Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Drugs
Published in: Drugs 3/2017

01-03-2017 | Adis Drug Evaluation

Dabigatran Etexilate: A Review in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Authors: Hannah A. Blair, Gillian M. Keating

Published in: Drugs | Issue 3/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa®) is approved in the EU for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and one or more risk factors. Dabigatran etexilate is a prodrug of dabigatran, a direct inhibitor of thrombin. In patients with NVAF in the phase III RE-LY trial, dabigatran etexilate dosages of 110 and 150 mg twice daily were noninferior to warfarin with regard to the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (primary efficacy endpoint). The higher dosage was associated with a significantly lower risk of stroke or systemic embolism than warfarin, with no significant between-group difference in the risk of major bleeding (primary safety endpoint). Both dosages of dabigatran etexilate were associated with significantly lower rates of haemorrhagic stroke, intracranial bleeding and life-threatening major bleeding than warfarin. Dabigatran etexilate was also effective and generally well tolerated across various patient subgroups. The efficacy and tolerability of dabigatran etexilate was maintained for up to 6.7 years in the RELY-ABLE extension study. Routine anticoagulation monitoring is not required in patients receiving dabigatran etexilate, and it is currently the only non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) with a specific reversal agent available. Although direct comparisons with other NOACs would be beneficial, dabigatran etexilate is a useful option for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Literature
1.
Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehw210.
2.
3.
Ahmad Y, Lip GY. Dabigatran etexilate for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation: NICE guidance. Heart. 2012;98(19):1404–6.CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
Burness CB, McKeage K. Dabigatran etexilate: a review of its use for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement surgery. Drugs. 2012;72(7):963–86.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Greig SL, McKeage K. Dabigatran etexilate: a review of its use in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism and prevention of venous thromboembolism recurrence. Drugs. 2014;74(15):1785–800.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Garnock-Jones KP. Dabigatran etexilate: a review of its use in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2011;11(1):57–72.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Wienen W, Stassen JM, Priepke H, et al. In-vitro profile and ex-vivo anticoagulant activity of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98(1):155–62.PubMed
9.
Eriksson BI, Quinlan DJ, Weitz JI. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2009;48(1):1–22.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stahle H, et al. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of dabigatran etexilate, a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in healthy male subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64(3):292–303.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
van Ryn J, Stangier J, Haertter S, et al. Dabigatran etexilate–a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103(6):1116–27.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Siegbahn A, Oldgren J, Andersson U, et al. D-dimer and factor VIIa in atrial fibrillation—prognostic values for cardiovascular events and effects of anticoagulation therapy. A RE-LY substudy. Thromb Haemost. 2016;115(5):921–30.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Joseph P, Pare G, Wallentin L, et al. Dabigatran etexilate and reduction in serum apolipoprotein B. Heart. 2016;102(1):57–62.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Hijazi Z, Oldgren J, Andersson U, et al. Growth differentiation factor 15 is an independent marker of major bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation: insights from the RE-LY trial [abstract no. A257 plus poster]. In: European Society of Cardiology Congress. 2016.
15.
Stangier J. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2008;47(5):285–95.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Lehr T, Haertter S, Liesenfeld KH, et al. Dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation patients with severe renal impairment: dose identification using pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(9):1373–8.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stahle H, et al. Influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral dabigatran etexilate: an open-label, parallel-group, single-centre study. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010;49(4):259–68.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Stangier J, Stahle H, Rathgen K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dabigatran etexilate, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, are not affected by moderate hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48(12):1411–9.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Hartter S, Yamamura N, Stangier J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Japanese and Caucasian subjects after oral administration of dabigatran etexilate. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107(2):260–9.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stahle H, et al. Coadministration of dabigatran etexilate and atorvastatin: assessment of potential impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2009;9(1):59–68.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139–51.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Newly identified events in the RE-LY trial. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(19):1875–6.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Yusuf S. Additional events in the RE-LY trial. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(15):1464–5.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Ezekowitz MD, et al. The long-term multicenter observational study of dabigatran treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (RELY-ABLE) study. Circulation. 2013;128(3):237–43.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Ezekowitz MD, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, et al. Long-term evaluation of dabigatran 150 vs. 110 mg twice a day in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2016;18(7):973–8.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Diener HC, Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous transient ischaemic attack or stroke: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1157–63.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Ezekowitz MD, Wallentin L, Connolly SJ, et al. Dabigatran and warfarin in vitamin K antagonist-naive and -experienced cohorts with atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2010;122(22):2246–53.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Ferreira J, Ezekowitz MD, Connolly SJ, et al. Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and symptomatic heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15(9):1053–61.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Hijazi ZMDP, Hohnloser SHMD, Oldgren JMDP, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin in relation to baseline renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: a RE-LY (randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy) trial analysis. Circulation. 2014;129(9):961–70.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9745):975–83.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Douketis J, et al. Periprocedural bleeding and thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with warfarin: results from the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;126(3):343–8.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Dans AL, Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, et al. Concomitant use of antiplatelet therapy with dabigatran or warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation. 2013;127(5):634–40.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Hori M, Connolly SJ, Zhu J, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin: effects on ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and bleeding in Asians and non-Asians with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1891–6.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Nagarakanti R, Wallentin L, Noack H, et al. Comparison of characteristics and outcomes of dabigatran versus warfarin in hypertensive patients with atrial fibrillation (from the RE-LY trial). Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(8):1204–9.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Oldgren JMDP, Alings MMDP, Darius HMDP, et al. Risks for stroke, bleeding, and death in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dabigatran or warfarin in relation to the CHADS2 score: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(10):660–7.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Hori M, Fukaya T, Kleine E, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate vs. warfarin in Asian RE-LY patients according to baseline renal function or CHADS2 score. Circ J. 2015;79(10):2138–47.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Brambatti M, Darius H, Oldgren J, et al. Comparison of dabigatran versus warfarin in diabetic patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the RE-LY trial. Int J Cardiol. 2015;196:127–31.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Hori M, Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran vs. warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation-sub-analysis in Japanese population in RE-LY trial. Circ J. 2011;75(4):800–5.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Nagarakanti R, Connolly S, Fraessdorf M, et al. Clinical outcomes of atrial fibrillation patients receiving digoxin in the RE-LY® trial [abstract no. 1188-351]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13 Suppl):802.CrossRef
40.
Verdecchia P, Di Pasquale G, Reboldi G, et al. Effects of dabigatran versus warfarin in relation to left ventricular hypertrophy in atrial fibrillation [abstract no. 1268-351]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13 Suppl):884.CrossRef
41.
Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Wallentin L, et al. Effect of age and renal function on the risks of stroke and major bleeding with dabigatran compared to warfarin: an analysis from the RE-LY study [abstract no. A4]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(10 Suppl 1):E37–9.
42.
Ezekowitz MD, Nagarakanti R, Noack H, et al. Comparison of dabigatran and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease: the RE-LY trial. Circulation. 2016;134(8):589–98.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Hohnloser SH, Oldgren J, Yang S, et al. Myocardial ischemic events in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with dabigatran or warfarin in the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) trial. Circulation. 2012;125(5):669–76.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Lip GYH, Clemens A, Noack H, et al. Patient outcomes using the European label for dabigatran: a post-hoc analysis from the RE-LY database. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(5):933–42.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Douketis JD, Healey JS, Brueckmann M, et al. Urgent surgery or procedures in patients taking dabigatran or warfarin: analysis of perioperative outcomes from the RE-LY trial. Thromb Res. 2016;139:77–81.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Larsen TB, Rasmussen LH, Skjoth F, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran etexilate and warfarin in “real-world” patients with atrial fibrillation: a prospective nationwide cohort study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(22):2264–73.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Graham DJ, Reichman ME, Wernecke M, et al. Cardiovascular, bleeding, and mortality risks in elderly Medicare patients treated with dabigatran or warfarin for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2015;131(2):157–64.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Lauffenburger JC, Farley JF, Gehi AK, et al. Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran and warfarin in real-world US patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(4):e001798.
49.
Chan YH, Yen KC, See LC, et al. Cardiovascular, bleeding, and mortality risks of dabigatran in Asians with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2016;47:441–9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Avgil-Tsadok M, Jackevicius CA, Essebag V, et al. Dabigatran use in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost. 2015;115(1):152–60.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Seeger JD, Bykov K, Bartels DB, et al. Safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in routine care of patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(6):1277–89.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Villines TC, Schnee J, Fraeman K, et al. A comparison of the safety and effectiveness of dabigatran and warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients in a large healthcare system. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(6):1290–8.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Bytzer P, Connolly SJ, Yang S, et al. Analysis of upper gastrointestinal adverse events among patients given dabigatran in the RE-LY trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(3):246–52.e1–5.
54.
Böhm M, Ezekowitz MD, Connolly SJ, et al. Changes in renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis from the RE-LY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(23):2481–93.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Eikelboom JW, Wallentin L, Connolly SJ, et al. Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2363–72.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Hernandez I, Baik SH, Pinera A, et al. Risk of bleeding with dabigatran in atrial fibrillation. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(1):18–24.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Vaughan Sarrazin MS, Jones M, Mazur A, et al. Bleeding rates in Veterans Affairs patients with atrial fibrillation who switch from warfarin to dabigatran. Am J Med. 2014;127(12):1179–85.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Larsen TB, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Rasmussen LH, et al. Bleeding events among new starters and switchers to dabigatran compared with warfarin in atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014;127(7):650–6.e5.
59.
Graham DJ, Reichman ME, Wernecke M, et al. Stroke, bleeding, and mortality risks in elderly Medicare beneficiaries treated with dabigatran or rivaroxaban for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1662–71.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zint K, Kreuzer J. A methodological appraisal of recent real-world data publications on dabigatran. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(7):1244.CrossRefPubMed
61.
62.
Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ. Is there really misuse and abuse of dabigatran? Med J Aust. 2013;198(7):358–9.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Hart RG, et al. Balancing the benefits and risks of 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(10):900–8.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Reilly PA, Lehr T, Haertter S, et al. The effect of dabigatran plasma concentrations and patient characteristics on the frequency of ischemic stroke and major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients: the RE-LY Trial (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(4):321–8.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Kakkar AK, Mueller I, Bassand JP, et al. International longitudinal registry of patients with atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke: Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD (GARFIELD). Am Heart J. 2012;163(1):13–9.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Huisman MV, Lip GY, Diener HC, et al. Design and rationale of global registry on long-term oral antithrombotic treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation: a global registry program on long-term oral antithrombotic treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2014;167(3):329–34.CrossRefPubMed
67.
68.
Huisman MV, Rothman KJ, Paquette M, et al. Antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the GLORIA-AF registry, phase II. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1306–13.e1.
69.
Dzeshka MS, Lip GY. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: where are we now? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015;25(4):315–36.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Gorst-Rasmussen A, Skjoth F, Larsen TB, et al. Dabigatran adherence in atrial fibrillation patients during the first year after diagnosis: a nationwide cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(4):495–504.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Shore S, Carey EP, Turakhia MP, et al. Adherence to dabigatran therapy and longitudinal patient outcomes: insights from the veterans health administration. Am Heart J. 2014;167(6):810–7.CrossRefPubMed
72.
73.
Syed YY. Idarucizumab: a review as a reversal agent for dabigatran. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2016;16(4):297–304.CrossRefPubMed
74.
McKeage K. Dabigatran etexilate: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30(9):841–55.CrossRefPubMed
75.
76.
77.
Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):955–62.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Caldeira D, Goncalves N, Ferreira JJ, et al. Tolerability and acceptability of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2015;15(4):259–65.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Cameron C, Coyle D, Richter T, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing antithrombotic agents for the prevention of stroke and major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004301.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Fu W, Guo H, Guo J, et al. Relative efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation by network meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med. 2014;15(12):873–9.CrossRef
81.
Mantha S, Ansell J. An indirect comparison of dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban for atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(3):476–84.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Skjoth F, Larsen TB, Rasmussen LH, et al. Efficacy and safety of edoxaban in comparison with dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. An indirect comparison analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(5):981–8.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Lip GYH, Verdecchia P, Tervonen T, et al. Comparison of oral anti-coagulants for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a multi-criteria decision analysis [abstract no. A35 plus poster]. In: European Society of Cardiology Congress. 2016.
84.
Abraham NS, Singh S, Alexander GC, et al. Comparative risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h1857.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Chang HY, Zhou M, Tang W, et al. Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with oral anticoagulants: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h1585.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Gorst-Rasmussen A, Lip GY, Bjerregaard Larsen T. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin and dabigatran in atrial fibrillation: comparative effectiveness and safety in Danish routine care. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25:1236–44.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Hernandez I, Zhang Y. Comparing stroke and bleeding with rivaroxaban and dabigatran in atrial fibrillation: analysis of the US Medicare part D data. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2016. doi:10.​1007/​s40256-016-0189-9.
88.
Larsen TB, Skjoth F, Nielsen PB, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: propensity weighted nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2016;353:i3189.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Lip GY, Keshishian A, Kamble S, et al. Real-world comparison of major bleeding risk among non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients initiated on apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or warfarin. A propensity score matched analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116(5):975–86.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Staerk L, Fosbol EL, Lip GY, et al. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke associated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin use in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2016. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehw496.PubMed
91.
Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, et al. Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(6). doi:10.​1161/​JAHA.​116.​003725
Metadata
Title
Dabigatran Etexilate: A Review in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors
Hannah A. Blair
Gillian M. Keating
Publication date
01-03-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Drugs / Issue 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-017-0699-z

Other articles of this Issue 3/2017

Drugs 3/2017 Go to the issue

Adis Drug Evaluation

Teduglutide: A Review in Short Bowel Syndrome

Review Article

The Ocular Manifestations of Drugs Used to Treat Multiple Sclerosis

Original Research Article

Eight- or 12-Week Treatment of Hepatitis C with Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir: Real-World Experience in a Large Integrated Health System

Adis Drug Evaluation

Saxagliptin/Dapagliflozin: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Review Article

Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women

Current Opinion

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells: Lessons Learned from Targeting of CD19 in B-Cell Malignancies