Moorman AC, Gooch BF. Transmission of blood-borne pathogens in US dental health care settings: 2016 update. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(9):729–38 This publication lists systematically the reports concerning transmission of blood borne pathogens in dentistry in the United States of America during 12 years. CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, Nainan O, Khristova M, Williams I. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(9):1311–4.CrossRef Redd JT, Baumbach J, Kohn W, Nainan O, Khristova M, Williams I. Patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with oral surgery. J Infect Dis. 2007;195(9):1311–4.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Radcliffe RA, Bixler D, Moorman A, Hogan VA, Greenfield VS, Gaviria DM, et al. Hepatitis B virus transmissions associated with a portable dental clinic, West Virginia, 2009. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(10):1110–8.CrossRef Radcliffe RA, Bixler D, Moorman A, Hogan VA, Greenfield VS, Gaviria DM, et al. Hepatitis B virus transmissions associated with a portable dental clinic, West Virginia, 2009. J Am Dent Assoc. 2013;144(10):1110–8.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Mahmud S, Kouyoumjian SP, Al Kanaani Z, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Individual-level key associations and modes of exposure for hepatitis C virus infection in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic synthesis. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(7):452–61.CrossRef Mahmud S, Kouyoumjian SP, Al Kanaani Z, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Individual-level key associations and modes of exposure for hepatitis C virus infection in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic synthesis. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(7):452–61.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference van Wijk PT, Meiberg AE, Bruers JJ, Groenewold MH, van Raalten AL, Dam BA, et al. The risk of blood exposure incidents in dental practices in the Netherlands. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40(6):567–73.CrossRef van Wijk PT, Meiberg AE, Bruers JJ, Groenewold MH, van Raalten AL, Dam BA, et al. The risk of blood exposure incidents in dental practices in the Netherlands. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2012;40(6):567–73.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Winchester SA, Tomkins S, Cliffe S, Batty L, Ncube F, Zuckerman M. Healthcare workers' perceptions of occupational exposure to blood-borne viruses and reporting barriers: a questionnaire-based study. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(1):36–9.CrossRef Winchester SA, Tomkins S, Cliffe S, Batty L, Ncube F, Zuckerman M. Healthcare workers' perceptions of occupational exposure to blood-borne viruses and reporting barriers: a questionnaire-based study. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(1):36–9.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Garland KV. A survey of United States dental hygienists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices with infection control guidelines. J Dent Hyg. 2013;87(3):140–51.PubMed Garland KV. A survey of United States dental hygienists' knowledge, attitudes, and practices with infection control guidelines. J Dent Hyg. 2013;87(3):140–51.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Wu L, Yin YL, Song JL, Chen Y, Wu YF, Zhao L. Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding occupational blood-borne pathogen exposure amongst students in two Chinese dental schools. Eur J Dent Educ. 2016;20(4):206–12.CrossRef Wu L, Yin YL, Song JL, Chen Y, Wu YF, Zhao L. Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding occupational blood-borne pathogen exposure amongst students in two Chinese dental schools. Eur J Dent Educ. 2016;20(4):206–12.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Yoo YJ, Kwak EJ, Jeong KM, Baek SH, Baek YS. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection control and nasal MRSA carriage rate among dental health-care professionals. Int Dent J. 2018;68:359–66.CrossRef Yoo YJ, Kwak EJ, Jeong KM, Baek SH, Baek YS. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection control and nasal MRSA carriage rate among dental health-care professionals. Int Dent J. 2018;68:359–66.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Hbibi A, Kasouati J, Charof R, Chaouir S, El Harti K. Evaluation of the knowledge and attitudes of dental students toward occupational blood exposure accidents at the end of the dental training program. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent. 2018;8(1):77–86. Hbibi A, Kasouati J, Charof R, Chaouir S, El Harti K. Evaluation of the knowledge and attitudes of dental students toward occupational blood exposure accidents at the end of the dental training program. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent. 2018;8(1):77–86.
46.
go back to reference Schuurmans J, Lutgens SP, Groen L, Schneeberger PM. Do safety engineered devices reduce needlestick injuries? J Hosp Infect. 2018;100:99–104.CrossRef Schuurmans J, Lutgens SP, Groen L, Schneeberger PM. Do safety engineered devices reduce needlestick injuries? J Hosp Infect. 2018;100:99–104.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Fa BA, Cuny E. Preliminary evidence supports modification of retraction technique to prevent Needlestick injuries. Anesth Prog. 2016;63(4):192–6.CrossRef Fa BA, Cuny E. Preliminary evidence supports modification of retraction technique to prevent Needlestick injuries. Anesth Prog. 2016;63(4):192–6.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Lewis DL, Arens M, Suzuki M, Appleton SS, Nakashima K, Ryu J, et al. Cross-contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet. 1992;340(8830):1252–4.CrossRef Lewis DL, Arens M, Suzuki M, Appleton SS, Nakashima K, Ryu J, et al. Cross-contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet. 1992;340(8830):1252–4.