Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 2/2016

01-02-2016 | Original Research Article

The Influence of Head Impact Threshold for Reporting Data in Contact and Collision Sports: Systematic Review and Original Data Analysis

Authors: D. King, P. Hume, C. Gissane, M. Brughelli, T. Clark

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 2/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Head impacts and resulting head accelerations cause concussive injuries. There is no standard for reporting head impact data in sports to enable comparison between studies.

Objective

The aim was to outline methods for reporting head impact acceleration data in sport and the effect of the acceleration thresholds on the number of impacts reported.

Methods

A systematic review of accelerometer systems utilised to report head impact data in sport was conducted. The effect of using different thresholds on a set of impact data from 38 amateur senior rugby players in New Zealand over a competition season was calculated.

Results

Of the 52 studies identified, 42 % reported impacts using a >10-g threshold, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Studies reported descriptive statistics as mean ± standard deviation, median, 25th to 75th interquartile range, and 95th percentile. Application of the varied impact thresholds to the New Zealand data set resulted in 20,687 impacts of >10 g, 11,459 (45 % less) impacts of >15 g, and 4024 (81 % less) impacts of >30 g.

Discussion

Linear and angular raw data were most frequently reported. Metrics combining raw data may be more useful; however, validity of the metrics has not been adequately addressed for sport. Differing data collection methods and descriptive statistics for reporting head impacts in sports limit inter-study comparisons. Consensus on data analysis methods for sports impact assessment is needed, including thresholds. Based on the available data, the 10-g threshold is the most commonly reported impact threshold and should be reported as the median with 25th and 75th interquartile ranges as the data are non-normally distributed. Validation studies are required to determine the best threshold and metrics for impact acceleration data collection in sport.

Conclusion

Until in-field validation studies are completed, it is recommended that head impact data should be reported as median and interquartile ranges using the 10-g impact threshold.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Kirkwood M, Yeates K, Taylor H, et al. Management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury: a neuropsychological review from injury through recovery. Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;22(5):769–800.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(5):250–8.
4.
Covassin T, Elbin R III, Sarmiento K. Educating coaches about concussion in sports: evaluation of the CDC’s “Heads Up Concussion in Youth Sports” initiative. J School Health. 2012;82(5):233–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
De Beaumont L, Brisson B, Lassonde M, et al. Long-term electrophysiological changes in athletes with a history of multiple concussions. Brain Inj. 2007;21(6):631–44.PubMedCrossRef
6.
McCrory P. Sports concussion and the risk of chronic neurological impairment. Clin J Sports Med. 2011;21(1):6–12.CrossRef
7.
King D, Brughelli M, Hume P, et al. Assessment, management and knowledge of sport-related concussion: systematic review. Sports Med. 2014;44(4):449–71.PubMedCrossRef
8.
McIntosh A, McCrory P, Comerford J. The dynamics of concussive head impacts in rugby and Australian rules football. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(12):1980–4.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Baumgartner D, Willinger R, Shewchenko N, et al. Tolerance limits for mild traumatic brain injury derived from numerical head impact replication. In: Proceedings of the IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impact; 2001 Oct 10–12; Isle of Man (UK): IRCOBI; 2001 Oct 10–12. p. 353–5.
10.
Fréchède B, McIntosh A. Numerical reconstruction of real-life concussive football impacts. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2009;41(2):390–8.CrossRef
11.
Shewchenko N, Withnall C, Keown M, et al. Heading in football. Part 2: biomechanics of ball heading and head response. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(Suppl 1):i26–32.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.
Zhang L, Yang J, King A. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomed Eng. 2004;126(2):226–36.
13.
14.
Newman J, Barr C, Beusenberg M, et al. A new biomechanical assessment of mild traumatic brain injury. Part 2—results and conclusions. International IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impacts 2000; 2000; Montpellier (France); 2000. p. 223–33.
15.
Pellman E, Viano D, Tucker A, et al. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts-part 2. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(6):1328–41.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Pellman E, Viano D, Tucker A, et al. Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(4):799–814.PubMed
17.
Viano D, Pellman E. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the striking player—part 8. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(2):266–80.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the struck player - part 14. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(2):313-27; discussion 27-28.
19.
20.
Cobb B, Urban J, Davenport E, et al. Head impact exposure in youth football: elementary school ages 9–12 years and the effect of practice structure. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;21(12):2463–73.CrossRef
21.
22.
Rowson S, Brolinson G, Goforth M, et al. Linear and angular head acceleration measurements in collegiate football. J Biomed Eng. 2009;131(061016):1–7.
23.
Young T, Daniel R, Rowson S, et al. Head impact exposure in youth football: elementary school ages 7-8 years and the effect of returning players. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24(5):416–21.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Reed N, Taha T, Keightley M, et al. Measurement of head impacts in youth ice hockey players. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(11):826–33.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
Hanlon E, Bir C. Real-time head acceleration measurements in girls youth soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1102–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
King D, Hume P, Brughelli M, et al. Instrumented mouthguard acceleration analyses for head impacts in amateur rugby union players over a season of matches. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(3):614–24.PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
Reid S, Tarkington J, Epstein H, et al. Brain tolerance to impact in football. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1971;133(6):929–36.PubMed
30.
Baugh C, Stamm J, Riley D, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: neurodegeneration following repetitive concussive and subconcussive brain trauma. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(2):244–54.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Gavett B, Stern R, McKee A. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late effect of sport-related concussive and subconcussive head trauma. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(1):179–88.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
Gysland S, Mihalik J, Register-Mihalik J, et al. The relationship between subconcussive impacts and concussion history on clinical measures of neurologic function in collegiate football players. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):14–22.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Webbe F, Barth J. Short-term and long-term outcome of athletic closed head injuries. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22(3):577–92.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Witol A, Webbe F. Soccer heading frequency predicts neuropsychological deficits. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;18(4):397–417.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Bauer J, Thomas T, Cauraugh J, et al. Impacts forces and neck muscle activity in heading by collegiate female soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2001;19(3):171–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Dashnaw M, Petraglia A, Bailes J. An overview of the basic science of concussion and subconcussion: where we are and where we are going. Neurosurg Focus. 2012;33(6):E5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
