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Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 4/2017

01-04-2017 | Review Article

Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses

Authors: Jamie Douglas, Simon Pearson, Angus Ross, Mike McGuigan

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 4/2017

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Abstract

An eccentric contraction involves the active lengthening of muscle under an external load. The molecular and neural mechanisms underpinning eccentric contractions differ from those of concentric and isometric contractions and remain less understood. A number of molecular theories have been put forth to explain the unexplained observations during eccentric contractions that deviate from the predictions of the established theories of muscle contraction. Postulated mechanisms include a strain-induced modulation of actin-myosin interactions at the level of the cross-bridge, the activation of the structural protein titin, and the winding of titin on actin. Accordingly, neural strategies controlling eccentric contractions also differ with a greater, and possibly distinct, cortical activation observed despite an apparently lower activation at the level of the motor unit. The characteristics of eccentric contractions are associated with several acute physiological responses to eccentrically-emphasised exercise. Differences in neuromuscular, metabolic, hormonal and anabolic signalling responses during, and following, an eccentric exercise bout have frequently been observed in comparison to concentric exercise. Subsequently, the high levels of muscular strain with such exercise can induce muscle damage which is rarely observed with other contraction types. The net result of these eccentric contraction characteristics and responses appears to be a novel adaptive signal within the neuromuscular system.
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Metadata
Title
Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses
Authors
Jamie Douglas
Simon Pearson
Angus Ross
Mike McGuigan
Publication date
01-04-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0624-8

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Sports Medicine 4/2017 Go to the issue

Letter to the Editor

Comment on: “A Review of the Acute Effects and Long-Term Adaptations of Single- and Multi-Joint Exercises During Resistance Training”

Letter to the Editor

Authors’ Reply to Ribeiro et al.: “A Review of the Acute Effects and Long-Term Adaptations of Single- and Multi-Joint Exercises During Resistance Training”

Review Article

Impact of Aging on Endurance and Neuromuscular Physical Performance: The Role of Vascular Senescence

Review Article

The Sticking Point in the Bench Press, the Squat, and the Deadlift: Similarities and Differences, and Their Significance for Research and Practice

Review Article

How to Prevent Injuries in Alpine Ski Racing: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?

Original Research Article

Utility of S100B Serum Level for the Determination of Concussion in Male Rugby Players