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Barbeau J, Tanguay R, Faucher E, Avezard C, Trudel L, Cote L, et al. Multiparametric analysis of waterline contamination in dental units. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(11):3954–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Barbeau J, Tanguay R, Faucher E, Avezard C, Trudel L, Cote L, et al. Multiparametric analysis of waterline contamination in dental units. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(11):3954–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Coleman DC, O'Donnell MJ, Shore AC, Russell RJ. Biofilm problems in dental unit water systems and its practical control. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;106(5):1424–37.CrossRef Coleman DC, O'Donnell MJ, Shore AC, Russell RJ. Biofilm problems in dental unit water systems and its practical control. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;106(5):1424–37.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Veena HR, Mahantesha S, Joseph PA, Patil SR, Patil SH. Dissemination of aerosol and splatter during ultrasonic scaling: a pilot study. J Infect Public Health. 2015;8(3):260–5.CrossRef Veena HR, Mahantesha S, Joseph PA, Patil SR, Patil SH. Dissemination of aerosol and splatter during ultrasonic scaling: a pilot study. J Infect Public Health. 2015;8(3):260–5.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Watanabe A, Tamaki N, Yokota K, Matsuyama M, Kokeguchi S. Use of ATP bioluminescence to survey the spread of aerosol and splatter during dental treatments. J Hosp Infect. 2018;99(3):303–5.CrossRef Watanabe A, Tamaki N, Yokota K, Matsuyama M, Kokeguchi S. Use of ATP bioluminescence to survey the spread of aerosol and splatter during dental treatments. J Hosp Infect. 2018;99(3):303–5.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Zemouri C, de Soet H, Crielaard W, Laheij A. A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0178007.CrossRef Zemouri C, de Soet H, Crielaard W, Laheij A. A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0178007.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Holloman JL, Mauriello SM, Pimenta L, Arnold RR. Comparison of suction device with saliva ejector for aerosol and spatter reduction during ultrasonic scaling. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(1):27–33.CrossRef Holloman JL, Mauriello SM, Pimenta L, Arnold RR. Comparison of suction device with saliva ejector for aerosol and spatter reduction during ultrasonic scaling. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(1):27–33.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Costa D, Mercier A, Gravouil K, Lesobre J, Delafont V, Bousseau A, et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in dental unit waterlines. Water Res. 2015;81:223–31.CrossRef Costa D, Mercier A, Gravouil K, Lesobre J, Delafont V, Bousseau A, et al. Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial diversity in dental unit waterlines. Water Res. 2015;81:223–31.CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Jensen ET, Giwercman B, Ojeniyi B, Bangsborg JM, Hansen A, Koch C, et al. Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis and the possible role of contamination by dental equipment. J Hosp Infect. 1997;36(2):117–22.CrossRef Jensen ET, Giwercman B, Ojeniyi B, Bangsborg JM, Hansen A, Koch C, et al. Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis and the possible role of contamination by dental equipment. J Hosp Infect. 1997;36(2):117–22.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Smith G, Smith A. Microbial contamination of used dental handpieces. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(9):1019–21.CrossRef Smith G, Smith A. Microbial contamination of used dental handpieces. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(9):1019–21.CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Abdouchakour F, Dupont C, Grau D, Aujoulat F, Mournetas P, Marchandin H, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter sp. clonal selection leads to successive waves of contamination of water in dental care units. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(21):7509–24.CrossRef Abdouchakour F, Dupont C, Grau D, Aujoulat F, Mournetas P, Marchandin H, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Achromobacter sp. clonal selection leads to successive waves of contamination of water in dental care units. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(21):7509–24.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Ji XY, Fei CN, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Dong J. Evaluation of bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines and use of a newly designed measurement device to assess retraction of a dental chair unit. Int Dent J. 2016;66(4):208–14.CrossRef Ji XY, Fei CN, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Dong J. Evaluation of bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines and use of a newly designed measurement device to assess retraction of a dental chair unit. Int Dent J. 2016;66(4):208–14.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Kanamori H, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Healthcare outbreaks associated with a water reservoir and infection prevention strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(11):1423–35.CrossRef Kanamori H, Weber DJ, Rutala WA. Healthcare outbreaks associated with a water reservoir and infection prevention strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(11):1423–35.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Johani K, Abualsaud D, Costa DM, Hu H, Whiteley G, Deva A, et al. Characterization of microbial community composition, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm on intensive care surfaces. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(3):418–24.CrossRef Johani K, Abualsaud D, Costa DM, Hu H, Whiteley G, Deva A, et al. Characterization of microbial community composition, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm on intensive care surfaces. J Infect Public Health. 2018;11(3):418–24.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Peralta G. Notes from the field: Mycobacterium abscessus infections among patients of a pediatric dentistry practice—Georgia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:355–6.CrossRef Peralta G. Notes from the field: Mycobacterium abscessus infections among patients of a pediatric dentistry practice—Georgia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:355–6.CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Pankhurst CL, Coulter WA. Do contaminated dental unit waterlines pose a risk of infection? J Dent. 2007;35(9):712–20.CrossRef Pankhurst CL, Coulter WA. Do contaminated dental unit waterlines pose a risk of infection? J Dent. 2007;35(9):712–20.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Singh TS, Bello B, Mabe OD, Renton K, Jeebhay MF. Workplace determinants of endotoxin exposure in dental healthcare facilities in South Africa. Ann Occup Hyg. 2010;54(3):299–308.PubMed Singh TS, Bello B, Mabe OD, Renton K, Jeebhay MF. Workplace determinants of endotoxin exposure in dental healthcare facilities in South Africa. Ann Occup Hyg. 2010;54(3):299–308.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Guerrieri E, Bondi M, Borella P, Messi P. Influence of aquatic microorganisms on legionella pneumophila survival. New Microbiol. 2007;30(3):247–51.PubMed Guerrieri E, Bondi M, Borella P, Messi P. Influence of aquatic microorganisms on legionella pneumophila survival. New Microbiol. 2007;30(3):247–51.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Buse HY, Ashbolt NJ. Counting legionella cells within single amoeba host cells. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(6):2070–2.CrossRef Buse HY, Ashbolt NJ. Counting legionella cells within single amoeba host cells. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(6):2070–2.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Lu J, Struewing I, Vereen E, Kirby AE, Levy K, Moe C, et al. Molecular detection of legionella spp. and their associations with Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and amoeba hosts in a drinking water distribution system. J Appl Microbiol. 2016;120(2):509–21.CrossRef Lu J, Struewing I, Vereen E, Kirby AE, Levy K, Moe C, et al. Molecular detection of legionella spp. and their associations with Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and amoeba hosts in a drinking water distribution system. J Appl Microbiol. 2016;120(2):509–21.CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Federation FDIWD. FDI policy statement on dental unit water systems and microbial contamination: adopted by the FDI general assembly: September 2016, Poznan, Poland. Int Dent J. 2017;67(1):4–5.CrossRef Federation FDIWD. FDI policy statement on dental unit water systems and microbial contamination: adopted by the FDI general assembly: September 2016, Poznan, Poland. Int Dent J. 2017;67(1):4–5.CrossRef
69.
go back to reference van der Kooij D, Bakker GL, Italiaander R, Veenendaal HR, Wullings BA. Biofilm composition and threshold concentration for growth of legionella pneumophila on surfaces exposed to flowing warm tap water without disinfectant. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(5). van der Kooij D, Bakker GL, Italiaander R, Veenendaal HR, Wullings BA. Biofilm composition and threshold concentration for growth of legionella pneumophila on surfaces exposed to flowing warm tap water without disinfectant. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83(5).
70.
go back to reference Vaccaro L, Izquierdo F, Magnet A, Hurtado C, Salinas MA, Gomes TS, et al. First case of Legionnaire's disease caused by legionella anisa in Spain and the limitations on the diagnosis of legionella non-pneumophila infections. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159726.CrossRef Vaccaro L, Izquierdo F, Magnet A, Hurtado C, Salinas MA, Gomes TS, et al. First case of Legionnaire's disease caused by legionella anisa in Spain and the limitations on the diagnosis of legionella non-pneumophila infections. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159726.CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Fenstersheib M, Miller M, Diggins C, Liska S, Detwiler L, Werner SB, et al. Outbreak of Pontiac fever due to legionella anisa. Lancet. 1990;336(8706):35–7.CrossRef Fenstersheib M, Miller M, Diggins C, Liska S, Detwiler L, Werner SB, et al. Outbreak of Pontiac fever due to legionella anisa. Lancet. 1990;336(8706):35–7.CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Ricci ML, Fontana S, Pinci F, Fiumana E, Pedna MF, Farolfi P, et al. Pneumonia associated with a dental unit waterline. Lancet. 2012;379(9816):684.CrossRef Ricci ML, Fontana S, Pinci F, Fiumana E, Pedna MF, Farolfi P, et al. Pneumonia associated with a dental unit waterline. Lancet. 2012;379(9816):684.CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Schonning C, Jernberg C, Klingenberg D, Andersson S, Paajarvi A, Alm E, et al. Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit: a case study. J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(1):89–92.CrossRef Schonning C, Jernberg C, Klingenberg D, Andersson S, Paajarvi A, Alm E, et al. Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit: a case study. J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(1):89–92.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Oppenheim BA, Sefton AM, Gill ON, Tyler JE, O'Mahony MC, Richards JM, et al. Widespread legionella pneumophila contamination of dental stations in a dental school without apparent human infection. Epidemiol Infect. 1987;99(1):159–66.CrossRef Oppenheim BA, Sefton AM, Gill ON, Tyler JE, O'Mahony MC, Richards JM, et al. Widespread legionella pneumophila contamination of dental stations in a dental school without apparent human infection. Epidemiol Infect. 1987;99(1):159–66.CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Reinthaler FF, Mascher F, Stunzner D. Serological examinations for antibodies against legionella species in dental personnel. J Dent Res. 1988;67(6):942–3.CrossRef Reinthaler FF, Mascher F, Stunzner D. Serological examinations for antibodies against legionella species in dental personnel. J Dent Res. 1988;67(6):942–3.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Borella P, Bargellini A, Marchesi I, Rovesti S, Stancanelli G, Scaltriti S, et al. Prevalence of anti-legionella antibodies among Italian hospital workers. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69(2):148–55.CrossRef Borella P, Bargellini A, Marchesi I, Rovesti S, Stancanelli G, Scaltriti S, et al. Prevalence of anti-legionella antibodies among Italian hospital workers. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69(2):148–55.CrossRef
77.
go back to reference •• Petti S, Vitali M. Occupational risk for legionella infection among dental healthcare workers: meta-analysis in occupational epidemiology. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e015374 Thorough meta -analysis which assesses the level of scientific evidence regarding the relative occupational risk for Legionella infection among DHCWs. CrossRef •• Petti S, Vitali M. Occupational risk for legionella infection among dental healthcare workers: meta-analysis in occupational epidemiology. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e015374 Thorough meta -analysis which assesses the level of scientific evidence regarding the relative occupational risk for Legionella infection among DHCWs. CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Estrich CG, Gruninger SE, Lipman RD. Rates and predictors of exposure to legionella pneumophila in the United States among dental practitioners: 2002 through 2012. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148(3):164–71.CrossRef Estrich CG, Gruninger SE, Lipman RD. Rates and predictors of exposure to legionella pneumophila in the United States among dental practitioners: 2002 through 2012. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148(3):164–71.CrossRef
79.
go back to reference Petti S. The chicken-egg dilemma: Legionnaires' disease and retrograde contamination of dental unit waterlines. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(10):1258–60.CrossRef Petti S. The chicken-egg dilemma: Legionnaires' disease and retrograde contamination of dental unit waterlines. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(10):1258–60.CrossRef
80.
go back to reference Petti S. From 'Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit' to 'Was Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit? J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(2):204–5.CrossRef Petti S. From 'Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit' to 'Was Legionellosis acquired through a dental unit? J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(2):204–5.CrossRef
81.
go back to reference Petti S. Healthcare outbreaks associated with dental unit water systems: strong scientific evidence of minimal risk. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1270.PubMed Petti S. Healthcare outbreaks associated with dental unit water systems: strong scientific evidence of minimal risk. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1270.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Naeem A, Saluja SA, Krishna D, Shitanshu M, Arun S, Taseer B. Contamination of Dentist's hands with and without finger rings. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(8):114–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Naeem A, Saluja SA, Krishna D, Shitanshu M, Arun S, Taseer B. Contamination of Dentist's hands with and without finger rings. J Int Oral Health. 2015;7(8):114–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
83.
go back to reference Ramich T, Eickholz P, Wicker S. Work-related infections in dentistry: risk perception and preventive measures. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(8):2473–9.CrossRef Ramich T, Eickholz P, Wicker S. Work-related infections in dentistry: risk perception and preventive measures. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(8):2473–9.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Cross-transmission in the Dental Office: Does This Make You Ill?
Authors
C. M. C. Volgenant
J. J. de Soet
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Current Oral Health Reports / Issue 4/2018
Electronic ISSN: 2196-3002
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-018-0201-3

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Current Oral Health Reports 4/2018 Go to the issue

Dental Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration (F Setzer, Section Editor)

Tooth Repair and Regeneration

Dental Public Health (R Collins, Section Editor)

Restructuring Dental Education to Facilitate Access to Oral Health Care

Dental Restorative Materials (M Özcan, Section Editor)

Reparative Dentistry: Possibilities and Limitations

Dental Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration (F Setzer, Section Editor)

Application of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration in Critical-Sized Defects

Epidemiology (M Laine, Section Editor)

Periodontal Disease in Women and Men

Epidemiology (M Laine, Section Editor)

Saliva – A Promising Tool for Diagnosing Oral Diseases