38.
Tysvaer A, Løchen E. Soccer injuries to the brain: a neuropsychologic study of former soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(1):56–60.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Unterharnscheidt F. About boxing: review of historical and medical aspects. Tex Rep Biol Med. 1970;28(4):421–95.PubMed
40.
Shultz S, MacFabe D, Foley K, et al. Sub-concussive brain injury in the Long-Evans rat induces acute neuroinflammation in the absence of behavioral impairments. Behav Brain Res. 2012;229(1):145–52.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Spiotta A, Shin J, Bartsch A, et al. Subconcussive impact in sports: a new era of awareness. World Neurosurg. 2011;75(2):175–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Talavage T, Nauman E, Breedlove E, et al. Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(4):327–38.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
Bailes J, Petraglia A, Omalu B, et al. Role of subconcussion in repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;119(5):1235–45.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Erlander D, Kutner K, Barth J, et al. Neuropsychology of sports-related head injury: dementia pugilistica to post concussion syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;13(2):193–209.
45.
McKee A, Cantu R, Nowinski C, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(7):709–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Poole V, Abbas K, Shenk T, et al. MR spectroscopic evidence of brain injury in the non-diagnosed collision sport athlete. Dev Neuropsychol. 2014;39(6):459–73.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Rutherford A, Stephens R, Potter D. The neuropsychology of heading and head trauma in association football (soccer): a review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2003;13(3):153–79.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Johnson M, Ferreira M, Hush J. Lumbar vertebral stress injuries in fast bowlers: a review of prevalence and risk factors. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(1):45–52.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Duma S, Manoogian S, Bussone W, et al. Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(1):3–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Naunheim R, Standeven J, Richter C, et al. Comparison of impact data in hockey, football, and soccer. J Trauma. 2000;48(5):938–41.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Rowson S, Duma S, Beckwith J, et al. Rotational head kinematics in football impacts: an injury risk function for concussion. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):1–13.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Schnebel B, Gwin J, Anderson S, et al. In vivo study of head impacts in football: a comparison of National Collegiate Athletic Association division I versus high school impacts. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(3):490–6.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Crisco J, Fiore R, Beckwith J, et al. Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players. J Athl Train. 2010;45(6):459–559.CrossRef
54.
55.
Ng T, Bussone W, Duma S. The effect of gender and body size on linear accelerations of the head observed during daily activities. Biomed Sci Instrum. 2006;42:25–30.PubMed
56.
Rowson S, Duma S. Development of the STAR evaluation system for football helmets: integrating player head impact exposure and risk of concussion. Ann Biomed Eng. 2011;39(8):2130–40.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Rowson S, Duma S. Brain injury prediction: Assessing the combined probability of concussion using linear and rotational head acceleration. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;41(5):873–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
58.
Urban J, Davenport E, Golman A, et al. Head impact exposure in youth football: high school ages 14 to 18 years and cumulative impact analysis. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;41(12):2474–87.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
Allen M, Weir-Jones I, Eng P, et al. Acceleration perturbations of daily living: a comparison to ‘whiplash’. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994;19(11):1285–90.
60.
Kavanagh J, Barrett R, Morrison S. Upper body accelerations during walking in healthy young and elderly men. Gait Posture. 2004;20(3):291–8.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Mihalik J, Bell D, Marshall S, et al. Measurements of head impacts in collegiate football players: an investigation of positional and event type differences. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(6):1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
62.
63.
64.
Gadd C. Use of a weighted impulse criterion for establishing injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th STAPP Car rash conference, Society of Automotive Engineers; New York; 1966. p. 164–74.
65.
Bartsch A, Benzel E, Miele V, et al. Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets. J Neurosurg. 2012;116(1):222–33.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Lewis E. Head injury and protection. In: Rainford D, Gradwell D, editors. Ernsting’s aviation medicine. Boca Ratoa: CRC Press; 2006. p. 179–88.
67.
McLean A, Anderson W. Biomechanics of closed head injury. In: Reilly P, Bullock R, editors. Head injury. London: Chapman & Hall; 1997. p. 25–37.
68.
Versace J. A review of the severity index. In: 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers; 1971:771–96.
69.
Kleinberger M, Sun E, Eppinger R, et al. Development of improved injury criteria for the assessment of advanced automotive restraint systems: NHTSA; 1998.
70.
King A, Yang K, Zhang L, et al. Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? IRCOBI conference. Lisbon, Portugal; 2003. p. 1–12.
71.
Greenwald R, Gwin J, Chu J, et al. Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(4):789–98.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
72.
Newman J. A generalized acceleration model for brain injury threshold (GAMBIT). International IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impacts 1986. Zurich (Switzerland); 1986. p. 121–31.
73.
74.
Newman J, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function—the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215–47.PubMed
75.
Stroup D, Berlin J, Morton S, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;283(15):2008–12.CrossRef
76.
Brolinson P, Manoogian S, McNeely D, et al. Analysis of linear head accelerations from collegiate football impacts. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5(1):23–8.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Bazarian J, Zhu T, Zhong J, et al. Persistent, long-term cerebral white matter changes after sports-related repetitive head impacts. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):1–12.CrossRef
78.
Crisco J, Wilcox B, Machan J, et al. Magnitude of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players. J Appl Biomech. 2012;28(2):174–83.PubMedCentralPubMed
79.
Funk J, Rowson S, Daniel R, et al. Validation of concussion risk curves for collegiate football players derived from HITS data. Ann Biomed Eng. 2011;40(1):79–89.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Gwin J, Chu J, McAllister T, et al. In situ measures of head impact acceleration in NCAA division I men’s Ice Hockey: implications for ASTM F1045 and other ice hockey helmet standards. J ATSM Int. 2009;6(6):101848.
81.
Harpham J, Mihalik J, Littleton A, et al. The effect of visual and sensory performance on head impact biomechanics in college football players. Ann Biomed Eng. 2014;42(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Mihalik J, Guskiewicz K, Marshall S, et al. Does cervical muscle strength in youth ice hockey players affect head impact biomechanics? Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(5):416–21.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Mihalik J, Guskiewicz K, Marshall S, et al. Head impact biomechanics in youth hockey: comparisons across playing position, event types, and impact locations. J Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):141–9.
84.
Mihalik J, Greenwald R, Blackburn J, et al. Effect of infraction type on head impact severity in youth ice hockey. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2010;42(8):1431–8.CrossRef
85.
86.
Ocwieja K, Mihalik J, Marshall S, et al. The effect of play type and collision closing distance on head impact biomechanics. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):90–6.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Beckwith J, Greenwald R, Chu J, et al. Head impact exposure sustained by football players on days of diagnosed concussion. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2013;45(4):737–46.CrossRef
88.
Beckwith J, Greenwald R, Chu J, et al. Timing of concussion diagnosis is related to head impact exposure prior to injury. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2013;45(4):747–54.CrossRef
89.
Broglio S, Martini D, Kasper L, et al. Estimation of head impact exposure in high school football: Implications for regulating contact practices. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(12):2877–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
90.
Daniel R, Rowson S, Duma S. Head impact exposure in youth football: middle school ages 12-14 years. J Biomech Eng. 2014;136(9):094501–6.PubMed
91.
92.
93.
Broglio S, Eckner J, Surma T, et al. Post-concussion cognitive declines and symptomatology are not related to concussion biomechanics in high school football players. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28(10):2061–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
Martini D, Eckner J, Kutcher J, et al. Sub-concussive head impact biomechanics: comparing differing offensive schemes. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2013;45(4):755–61.CrossRef
96.
97.
Wong R, Wong A, Bailes J. Frequency, magnitude, and distribution of head impacts in Pop Warner football: The cumulative burden. Clin Neurol Neurosur. 2014;118:1–4.CrossRef
98.
McCaffrey M, Mihalik J, Crowell D, et al. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: clinical measures of concussion after high- and low-magnitude impacts. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(6):1236–43.PubMedCrossRef
99.
McIntosh A, Patton D, Fréchède B, et al. The biomechanics of concussion in unhelmeted football players in Australia: a case–control study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(5):e005078.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
100.
Breedlove E, Robinson M, Talavage T, et al. Biomechanical correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurophysiological impairment in high school football. J Biomech. 2012;45(7):1265–72.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Duhaime A-C, Beckwith J, Maerlender A, et al. Spectrum of acute clinical characteristics of diagnosed concussions in college athletes wearing instrumented helmets. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(6):1092–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
102.
Guskiewicz K, Mihalik J, Shankar V, et al. Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(6):1244–53.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Wilcox B, Beckwith J, Greenwald R, et al. Biomechanics of head impacts associated with diagnosed concussion in female collegiate ice hockey players. J Biomech. 2015;48(10):2201–4.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Camarillo D, Shull P, Mattson J, et al. An instrumented mouthguard for measuring linear and angular head impact kinematics in American football. Ann Biomed Eng. 2013;41(9):1939–49.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
105.
Mattson J, Schultz R, Goodman J, et al. Validation of a novel mouth guard for measurement of linear and rotational accelerations during head impacts. Clin J Sport Med. 2012;22(3):294.CrossRef
106.
Siegmund G, Guskeiwicz K, Marshall S, et al. Laboratory validation of two wearable sensor systems for measuring head impact severity in football players. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015. doi:10.​1007/​s10439-015-1420-6.PubMed
107.
Mihalik J, Blackburn J, Greenwald B, et al. Collision type and player anticipation affect head impact severity among youth ice hockey players. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):e1394–401.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Denny-Brown D, Russell W. Experimental cerebral concussion. Brain. 1940;64(2–3):93–164.
109.
Broglio S, Eckner J, Paulson H, et al. Cognitive decline and aging: the role of concussive and subconcussive impacts. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(3):138–44.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
Miller J, Adamson G, Pink M, et al. Comparison of preseason, midseason, and postseason neurocognitive scores in uninjured collegiate football players. Am J Sports Med. 2007, 2007; 35(8):1284–8.
111.
Erlanger D. Exposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports. Brain Inj. 2015;29(2):171–4.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Packard R. Chronic post-traumatic headache: associations with mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, and post-concussive disorder. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12(1):67–73.PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
115.
Ommaya A. Biomechanics of head injuries: experimental aspects. In: Nuham A, Melvin J, editors. Biomechanics of trauma. Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1985. p. 245–69.
116.
117.
Kleiven S. Evaluation of head injury criteria using a finite element model validated against experiments on localized brain motion, intracerebral acceleration, and intracranial pressure. Int J Crashworthines. 2006;11(1):65–79.CrossRef
118.
Shreiber D, Bain A, Meaney D. In vivo thresholds for mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier. In: Procedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. Lake Buena Vista, Florida (USA); 1997. p. 227–91.
119.
120.
Unterharnscheidt F. Translational versus rotational acceleration: animal experiments with measured inputs. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1972;4(1):24–6.PubMed
121.
King A, Yang K, Zhang L, et al. Is rotational acceleration more injurious to the brain than linear acceleration? In: Hwang NC, Woo S-Y, editors. Frontiers in biomedical engineering. USA: Springer; 2004. p. 135–47.
122.
Kleiven S. Influence of impact duration on the human head in prediction of subdural hemotoma. J Neurotrauma. 2003;20(4):365–79.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Kleiven S. Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:81–117.PubMed
124.
Mecham M, Greenwald R, Macintyre J, et al. Incidence and severity of head impact during freestyle aerial ski jumping. J App Biomech. 1999;15(1):27–35.
125.
Lockett F. Biomechanics justification for emperical head impact tolerance criteria. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):217–24.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Fenner H, Thomas D, Gennarelli T, et al. Final report of workshop on criterion for head injury in helmet standards. Milwaukee Wisconsin: Medical College of Wisconsin/Snell Memorial Foundation; 2005.
127.
World Health Organisation. Review of physical activity surveillance data sources in European Union Member States. Report No. 6. Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2010.
128.
Colley R, Garriguet D, Janssen I, et al. Physical activity of Canadian adults: accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Rep. 2011;22(1):7–14.PubMed
129.
130.
Cain K, Conway T, Adams M, et al. Comparison of older and newer generations of ActiGraph accelerometers with the normal filter and the low frequency extension. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10:51.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
131.
John D, Sasaki J, Hickey A, et al. ActiGraph™ activity monitors: “The firmware effect”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2014;46(4):834–9.CrossRef
132.
Yngve A, Nilsson A, Sjöström M, et al. Effect of monitor placement and of activity setting on the MTI accelerometer output. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2003;35(2):320–6.CrossRef
133.
Edwardson C, Gorely T. Epoch length and its effect on physical activity intensity. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2010;42(5):928–34.CrossRef
134.
Ojiambo R, Cuthill R, Budd H, et al. Impact of methodological decisions on accelerometer outcome variables in young children. Int J Obes. 2011;35(S1):S98–103.CrossRef
135.
Lee P. Data imputation for accelerometer-measured physical activity: the combined approach. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(5):965–71.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Evenson K, Terry J. Assessment of differing definitions of accelerometer nonwear time. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2012;80(2):355–62.CrossRef
137.
Kim Y, Beets M, Pate R, et al. The effect of reintegrating Actigraph accelerometer counts in preschool children: comparison using different epoch lengths. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(2):129–34.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Beckwith J, Greenwald R, Chu J. Measuring head kinematics in football: correlation between the head impact telemetry system and hybrid III headform. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):237–48.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
139.
Metadata
Title
The Influence of Head Impact Threshold for Reporting Data in Contact and Collision Sports: Systematic Review and Original Data Analysis
Authors
D. King
P. Hume
C. Gissane
M. Brughelli
T. Clark
Publication date
01-02-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0423-7

Other articles of this Issue 2/2016

Sports Medicine 2/2016 Go to the issue

Erratum

Erratum to: Standing Classrooms: Research and Lessons Learned from Around the World

Systematic Review

How Effective are F-MARC Injury Prevention Programs for Soccer Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Review Article

Massage and Performance Recovery: A Meta-Analytical Review

Letter to the Editor

Reply to Thorborg et al.: High Risk of Bias and Low Transparency in “How Effective are F-MARC Injury Prevention Programs for Soccer Players? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”

Systematic Review

Depression Symptom Severity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy and Depressed Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Systematic Review

Sex Differences in Landing Biomechanics and Postural Stability During Adolescence: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses