Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology 2/2011

01-04-2011

Marked relationship between matrix metalloproteinase 7 and brain atrophy in HIV infection

Authors: Ann B. Ragin, Ying Wu, Renee Ochs, Hongyan Du, Leon G. Epstein, Katherine Conant, Justin C. McArthur

Published in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Issue 2/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and 7) have been found to correlate with the severity of brain injury in HIV-infected subjects. This study used high-resolution neuroanatomic imaging and automated segmentation algorithms to clarify this relationship. Both metalloproteinases were significantly correlated with increased cerebrospinal fluid volume fraction. Comprehensive brain volumetric analysis revealed a more marked relationship with atrophy for MMP-7, which was significantly correlated with neural injury in multiple brain regions and nearly all ventricular measurements. MMP-7 was also correlated with measures of virologic and cognitive status.
Literature
go back to reference Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789–1799PubMedCrossRef Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789–1799PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Bales RA, Ethisham A, Greenberg RN, Berger JR (2004a) Inflammatory changes and breakdown of microvascular integrity in early human immunodeficiency virus dementia. J Neurovirol 10:223–232PubMedCrossRef Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Bales RA, Ethisham A, Greenberg RN, Berger JR (2004a) Inflammatory changes and breakdown of microvascular integrity in early human immunodeficiency virus dementia. J Neurovirol 10:223–232PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Greenberg RN, Berger JR (2004b) Neuroimaging correlates of HIV-associated BBB compromise. J Neuroimmunol 157:140–146PubMedCrossRef Avison MJ, Nath A, Greene-Avison R, Schmitt FA, Greenberg RN, Berger JR (2004b) Neuroimaging correlates of HIV-associated BBB compromise. J Neuroimmunol 157:140–146PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ban CR, Twigg SM, Franjic B, Brooks BA, Celermajer D, Yue DK, McLennan SV (2010) Serum MMP-7 is increased in diabetic renal disease and diabetic diastolic dysfunction. Diab Res Clin Pract 87:335–341CrossRef Ban CR, Twigg SM, Franjic B, Brooks BA, Celermajer D, Yue DK, McLennan SV (2010) Serum MMP-7 is increased in diabetic renal disease and diabetic diastolic dysfunction. Diab Res Clin Pract 87:335–341CrossRef
go back to reference Bilousova TV, Rusakov DA, Ethell DW, Ethell IM (2006) Matrix metalloproteinase-7 disrupts dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons through NMDA receptor activation. J Neurochem 97:44–56PubMedCrossRef Bilousova TV, Rusakov DA, Ethell DW, Ethell IM (2006) Matrix metalloproteinase-7 disrupts dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons through NMDA receptor activation. J Neurochem 97:44–56PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bozzo C, Bellomo G, Silengo L, Tarone G, Altruda F (1997) Soluble integrin ligands and growth factors independently rescue neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis under nonadherent conditions. Exp Cell Res 237:326–337PubMedCrossRef Bozzo C, Bellomo G, Silengo L, Tarone G, Altruda F (1997) Soluble integrin ligands and growth factors independently rescue neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis under nonadherent conditions. Exp Cell Res 237:326–337PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Buhler LA, Samara R, Guzman E, Wilson CL, Krizanac-Bengez L, Janigro D, Ethell DW (2009) Matrix metalloproteinase-7 facilitates immune access to the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC Neurosci 10:17PubMedCrossRef Buhler LA, Samara R, Guzman E, Wilson CL, Krizanac-Bengez L, Janigro D, Ethell DW (2009) Matrix metalloproteinase-7 facilitates immune access to the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC Neurosci 10:17PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Busiek DF, Baragi V, Nehring LC, Parks WC, Welgus HG (1995) Matrilysin expression by human mononuclear phagocytes and its regulation by cytokines and hormones. J Immunol 154:6484–6491PubMed Busiek DF, Baragi V, Nehring LC, Parks WC, Welgus HG (1995) Matrilysin expression by human mononuclear phagocytes and its regulation by cytokines and hormones. J Immunol 154:6484–6491PubMed
go back to reference Chang L, Ernst T, St Hillaire C, Conant K (2004) Antiretroviral treatment alters relationship between MCP-1 and neurometabolites in HIV patients. Antivir Ther 9:431–440PubMed Chang L, Ernst T, St Hillaire C, Conant K (2004) Antiretroviral treatment alters relationship between MCP-1 and neurometabolites in HIV patients. Antivir Ther 9:431–440PubMed
go back to reference Cinque P, Vago L, Mengozzi M, Torri V, Ceresa D, Vicenzi E, Transidico P, Vagani A, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, Lazzarin A, Poli G (1998) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 correlate with HIV-1 encephalitis and local viral replication. AIDS 12:1327–1332PubMedCrossRef Cinque P, Vago L, Mengozzi M, Torri V, Ceresa D, Vicenzi E, Transidico P, Vagani A, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, Lazzarin A, Poli G (1998) Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 correlate with HIV-1 encephalitis and local viral replication. AIDS 12:1327–1332PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Conant K, McArthur JC, Griffin DE, Sjulson L, Wahl LM, Irani DN (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Ann Neurol 46:391–398PubMedCrossRef Conant K, McArthur JC, Griffin DE, Sjulson L, Wahl LM, Irani DN (1999) Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MMP-2, 7, and 9 are elevated in association with human immunodeficiency virus dementia. Ann Neurol 46:391–398PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Conant K, St Hillaire C, Nagase H, Visse R, Gary D, Haughey N, Anderson C, Turchan J, Nath A (2004) Matrix metalloproteinase 1 interacts with neuronal integrins and stimulates dephosphorylation of Akt. J Biol Chem 279:8056–8062PubMedCrossRef Conant K, St Hillaire C, Nagase H, Visse R, Gary D, Haughey N, Anderson C, Turchan J, Nath A (2004) Matrix metalloproteinase 1 interacts with neuronal integrins and stimulates dephosphorylation of Akt. J Biol Chem 279:8056–8062PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Dhar A, Gardner J, Borgmann K, Wu L, Ghorpade A (2006) Novel role of TGF-beta in differential astrocyte-TIMP-1 regulation: implications for HIV-1-dementia and neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 83:1271–1280PubMedCrossRef Dhar A, Gardner J, Borgmann K, Wu L, Ghorpade A (2006) Novel role of TGF-beta in differential astrocyte-TIMP-1 regulation: implications for HIV-1-dementia and neuroinflammation. J Neurosci Res 83:1271–1280PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, van der Kouwe A, Killiany R, Kennedy D, Klaveness S, Montillo A, Makris N, Rosen B, Dale AM (2002) Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33:341–355PubMedCrossRef Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, van der Kouwe A, Killiany R, Kennedy D, Klaveness S, Montillo A, Makris N, Rosen B, Dale AM (2002) Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33:341–355PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gu Z, Kaul M, Yan B, Kridel SJ, Cui J, Strongin A, Smith JW, Liddington RC, Lipton SA (2002) S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: signaling pathway to neuronal cell death. Science 297:1186–1190PubMedCrossRef Gu Z, Kaul M, Yan B, Kridel SJ, Cui J, Strongin A, Smith JW, Liddington RC, Lipton SA (2002) S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: signaling pathway to neuronal cell death. Science 297:1186–1190PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Haro H, Crawford HC, Fingleton B, Shinomiya K, Spengler DM, Matrisian LM (2000) Matrix metalloproteinase-7-dependent release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a model of herniated disc resorption. J Clin Invest 105:143–150PubMedCrossRef Haro H, Crawford HC, Fingleton B, Shinomiya K, Spengler DM, Matrisian LM (2000) Matrix metalloproteinase-7-dependent release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a model of herniated disc resorption. J Clin Invest 105:143–150PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hwang IK, Park SM, Kim SY, Lee ST (2004) A proteomic approach to identify substrates of matrix metalloproteinase-14 in human plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1702:79–87PubMed Hwang IK, Park SM, Kim SY, Lee ST (2004) A proteomic approach to identify substrates of matrix metalloproteinase-14 in human plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1702:79–87PubMed
go back to reference Johnston JB, Zhang K, Silva C, Shalinsky DR, Conant K, Ni W, Corbett D, Yong VW, Power C (2001) HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity is prevented by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Ann Neurol 49:230–241PubMedCrossRef Johnston JB, Zhang K, Silva C, Shalinsky DR, Conant K, Ni W, Corbett D, Yong VW, Power C (2001) HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity is prevented by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. Ann Neurol 49:230–241PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kelder W, McArthur JC, Nance-Sproson T, McClernon D, Griffin DE (1998) Beta-chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES are selectively increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Ann Neurol 44:831–835PubMedCrossRef Kelder W, McArthur JC, Nance-Sproson T, McClernon D, Griffin DE (1998) Beta-chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES are selectively increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. Ann Neurol 44:831–835PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Langford D, Masliah E (2001) Crosstalk between components of the blood brain barrier and cells of the CNS in microglial activation in AIDS. Brain Pathol 11:306–312PubMedCrossRef Langford D, Masliah E (2001) Crosstalk between components of the blood brain barrier and cells of the CNS in microglial activation in AIDS. Brain Pathol 11:306–312PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lugli E, Pinti M, Nasi M, Troiano L, Prada N, Mussini C, Borghi V, Esposito R, Cossarizza A (2005) MMP-7 promoter polymorphisms do not influence CD4+ recovery and changes in plasma viral load during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection. Int J Immunogenet 32:269–271PubMedCrossRef Lugli E, Pinti M, Nasi M, Troiano L, Prada N, Mussini C, Borghi V, Esposito R, Cossarizza A (2005) MMP-7 promoter polymorphisms do not influence CD4+ recovery and changes in plasma viral load during antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection. Int J Immunogenet 32:269–271PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Wong JP, Wallace JL, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2002) Matrix metalloproteinase processing of monocyte chemoattractant proteins generates CC chemokine receptor antagonists with anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. Blood 100:1160–1167PubMed McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Wong JP, Wallace JL, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM (2002) Matrix metalloproteinase processing of monocyte chemoattractant proteins generates CC chemokine receptor antagonists with anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. Blood 100:1160–1167PubMed
go back to reference Milward EA, Fitzsimmons C, Szklarczyk A, Conant K (2007) The matrix metalloproteinases and CNS plasticity: an overview. J Neuroimmunol 187:9–19PubMedCrossRef Milward EA, Fitzsimmons C, Szklarczyk A, Conant K (2007) The matrix metalloproteinases and CNS plasticity: an overview. J Neuroimmunol 187:9–19PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nilsson L, Jonasson L, Nijm J, Hamsten A, Eriksson P (2006) Increased plasma concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 52:1522–1527PubMedCrossRef Nilsson L, Jonasson L, Nijm J, Hamsten A, Eriksson P (2006) Increased plasma concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 52:1522–1527PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Parks WC, Wilson CL, Lopez-Boado YS (2004) Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 4:617–629PubMedCrossRef Parks WC, Wilson CL, Lopez-Boado YS (2004) Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 4:617–629PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Patton BL, Chiu AY, Sanes JR (1998) Synaptic laminin prevents glial entry into the synaptic cleft. Nature 393:698–701PubMedCrossRef Patton BL, Chiu AY, Sanes JR (1998) Synaptic laminin prevents glial entry into the synaptic cleft. Nature 393:698–701PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Persidsky Y, Ghorpade A, Rasmussen J, Limoges J, Liu XJ, Stins M, Fiala M, Way D, Kim KS, Witte MH, Weinand M, Carhart L, Gendelman HE (1999) Microglial and astrocyte chemokines regulate monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. Am J Pathol 155:1599–1611PubMedCrossRef Persidsky Y, Ghorpade A, Rasmussen J, Limoges J, Liu XJ, Stins M, Fiala M, Way D, Kim KS, Witte MH, Weinand M, Carhart L, Gendelman HE (1999) Microglial and astrocyte chemokines regulate monocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier in human immunodeficiency virus-1 encephalitis. Am J Pathol 155:1599–1611PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Persidsky Y, Zheng J, Miller D, Gendelman HE (2000) Mononuclear phagocytes mediate blood-brain barrier compromise and neuronal injury during HIV-1-associated dementia. J Leukoc Biol 68:413–422PubMed Persidsky Y, Zheng J, Miller D, Gendelman HE (2000) Mononuclear phagocytes mediate blood-brain barrier compromise and neuronal injury during HIV-1-associated dementia. J Leukoc Biol 68:413–422PubMed
go back to reference Powell WC, Fingleton B, Wilson CL, Boothby M, Matrisian LM (1999) The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr Biol 9:1441–1447PubMedCrossRef Powell WC, Fingleton B, Wilson CL, Boothby M, Matrisian LM (1999) The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr Biol 9:1441–1447PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pulliam L, Gascon R, Stubblebine M, McGuire D, McGrath MS (1997) Unique monocyte subset in patients with AIDS dementia. Lancet 349:692–695PubMedCrossRef Pulliam L, Gascon R, Stubblebine M, McGuire D, McGrath MS (1997) Unique monocyte subset in patients with AIDS dementia. Lancet 349:692–695PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ragin AB, Wu Y, Ochs R, Scheidegger R, Cohen BA, McArthur JC, Epstein LG, Conant K (2009) Serum matrix metalloproteinase levels correlate with brain injury in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurovirol: 1-7 Ragin AB, Wu Y, Ochs R, Scheidegger R, Cohen BA, McArthur JC, Epstein LG, Conant K (2009) Serum matrix metalloproteinase levels correlate with brain injury in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurovirol: 1-7
go back to reference Rumbaugh J, Turchan-Cholewo J, Galey D, St Hillaire C, Anderson C, Conant K, Nath A (2006) Interaction of HIV Tat and matrix metalloproteinase in HIV neuropathogenesis: a new host defense mechanism. FASEB J 20:1736–1738PubMedCrossRef Rumbaugh J, Turchan-Cholewo J, Galey D, St Hillaire C, Anderson C, Conant K, Nath A (2006) Interaction of HIV Tat and matrix metalloproteinase in HIV neuropathogenesis: a new host defense mechanism. FASEB J 20:1736–1738PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sasseville VG, Newman W, Brodie SJ, Hesterberg P, Pauley D, Ringler DJ (1994) Monocyte adhesion to endothelium in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis is mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/alpha 4 beta 1 integrin interactions. Am J Pathol 144:27–40PubMed Sasseville VG, Newman W, Brodie SJ, Hesterberg P, Pauley D, Ringler DJ (1994) Monocyte adhesion to endothelium in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis is mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/alpha 4 beta 1 integrin interactions. Am J Pathol 144:27–40PubMed
go back to reference Schlondorff J, Blobel CP (1999) Metalloprotease-disintegrins: modular proteins capable of promoting cell-cell interactions and triggering signals by protein-ectodomain shedding. J Cell Sci 112(Pt 21):3603–3617PubMed Schlondorff J, Blobel CP (1999) Metalloprotease-disintegrins: modular proteins capable of promoting cell-cell interactions and triggering signals by protein-ectodomain shedding. J Cell Sci 112(Pt 21):3603–3617PubMed
go back to reference Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, Stern Y, McClernon DR, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, Riggs G, Cohen B, Epstein LG, Marder K (2004) Evaluation of HIV RNA and markers of immune activation as predictors of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 63:2084–2090PubMed Sevigny JJ, Albert SM, McDermott MP, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Conant K, Schifitto G, Selnes OA, Stern Y, McClernon DR, Palumbo D, Kieburtz K, Riggs G, Cohen B, Epstein LG, Marder K (2004) Evaluation of HIV RNA and markers of immune activation as predictors of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 63:2084–2090PubMed
go back to reference Sternlicht MD, Werb Z (2001) How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17:463–516PubMedCrossRef Sternlicht MD, Werb Z (2001) How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 17:463–516PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Suryadevara R, Holter S, Borgmann K, Persidsky R, Labenz-Zink C, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE, Wu L, Ghorpade A (2003) Regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by astrocytes: links to HIV-1 dementia. Glia 44:47–56PubMedCrossRef Suryadevara R, Holter S, Borgmann K, Persidsky R, Labenz-Zink C, Persidsky Y, Gendelman HE, Wu L, Ghorpade A (2003) Regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 by astrocytes: links to HIV-1 dementia. Glia 44:47–56PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Thompson PM, Dutton RA, Hayashi KM, Toga AW, Lopez OL, Aizenstein HJ, Becker JT (2005) Thinning of the cerebral cortex visualized in HIV/AIDS reflects CD4+ T lymphocyte decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15647–15652PubMedCrossRef Thompson PM, Dutton RA, Hayashi KM, Toga AW, Lopez OL, Aizenstein HJ, Becker JT (2005) Thinning of the cerebral cortex visualized in HIV/AIDS reflects CD4+ T lymphocyte decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15647–15652PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Towfighi A, Skolasky RL, St Hillaire C, Conant K, McArthur JC (2004) CSF soluble Fas correlates with the severity of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 62:654–656PubMed Towfighi A, Skolasky RL, St Hillaire C, Conant K, McArthur JC (2004) CSF soluble Fas correlates with the severity of HIV-associated dementia. Neurology 62:654–656PubMed
go back to reference Valcour VG, Shikuma CM, Watters MR, Sacktor NC (2004) Cognitive impairment in older HIV-1-seropositive individuals: prevalence and potential mechanisms. AIDS 18(Suppl 1):S79–S86PubMed Valcour VG, Shikuma CM, Watters MR, Sacktor NC (2004) Cognitive impairment in older HIV-1-seropositive individuals: prevalence and potential mechanisms. AIDS 18(Suppl 1):S79–S86PubMed
go back to reference Van Lint P, Libert C (2007) Chemokine and cytokine processing by matrix metalloproteinases and its effect on leukocyte migration and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 82:1375–1381PubMedCrossRef Van Lint P, Libert C (2007) Chemokine and cytokine processing by matrix metalloproteinases and its effect on leukocyte migration and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 82:1375–1381PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Vos CM, Sjulson L, Nath A, McArthur JC, Pardo CA, Rothstein J, Conant K (2000) Cytotoxicity by matrix metalloprotease-1 in organotypic spinal cord and dissociated neuronal cultures. Exp Neurol 163:324–330PubMedCrossRef Vos CM, Sjulson L, Nath A, McArthur JC, Pardo CA, Rothstein J, Conant K (2000) Cytotoxicity by matrix metalloprotease-1 in organotypic spinal cord and dissociated neuronal cultures. Exp Neurol 163:324–330PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Weiss JM, Nath A, Major EO, Berman JW (1999) HIV-1 tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes. J Immunol 163:2953–2959PubMed Weiss JM, Nath A, Major EO, Berman JW (1999) HIV-1 tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes. J Immunol 163:2953–2959PubMed
go back to reference Yu WH, Woessner JF Jr (2000) Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as extracellular docking molecules for matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase 7). J Biol Chem 275:4183–4191PubMedCrossRef Yu WH, Woessner JF Jr (2000) Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as extracellular docking molecules for matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase 7). J Biol Chem 275:4183–4191PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zhang K, McQuibban GA, Silva C, Butler GS, Johnston JB, Holden J, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM, Power C (2003a) HIV-induced metalloproteinase processing of the chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1 causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 6:1064–1071CrossRef Zhang K, McQuibban GA, Silva C, Butler GS, Johnston JB, Holden J, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM, Power C (2003a) HIV-induced metalloproteinase processing of the chemokine stromal cell derived factor-1 causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 6:1064–1071CrossRef
go back to reference Zhang KMG, Silva C, Butler GS, Johnston JB, Holden J, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM, Power C (2003b) HIV-induced metalloproteinase cleavage of the chemokine SDF-1alpha causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 6:1064–1011CrossRef Zhang KMG, Silva C, Butler GS, Johnston JB, Holden J, Clark-Lewis I, Overall CM, Power C (2003b) HIV-induced metalloproteinase cleavage of the chemokine SDF-1alpha causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 6:1064–1011CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Marked relationship between matrix metalloproteinase 7 and brain atrophy in HIV infection
Authors
Ann B. Ragin
Ying Wu
Renee Ochs
Hongyan Du
Leon G. Epstein
Katherine Conant
Justin C. McArthur
Publication date
01-04-2011
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of NeuroVirology / Issue 2/2011
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Electronic ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-011-0018-5

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

Journal of NeuroVirology 2/2011 Go to the issue