Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 12/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Systematic Review

Effects of Three Types of Exercise Interventions on Healthy Old Adults’ Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors: Tibor Hortobágyi, Melanie Lesinski, Martijn Gäbler, Jessie M. VanSwearingen, Davide Malatesta, Urs Granacher

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 12/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Habitual walking speed predicts many clinical conditions later in life, but it declines with age. However, which particular exercise intervention can minimize the age-related gait speed loss is unclear.

Purpose

Our objective was to determine the effects of strength, power, coordination, and multimodal exercise training on healthy old adults’ habitual and fast gait speed.

Methods

We performed a computerized systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Knowledge from January 1984 up to December 2014. Search terms included ‘Resistance training’, ‘power training’, ‘coordination training’, ‘multimodal training’, and ‘gait speed (outcome term). Inclusion criteria were articles available in full text, publication period over past 30 years, human species, journal articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, English as publication language, and subject age ≥65 years. The methodological quality of all eligible intervention studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. We computed weighted average standardized mean differences of the intervention-induced adaptations in gait speed using a random-effects model and tested for overall and individual intervention effects relative to no-exercise controls.

Results

A total of 42 studies (mean PEDro score of 5.0 ± 1.2) were included in the analyses (2495 healthy old adults; age 74.2 years [64.4–82.7]; body mass 69.9 ± 4.9 kg, height 1.64 ± 0.05 m, body mass index 26.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2, and gait speed 1.22 ± 0.18 m/s). The search identified only one power training study, therefore the subsequent analyses focused only on the effects of resistance, coordination, and multimodal training on gait speed. The three types of intervention improved gait speed in the three experimental groups combined (n = 1297) by 0.10 m/s (±0.12) or 8.4 % (±9.7), with a large effect size (ES) of 0.84. Resistance (24 studies; n = 613; 0.11 m/s; 9.3 %; ES: 0.84), coordination (eight studies, n = 198; 0.09 m/s; 7.6 %; ES: 0.76), and multimodal training (19 studies; n = 486; 0.09 m/s; 8.4 %, ES: 0.86) increased gait speed statistically and similarly.

