Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Sports Medicine 11/2017

01-11-2017 | Systematic Review

Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Authors: Forough Farrokhyar, Gayathri Sivakumar, Katey Savage, Alex Koziarz, Sahab Jamshidi, Olufemi R. Ayeni, Devin Peterson, Mohit Bhandari

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 11/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

There is currently no systematic review examining the effects of vitamin D supplementation among athletes. A rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis is important to provide a balanced view of current knowledge on the effect of vitamin D on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and physical performance.

Objectives

This systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentrations and physical performance in athletes.

Methods

Multiple electronic databases were searched, and study eligibility, methodological quality assessment, and data extraction were completed independently and in duplicate. Studies were stratified by baseline vitamin D sufficiency, season, and latitude. A cut-off of 30 ng/ml (75 nmol/l) of 25(OH)D was used for sufficiency. Absolute mean differences (AMDs) between vitamin D and placebo using random effects analysis, and heterogeneity using Q statistic and I 2 index, were calculated. AMD with 95% confidence interval (CI), p value, and I 2 are reported.

Results

In total, 13 RCTs (2005–2016) with 532 athletes (vitamin D 311, placebo 221) were eligible. A total of 433 athletes (vitamin D 244, placebo 189) had complete outcome data. Among athletes with baseline values suggesting insufficiency, vitamin D supplementation led to significant increases from 3000 IU (AMD 15.2 ng/ml; 95% CI 10.7–19.7, p < 0.0001, I 2 = 0%) and 5000 IU (AMD 27.8 ng/ml; 95% CI 16.9–38.8, p < 0.0001, I 2 = 78%) per day at >45° latitudes. Both doses led to sufficiency concentrations during winter months. Among athletes with baseline vitamin D suggesting sufficiency, serum 25(OH)D sufficiency was maintained from different doses at both latitudes. Of 13 included trials, only seven measured different physical performances and none demonstrated a significant effect of vitamin D supplementation during 12 weeks of follow-up.