Conclusions

Commonly used exercise interventions can functionally and clinically increase habitual and fast gait speed and help slow the loss of gait speed or delay its onset.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Demes B, Thompson NE, O’Neill MC, et al. Center of mass mechanics of chimpanzee bipedal walking. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2014;156(3):422–33.PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
Paleg G, Livingstone R. Outcomes of gait trainer use in home and school settings for children with motor impairments: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2015.
4.
Peel NM, Kuys SS, Klein K. Gait speed as a measure in geriatric assessment in clinical settings: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):39–46.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Roerdink M, Cutti AG, Summa A, et al. Gaitography applied to prosthetic walking. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2014;52(11):963–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Bridenbaugh SA, Kressig RW. Motor cognitive dual tasking: early detection of gait impairment, fall risk and cognitive decline. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;48(1):15–21.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Blankevoort CG, Scherder EJ, Wieling MB, et al. Physical predictors of cognitive performance in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e70799.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
Mian OS, Baltzopoulos V, Minetti AE, et al. The impact of physical training on locomotor function in older people. Sports Med. 2007;37(8):683–701.PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
Abellan van Kan G, Rolland Y, Andrieu S, et al. Gait speed at usual pace as a predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older people an International Academy on Nutrition and Aging (IANA) Task Force. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(10):881–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Bassey EJ, Fentem PH, MacDonald IC, et al. Self-paced walking as a method for exercise testing in elderly and young men. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1976;51(6):609–12.
12.
Beijersbergen CM, Granacher U, Vandervoort AA, et al. The biomechanical mechanism of how strength and power training improves walking speed in old adults remains unknown. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(2):618–27.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Bendall MJ, Bassey EJ, Pearson MB. Factors affecting walking speed of elderly people. Age Ageing. 1989;18(5):327–32.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Bohannon RW, Williams AA. Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. 2011;97(3):182–9.PubMedCrossRef
15.
16.
Brach JS, Vanswearingen JM. Interventions to improve walking in older adults. Curr Transl Geriatr Exp Gerontol Rep. 2013;2(4).
17.
Cunningham DA, Rechnitzer PA, Pearce ME, et al. Determinants of self-selected walking pace across ages 19 to 66. J Gerontol. 1982;37(5):560–4.PubMedCrossRef
18.
19.
Granacher U, Meuhlbauer T, Zahner L, et al. Comparison of traditional and recent approaches in the promotion of balance and strength in older adults. Sports Med. 2011;41:377–400.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–31.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Himann JE, Cunningham DA, Rechnitzer PA, et al. Age-related changes in speed of walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(2):161–6.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Malatesta D, Simar D, Ben Saad H, et al. Effect of an overground walking training on gait performance in healthy 65- to 80-year-olds. Exp Gerontol. 2010;45(6):427–34.PubMedCrossRef
23.
McGibbon CA. Toward a better understanding of gait changes with age and disablement: neuromuscular adaptation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2003;31(2):102–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Murray MP, Kory RC, Clarkson BH, et al. Comparison of free and fast speed walking patterns of normal men. Am J Phys Med. 1966;45(1):8–23.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Oberg T, Karsznia A, Oberg K. Basic gait parameters: reference data for normal subjects, 10–79 years of age. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1993;30(2):210–23.PubMed
26.
Ridgel AL, Ritzmann RE. Insights into age-related locomotor declines from studies of insects. Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4(1):23–39.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Savelberg HH, Verdijk LB, Willems PJ, et al. The robustness of age-related gait adaptations: can running counterbalance the consequences of ageing? Gait Posture. 2007;25(2):259–66.PubMedCrossRef
28.
VanSwearingen JM, Studenski SA. Aging, motor skill, and the energy cost of walking: implications for the prevention and treatment of mobility decline in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(11):1429–36.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Wolfson L. Gait and balance dysfunction: a model of the interaction of age and disease. Neuroscientist. 2001;7(2):178–83.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Avlund K. Fatigue in older adults: an early indicator of the aging process? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2010;22(2):100–15.PubMedCrossRef
31.
32.
Narici MV, Maffulli N. Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance. Br Med Bull. 2011;95:139–59.CrossRef
33.
Papegaaij S, Taube W, Baudry S, et al. Aging causes a reorganization of cortical and spinal control of posture. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:28.PubMedCentralPubMed
34.
Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans. Exp Physiol. 2006;91(3):483–98.PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
Vincent HK, Vincent KR, Lamb KM. Obesity and mobility disability in the older adult. Obes Rev. 2011;11(8):568–79.CrossRef
37.
Bassey EJ, Macdonald IA, Patrick JM. Factors affecting the heart rate during self-paced walking. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1982;48(1):105–15.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BW, et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people–results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1675–80.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Potter JM, Evans AL, Duncan G. Gait speed and activities of daily living function in geriatric patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76(11):997–9.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Shinkai S, Watanabe S, Kumagai S, et al. Walking speed as a good predictor for the onset of functional dependence in a Japanese rural community population. Age Ageing. 2000;29(5):441–6.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(23):2387–96.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