Conclusion

Despite achieving sufficiency in vitamin D concentrations from ≥3000 IU supplementation, physical performance did not significantly improve. Between-study heterogeneity was large, and well-designed RCTs examining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, physical performance, and injuries in different sports, latitudes, ethnicities, and vitamin D status are needed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):18–28.PubMed Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, et al. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):18–28.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Tomlinson PB, Joseph C, Angioi M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(5):575–80.CrossRefPubMed Tomlinson PB, Joseph C, Angioi M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(5):575–80.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1689S–96S.PubMed DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1689S–96S.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):398–417.CrossRefPubMed Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):398–417.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30.CrossRefPubMed Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911–30.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):394–415.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, et al. Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(2):394–415.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Chang E, Kim Y. Vitamin D decreases adipocyte lipid storage and increases NAD-SIRT1 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition. 2016;32(6):702–8.CrossRefPubMed Chang E, Kim Y. Vitamin D decreases adipocyte lipid storage and increases NAD-SIRT1 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition. 2016;32(6):702–8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321–7.CrossRefPubMed Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1321–7.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Ross AC. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(5):938–9.CrossRefPubMed Ross AC. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(5):938–9.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Farrokhyar F, Tabasinejad R, Dao D, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(3):365–78.CrossRefPubMed Farrokhyar F, Tabasinejad R, Dao D, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(3):365–78.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Holick MF. Vtamin D is not as toxic as was once thought: a historical and an up-to-date perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(5):561–4.CrossRefPubMed Holick MF. Vtamin D is not as toxic as was once thought: a historical and an up-to-date perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(5):561–4.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Golden NH, Carey DE. Vitamin D in health and disease in adolescents: when to screen, whom to treat, and how to treat. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2016;27(1):125–39.PubMed Golden NH, Carey DE. Vitamin D in health and disease in adolescents: when to screen, whom to treat, and how to treat. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2016;27(1):125–39.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Viljakainen HT, Natri AM, Karkkainen M, et al. A positive dose-response effect of vitamin D supplementation on site-specific bone mineral augmentation in adolescent girls: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):836–44.CrossRefPubMed Viljakainen HT, Natri AM, Karkkainen M, et al. A positive dose-response effect of vitamin D supplementation on site-specific bone mineral augmentation in adolescent girls: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(6):836–44.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005;135(11):2739S–48S.PubMed Holick MF. The vitamin D epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005;135(11):2739S–48S.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Willis KS, Peterson NJ, Larson-Meyer DE. Should we be concerned about the vitamin D status of athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008;18(2):204–24.CrossRefPubMed Willis KS, Peterson NJ, Larson-Meyer DE. Should we be concerned about the vitamin D status of athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008;18(2):204–24.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Dao D, Sodhi S, Tabasinejad R, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and stress fractures in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2014;43(8):2064–72.CrossRefPubMed Dao D, Sodhi S, Tabasinejad R, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and stress fractures in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2014;43(8):2064–72.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Tenforde AS, Sayres LC, Sainani KL, et al. Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PMR. 2010;2(10):945–9.CrossRef Tenforde AS, Sayres LC, Sainani KL, et al. Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PMR. 2010;2(10):945–9.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference von Hurst PR, Beck KL. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle function in athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17(6):539–45.CrossRef von Hurst PR, Beck KL. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle function in athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17(6):539–45.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–41.CrossRefPubMed Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336–41.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Angeline ME, Gee AO, Shindle M, et al. The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(2):461–4.CrossRefPubMed Angeline ME, Gee AO, Shindle M, et al. The effects of vitamin D deficiency in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(2):461–4.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Backx EM, Tieland M, Maase K, et al. The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: a dose-response study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(9):1009–14.CrossRefPubMed Backx EM, Tieland M, Maase K, et al. The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: a dose-response study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(9):1009–14.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Close GL, Russell J, Cobley JN, et al. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(4):344–53.CrossRefPubMed Close GL, Russell J, Cobley JN, et al. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in non-supplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(4):344–53.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Close GL, Leckey J, Patterson M, et al. The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(11):692–6.CrossRefPubMed Close GL, Leckey J, Patterson M, et al. The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(11):692–6.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Dubnov-Raz G, Livne N, Raz R, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and physical performance in adolescent swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(4):317–25.CrossRefPubMed Dubnov-Raz G, Livne N, Raz R, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and physical performance in adolescent swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(4):317–25.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Guillemant J, Le HT, Maria A, et al. Wintertime vitamin D deficiency in male adolescents: effect on parathyroid function and response to vitamin D3 supplements. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(10):875–9.CrossRefPubMed Guillemant J, Le HT, Maria A, et al. Wintertime vitamin D deficiency in male adolescents: effect on parathyroid function and response to vitamin D3 supplements. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(10):875–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference He CS, Fraser WD, Tang J, et al. The effect of 14 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on antimicrobial peptides and proteins in athletes. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(1):67–74.CrossRefPubMed He CS, Fraser WD, Tang J, et al. The effect of 14 weeks of vitamin D3 supplementation on antimicrobial peptides and proteins in athletes. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(1):67–74.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Lewis RM, Redzic M, Thomas DT. The effects of season-long vitamin D supplementation on collegiate swimmers and divers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23(5):431–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lewis RM, Redzic M, Thomas DT. The effects of season-long vitamin D supplementation on collegiate swimmers and divers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013;23(5):431–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Shanely RA, et al. Vitamin D2 supplementation amplifies eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in NASCAR pit crew athletes. Nutrients. 2014;6(1):63–75.CrossRef Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Shanely RA, et al. Vitamin D2 supplementation amplifies eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in NASCAR pit crew athletes. Nutrients. 2014;6(1):63–75.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Knab AM, et al. Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(7):670–9.CrossRefPubMed Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Knab AM, et al. Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(7):670–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Silk LN, Greene DA, Baker MK, et al. Tibial bone responses to 6-month calcium and vitamin D supplementation in young male jockeys: a randomised controlled trial. Bone. 2015;8(81):554–61.CrossRef Silk LN, Greene DA, Baker MK, et al. Tibial bone responses to 6-month calcium and vitamin D supplementation in young male jockeys: a randomised controlled trial. Bone. 2015;8(81):554–61.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Storlie DM, Pritchett K, Pritchett R, et al. 12-week vitamin D supplementation trial does not significantly influence seasonal 25(OH)D status in male collegiate athletes. Int J Health Nutr. 2011;2(2):8–13. Storlie DM, Pritchett K, Pritchett R, et al. 12-week vitamin D supplementation trial does not significantly influence seasonal 25(OH)D status in male collegiate athletes. Int J Health Nutr. 2011;2(2):8–13.
37.
go back to reference Todd JJ, McSorley EM, Pourshahidi LK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation using an oral spray solution resolves deficiency but has no effect on VO max in Gaelic footballers: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2016 (epub). Todd JJ, McSorley EM, Pourshahidi LK, et al. Vitamin D supplementation using an oral spray solution resolves deficiency but has no effect on VO max in Gaelic footballers: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2016 (epub).
38.
go back to reference Wyon MA, Wolman R, Nevill AM, et al. Acute effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle strength in judoka athletes: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Clin J Sport Med. 2016;26(4):279–84.CrossRefPubMed Wyon MA, Wolman R, Nevill AM, et al. Acute effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle strength in judoka athletes: a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Clin J Sport Med. 2016;26(4):279–84.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Huang M, Winters D. Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of vitamin D in foods and nutritional supplements. J AOAC Int. 2011;94(1):211–23.PubMed Huang M, Winters D. Application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the measurement of vitamin D in foods and nutritional supplements. J AOAC Int. 2011;94(1):211–23.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Cashman KD, Fitzgerald AP, Kiely M, et al. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the vitamin D intake-serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D relationship to inform European recommendations. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(11):1638–48.CrossRefPubMed Cashman KD, Fitzgerald AP, Kiely M, et al. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of the vitamin D intake-serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D relationship to inform European recommendations. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(11):1638–48.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Muir SW, Montero-Odasso M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(12):2291–300.CrossRefPubMed Muir SW, Montero-Odasso M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(12):2291–300.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference McNally JD, Iliriani K, Pojsupap S, et al. Rapid normalization of vitamin D levels: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e152–66.CrossRefPubMed McNally JD, Iliriani K, Pojsupap S, et al. Rapid normalization of vitamin D levels: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e152–66.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Black LJ, Seamans KM, Cashman KD, et al. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D food fortification. J Nutr. 2012;142(6):1102–8.CrossRefPubMed Black LJ, Seamans KM, Cashman KD, et al. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D food fortification. J Nutr. 2012;142(6):1102–8.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Lewis RD, Laing EM, Hill Gallant KM, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin D(3) supplementation in children: dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4816–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lewis RD, Laing EM, Hill Gallant KM, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin D(3) supplementation in children: dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4816–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
go back to reference Gaffney-Stomberg E, Lutz LJ, Rood JC, et al. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation maintains parathyroid hormone and improves bone density during initial military training: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Bone. 2014;68:46–56.CrossRefPubMed Gaffney-Stomberg E, Lutz LJ, Rood JC, et al. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation maintains parathyroid hormone and improves bone density during initial military training: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Bone. 2014;68:46–56.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Duplessis CA, Harris EB, Watenpaugh DE, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in underway submariners. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(6):569–75.PubMed Duplessis CA, Harris EB, Watenpaugh DE, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in underway submariners. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005;76(6):569–75.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Gasier HG, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Young CR, et al. The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation during a prolonged submarine patrol. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014;95(3):229–39.CrossRefPubMed Gasier HG, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Young CR, et al. The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation during a prolonged submarine patrol. Calcif Tissue Int. 2014;95(3):229–39.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, et al. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(5):741–9.CrossRefPubMed Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, et al. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(5):741–9.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Stockton KA, Mengersen K, Paratz JD, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(3):859–71.PubMed Stockton KA, Mengersen K, Paratz JD, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(3):859–71.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;383(9912):146–55.CrossRefPubMed Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;383(9912):146–55.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Redzic M, Lewis RM, Thomas DT. Relationship between 25-hydoxyvitamin D, muscle strength, and incidence of injury in healthy adults: a systematic review. Nutr Res. 2013;33(4):251–8.CrossRefPubMed Redzic M, Lewis RM, Thomas DT. Relationship between 25-hydoxyvitamin D, muscle strength, and incidence of injury in healthy adults: a systematic review. Nutr Res. 2013;33(4):251–8.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Wyon MA, Koutedakis Y, Wolman R, et al. The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: a controlled study. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17(1):8–12.CrossRefPubMed Wyon MA, Koutedakis Y, Wolman R, et al. The influence of winter vitamin D supplementation on muscle function and injury occurrence in elite ballet dancers: a controlled study. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17(1):8–12.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Davey T, Lanham-New SA, Shaw AM, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during Royal Marine recruit training. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):171–9.CrossRefPubMed Davey T, Lanham-New SA, Shaw AM, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of stress fracture during Royal Marine recruit training. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):171–9.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Davids K, Baker J. Genes, environment and sport performance: why the nature-nurture dualism is no longer relevant. Sports Med. 2007;37(11):961–80.CrossRefPubMed Davids K, Baker J. Genes, environment and sport performance: why the nature-nurture dualism is no longer relevant. Sports Med. 2007;37(11):961–80.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Dubnov-Raz G, Rinat B, Hemila H, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015;27(1):113–9.CrossRefPubMed Dubnov-Raz G, Rinat B, Hemila H, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and upper respiratory tract infections in adolescent swimmers: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2015;27(1):113–9.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors
Forough Farrokhyar
Gayathri Sivakumar
Katey Savage
Alex Koziarz
Sahab Jamshidi
Olufemi R. Ayeni
Devin Peterson
Mohit Bhandari
Publication date
01-11-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 11/2017
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4

Other articles of this Issue 11/2017

Sports Medicine 11/2017 Go to the issue