42.
Woo J, Ho SC, Yu AL. Walking speed and stride length predicts 36 months dependency, mortality, and institutionalization in Chinese aged 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(10):1257–60.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Dargent-Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H, et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996;348(9021):145–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Rogers ME, Rogers NL, Takeshima N, et al. Methods to assess and improve the physical parameters associated with fall risk in older adults. Prev Med. 2003;36(3):255–64.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Chamberlin ME, Fulwider BD, Sanders SL, et al. Does fear of falling influence spatial and temporal gait parameters in elderly persons beyond changes associated with normal aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(9):1163–7.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Viccaro LJ, Perera S, Studenski SA. Is timed up and go better than gait speed in predicting health, function, and falls in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(5):887–92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
Atkinson HH, Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(7):1197–202.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Atkinson HH, Rosano C, Simonsick EM, et al. Cognitive function, gait speed decline, and comorbidities: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(8):844–50.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Alfaro-Acha A, Al Snih S, Raji MA, et al. Does 8-foot walk time predict cognitive decline in older Mexicans Americans? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(2):245–51.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Ijmker T, Lamoth CJ. Gait and cognition: the relationship between gait stability and variability with executive function in persons with and without dementia. Gait Posture. 2012;35(1):126–30.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Watson NL, Rosano C, Boudreau RM, et al. Executive function, memory, and gait speed decline in well-functioning older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(10):1093–100.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Peel NM, Navanathan S, Hubbard RE. Gait speed as a predictor of outcomes in post-acute transitional care for older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14(4):906–10.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, et al. Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse health-related events: results from the Health, Aging And Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(2):251–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
54.
Rosano C, Newman AB, Katz R, et al. Association between lower digit symbol substitution test score and slower gait and greater risk of mortality and of developing incident disability in well-functioning older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(9):1618–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
White DK, Neogi T, Nevitt MC, et al. Trajectories of gait speed predict mortality in well-functioning older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(4):456–64.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
56.
Ostir GV, Kuo YF, Berges IM, et al. Measures of lower body function and risk of mortality over 7 years of follow-up. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(5):599–605.PubMedCrossRef
57.
58.
Judge JO, Schechtman K, Cress E. The relationship between physical performance measures and independence in instrumental activities of daily living. The FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injury: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(11):1332–41.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: “walking speed: the sixth vital sign”. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(2):46–9.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Cummings SR, Studenski S, Ferrucci L. A diagnosis of dismobility–giving mobility clinical visibility: a Mobility Working Group recommendation. JAMA. 2014;311(20):2061–2.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Hortobágyi T. The positives of physical activity and the negatives of sedentariness in successful aging. In: Rutgers H, editor. The future of health and fitness A plan for getting Europe active by 2025. Nijmegen: BlackBox Publishers; 2014. p. 54–62.
62.
Chandler JM, Duncan PW, Kochersberger G, et al. Is lower extremity strength gain associated with improvement in physical performance and disability in frail, community-dwelling elders? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(1):24–30.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Keysor JJ, Jette AM. Have we oversold the benefit of late-life exercise? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(7):M412–23.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Lopopolo RB, Greco M, Sullivan D, et al. Effect of therapeutic exercise on gait speed in community-dwelling elderly people: a meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2006;86(4):520–40.PubMed
65.
Cesari M, Fielding RA, Pahor M, et al. Biomarkers of sarcopenia in clinical trials-recommendations from the International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2012;3(3):181–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
66.
Clark DJ, Reid KF, Patten C, et al. Does quadriceps neuromuscular activation capability explain walking speed in older men and women? Exp Gerontol. 2014;55:49–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
Fielding RA, Rejeski WJ, Blair S, et al. The lifestyle interventions and independence for elders study: design and methods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(11):1226–37.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Reid KF, Doros G, Clark DJ, Patten C, Carabello RJ, Cloutier GJ, et al. Muscle power failure in mobility-limited older adults: preserved single fiber function despite lower whole muscle size, quality and rate of neuromuscular activation. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(6):2289–301.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
Krebs DE, Scarborough DM, McGibbon CA. Functional vs. strength training in disabled elderly outpatients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;86(2):93–103.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Bartels EM, Bulow PM, et al. Isokinetic and isometric muscle strength in a healthy population with special reference to age and gender. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2009;197(Suppl 673):1–68.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Dalton BH, Allen MD, Power GA, et al. The effect of knee joint angle on plantar flexor power in young and old men. Exp Gerontol. 2014;52:70–6.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Dalton BH, Power GA, Vandervoort AA, et al. Power loss is greater in old men than young men during fast plantar flexion contractions. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(5):1441–7.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
74.
Aagaard P, Suetta C, Caserotti P, et al. Role of the nervous system in sarcopenia and muscle atrophy with aging: strength training as a countermeasure. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(1):49–64.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Rooks DS, Kiel DP, Parsons C, et al. Self-paced resistance training and walking exercise in community-dwelling older adults: effects on neuromotor performance. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52(3):M161–8.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Sipilä S, Multanen J, Kallinen M, et al. Effects of strength and endurance training on isometric muscle strength and walking speed in elderly women. Acta Physiol Scand. 1996;156(4):457–64.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Verfaillie DF, Nichols JF, Turkel E, et al. Effects of resistance, balance, and gait training on reduction of risk factors leading to falls in elders. Aging Phys Act. 1997;5:213–22.
78.
Orr R, Raymond J, Fiatarone Singh M. Efficacy of progressive resistance training on balance performance in older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):317–43.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Wilson JM, Marin PJ, Rhea MR, et al. Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(8):2293–307.PubMedCrossRef
80.
White DK, Neogi T, King WC, et al. Can change in prolonged walking be inferred from a short test of gait speed among older adults who are initially well-functioning? Phys Ther. 2014;94(9):1285–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
81.
Bean JF, Kiely DK, Leveille SG, et al. The 6-minute walk test in mobility-limited elders: what is being measured? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(11):M751–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Deley G, Kervio G, Van Hoecke J, et al. Effects of a one-year exercise training program in adults over 70 years old: a study with a control group. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19(4):310–5.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Schlicht J, Camaione DN, Owen SV. Effect of intense strength training on standing balance, walking speed, and sit-to-stand performance in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(5):M281–6.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Thomas EE, De Vito G, Macaluso A. Speed training with body weight unloading improves walking energy cost and maximal speed in 75- to 85-year-old healthy women. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(5):1598–603.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Middleton A, Fritz SL, Lusardi M. Walking speed: the functional vital sign. J Aging Phys Act. 2014;23(2):314–22.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Gschwind YJ, Pfenninger B, Kressig RW. Assessment and training of strength and balance for fall prevention in the elderly: recommendations of an interdisciplinary expert panel. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;47(6):513–26.PubMedCrossRef
87.
American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):687–708.CrossRef
88.
Brach JS, Van Swearingen JM, Perera S, et al. Motor learning versus standard walking exercise in older adults with subclinical gait dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(11):1879–86.PubMedCrossRef
89.
de Vreede PL, Samson MM, van Meeteren NL, et al. Functional-task exercise versus resistance strength exercise to improve daily function in older women: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(1):2–10.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, et al. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003;83(8):713–21.PubMed
91.
Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT. Statistical algorithms in review manager 5. In: Collaboration SMGoTC, editor; 2010. p. 1–11.
92.
93.
Cohen J. Statistical power for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
94.
Baker MK, Kennedy DJ, Bohle PL, et al. Efficacy and feasibility of a novel tri-modal robust exercise prescription in a retirement community: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Barrett CJ, Smerdely P. A comparison of community-based resistance exercise and flexibility exercise for seniors. Aust J Physiother. 2002;48(3):215–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Brandon LJ, Boyette LW, Gaasch DA, et al. Effects of lower extremity strength training on functional mobility in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2000;8:214–27.
97.
Brandon LJ, Boyette LW, Lloyd A, et al. Resistive training and long-term function in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12(1):10–28.PubMed
98.
Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza P, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free-living Chilean elders: results of 18 months of follow-up. J Nutr. 2001;131(9):2441S–6S.PubMed
99.
Capodaglio P, Capodaglio Edda M, Facioli M, et al. Long-term strength training for community-dwelling people over 75: impact on muscle function, functional ability and life style. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;100(5):535–42.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Cavani V, Mier CM, Musto AA, et al. Effects of a 6-week resistance training program on functional fitness of older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2002;10:443–52.
101.
Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, et al. Exercise: effects on physical functional performance in independent older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54(5):M242–8.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Englund U, Littbrand H, Sondell A, et al. A 1-year combined weight-bearing training program is beneficial for bone mineral density and neuromuscular function in older women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(9):1117–23.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Fatouros IG, Kambas A, Katrabasas I, et al. Strength training and detraining effects on muscular strength, anaerobic power, and mobility of inactive older men are intensity dependent. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(10):776–80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
104.
Granacher U, Lacroix A, Muehlbauer T, et al. Effects of core instability strength training on trunk muscle strength, spinal mobility, dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. Gerontology. 2013;59(2):105–13.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Bridenbaugh S, et al. Balance training and multi-task performance in seniors. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(5):353–8.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Granacher U, Muehlbauer T, Bridenbaugh SA, et al. Effects of a salsa dance training on balance and strength performance in older adults. Gerontology. 2012;58(4):305–12.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Hartmann A, Murer K, de Bie RA, et al. The effect of a foot gymnastic exercise programme on gait performance in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31(25):2101–10.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Hartmann A, Murer K, de Bie RA, et al. The effect of a training program combined with augmented afferent feedback from the feet using shoe insoles on gait performance and muscle power in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(9):755–64.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Henwood TR, Riek S, Taaffe DR. Strength versus muscle power-specific resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(1):83–91.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Improved physical performance in older adults undertaking a short-term programme of high-velocity resistance training. Gerontology. 2005;51(2):108–15.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Henwood TR, Taaffe DR. Short-term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2006;26(5):305–13.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Judge JO, Underwood M, Gennosa T. Exercise to improve gait velocity in older persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(4):400–6.PubMed
113.
Judge JO, Whipple RH, Wolfson LI. Effects of resistive and balance exercises on isokinetic strength in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42(9):937–46.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Kalapotharakos VI, Michalopoulos M, Tokmakidis SP, et al. Effects of a heavy and a moderate resistance training on functional performance in older adults. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(3):652–7.PubMed
115.
Kamide N, Shiba Y, Shibata H. Effects on balance, falls, and bone mineral density of a home-based exercise program without home visits in community-dwelling elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. J Physiol Anthropol. 2009;28(3):115–22.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Lamoureux E, Murphy A, Sparrow WA, et al. The effects of progressive resistance training on obstructed-gait tasks in community-living older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2003;11:98–110.
117.
Lamoureux E, Sparrow WA, Murphy A, et al. The effects of improved strength on obstacle negotiation in community-living older adults. Gait Posture. 2003;17(3):273–83.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Lord SR, Lloyd DG, Nirui M, et al. The effect of exercise on gait patterns in older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51(2):M64–70.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Magistro D, Liubicich ME, Candela F, et al. Effect of ecological walking training in sedentary elderly people: act on aging study. Gerontologist. 2014;54(4):611–23.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Nelson ME, Layne JE, Bernstein MJ, et al. The effects of multidimensional home-based exercise on functional performance in elderly people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(2):154–60.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Nichols JF, Hitzelberger LM, Sherman JG, et al. Effects of resistance training on muscle strength and functional abilities of community-dwelling older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1995;3:238–50.
122.
Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, et al. Effects of exercise on neurobehavioral function in community-dwelling older people more than 75 years of age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(5):569–72.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Puggaard L. Effects of training on functional performance in 65, 75 and 85 year-old women: experiences deriving from community based studies in Odense, Denmark. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2003;13(1):70–6.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Ramsbottom R, Ambler A, Potter J, et al. The effect of 6 months training on leg power, balance, and functional mobility of independently living adults over 70 years old. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12(4):497–510.PubMed
125.
Skelton DA, Young A, Greig CA, et al. Effects of resistance training on strength, power, and selected functional abilities of women aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(10):1081–7.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Topp R, Mikesky A, Dayhoff NE, et al. Effect of resistance training on strength, postural control, and gait velocity among older adults. Clin Nurs Res. 1996;5(4):407–27.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Topp R, Mikesky A, Wigglesworth J, et al. The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training program on gait velocity and balance of older adults. Gerontologist. 1993;33(4):501–6.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Toraman NF, Erman A, Agyar E. Effects of multicomponent training on functional fitness in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2004;12(4):538–53.PubMed
129.
Uematsu A, Tsuchiya K, Kadono N, et al. A behavioral mechanism of how increases in leg strength improve old adults’ gait speed. PLoS One. 2014;13:9(10):e110350.
130.
Wolfson L, Whipple R, Derby C, et al. Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(5):498–506.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zhuang J, Huang L, Wu Y, et al. The effectiveness of a combined exercise intervention on physical fitness factors related to falls in community-dwelling older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:131–40.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
132.
Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, et al. U. Dose-response relationships of balance training in healthy young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(4):557–76.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Farlie MK, Robins L, Keating JL, et al. Intensity of challenge to the balance system is not reported in the prescription of balance exercises in randomised trials: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59(4):227–35.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, et al. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):743–9.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Hardy SE, Perera S, Roumani YF, et al. Improvement in usual gait speed predicts better survival in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(11):1727–34.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Kwon S, Perera S, Pahor M, et al. What is a meaningful change in physical performance? Findings from a clinical trial in older adults (the LIFE-P study). J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(6):538–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
137.
Perera S, Studenski S, Newman A, et al. Are estimates of meaningful decline in mobility performance consistent among clinically important subgroups? (Health ABC study). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(10):1260–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
138.
Harada ND, Chiu V, Stewart AL. Mobility-related function in older adults: assessment with a 6-minute walk test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(7):837–41.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Isles RC, Choy NL, Steer M, et al. Normal values of balance tests in women aged 20–80. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(8):1367–72.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–8.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Kervio G, Carre F, Ville NS. Reliability and intensity of the six-minute walk test in healthy elderly subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):169–74.PubMedCrossRef
142.
143.
144.
145.
Honka AM, van Gils MJ, Parkka J. A personalized approach for predicting the effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure using a fuzzy inference system. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:8299–302.PubMed
146.
Hsiao M, Hsueh PY, Ramakrishnan S. Personalized adherence activity recognition via model-driven sensor data assessment. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;180:1050–4.PubMed
147.
Cofre LE, Lythgo N, Morgan D, et al. Aging modifies joint power and work when gait speeds are matched. Gait Posture. 2011;33(3):484–9.PubMedCrossRef
148.
DeVita P, Hortobágyi T. Age causes a redistribution of joint torques and powers during gait. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(5):1804–11.PubMed
149.
Kerrigan DC, Todd MK, Della Croce U, et al. Biomechanical gait alterations independent of speed in the healthy elderly: evidence for specific limiting impairments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(3):317–22.PubMedCrossRef
150.
Monaco V, Rinaldi LA, Macri G, et al. During walking elders increase efforts at proximal joints and keep low kinetics at the ankle. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24(6):493–8.
151.
Silder A, Heiderscheit B, Thelen DG. Active and passive contributions to joint kinetics during walking in older adults. J Biomech. 2008;41(7):1520–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
152.
Raymond MJ, Bramley-Tzerefos RE, Jeffs KJ, et al. Systematic review of high-intensity progressive resistance strength training of the lower limb compared with other intensities of strength training in older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(8):1458–72.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Cao ZB, Maeda A, Shima N, et al. The effect of a 12-week combined exercise intervention program on physical performance and gait kinematics in community-dwelling elderly women. J Physiol Anthropol. 2007;26(3):325–32.PubMedCrossRef
154.
McGibbon CA, Krebs DE, Scarborough DM. Rehabilitation effects on compensatory gait mechanics in people with arthritis and strength impairment. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49(2):248–54.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Persch LN, Ugrinowitsch C, Pereira G, et al. Strength training improves fall-related gait kinematics in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24(10):819–25.
156.
Clark DJ, Pojednic RM, Reid KF, et al. Longitudinal decline of neuromuscular activation and power in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(11):1419–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
157.
Dalton BH, Power GA, Vandervoort AA, et al. The age-related slowing of voluntary shortening velocity exacerbates power loss during repeated fast knee extensions. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47(1):85–92.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Metadata
Title
Effects of Three Types of Exercise Interventions on Healthy Old Adults’ Gait Speed: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors
Tibor Hortobágyi
Melanie Lesinski
Martijn Gäbler
Jessie M. VanSwearingen
Davide Malatesta
Urs Granacher
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 12/2015
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0371-2

Other articles of this Issue 12/2015

Sports Medicine 12/2015 Go to the issue

Systematic Review

Predictive and Reactive Locomotor Adaptability in Healthy Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Acknowledgement to Referees

Referees 2015

Systematic Review

Associations Between Measures of Balance and Lower-Extremity Muscle Strength/Power in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Preface

Exercise to Improve Mobility in Healthy Aging

Systematic Review

Effects of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Systematic Review

Effects of Strength Training Using Unstable Surfaces on Strength, Power and Balance Performance Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis