Top

Published in:

01-11-2014 | Review

Long non-coding RNAs: emerging players in gastric cancer

Authors: Xiaoqiang Guo, Jiazeng Xia, Kaiyuan Deng

Published in: Tumor Biology | Issue 11/2014

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major public health issue as the second leading cause of cancer-related death and the fourth most common cancer worldwide. Although much progress has been achieved in recent years, the early diagnosis and treatment for GC are not yet satisfactory; thus, the prognosis remains poor. Therefore, identification of novel molecules for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment is urgently needed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a new class of non-coding RNAs that participate in a variety of biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis, mainly by regulation of gene expression at various levels, including chromatin, splicing, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Some lncRNAs are upregulated in cancer and possess oncogenic properties, while others exhibit aberrant low expression and act as tumor suppressors. In this review, we overview the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in GC and evaluate their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values.

Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64(1):9–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21208.PubMedCrossRef

Wu WK, Lee CW, Cho CH, Fan D, Wu K, Yu J, et al. MicroRNA dysregulation in gastric cancer: a new player enters the game. Oncogene. 2010;29(43):5761–71. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.352.PubMedCrossRef

Taby R, Issa JP. Cancer epigenetics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(6):376–92. doi:10.3322/caac.20085.PubMedCrossRef

Banerjee HN, Verma M. Epigenetic mechanisms in cancer. Biomark Med. 2009;3(4):397–410. doi:10.2217/bmm.09.26.PubMedCrossRef

Esteller M. Epigenetics in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(11):1148–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMra072067.PubMedCrossRef

Gutschner T, Diederichs S. The hallmarks of cancer: a long non-coding RNA point of view. RNA Biol. 2012;9(6):703–19. doi:10.4161/rna.20481.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Brunner AL, Beck AH, Edris B, Sweeney RT, Zhu SX, Li R, et al. Transcriptional profiling of long non-coding RNAs and novel transcribed regions across a diverse panel of archived human cancers. Genome Biol. 2012;13(8):R75. doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-8-r75.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith MC, Maeda N, et al. The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science. 2005;309(5740):1559–63. doi:10.1126/science.1112014.PubMedCrossRef

Wahlestedt C. Targeting long non-coding RNA to therapeutically upregulate gene expression. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12(6):433–46. doi:10.1038/nrd4018.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Derrien T, Johnson R, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Djebali S, Tilgner H, et al. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res. 2012;22(9):1775–89. doi:10.1101/gr.132159.111.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

11.

Bernstein BE, Birney E, Dunham I, Green ED, Gunter C, Snyder M. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature. 2012;489(7414):57–74. doi:10.1038/nature11247.CrossRef

12.

Taft RJ, Pheasant M, Mattick JS. The relationship between non-protein-coding DNA and eukaryotic complexity. Bioessays. 2007;29(3):288–99. doi:10.1002/bies.20544.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Martens JA, Laprade L, Winston F. Intergenic transcription is required to repress the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SER3 gene. Nature. 2004;429(6991):571–4. doi:10.1038/nature02538.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Feng J, Bi C, Clark BS, Mady R, Shah P, Kohtz JD. The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator. Genes Dev. 2006;20(11):1470–84. doi:10.1101/gad.1416106.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

15.

Zhao J, Sun BK, Erwin JA, Song JJ, Lee JT. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science. 2008;322(5902):750–6. doi:10.1126/science.1163045.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

16.

Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 2010;464(7291):1071–6. doi:10.1038/nature08975.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

17.

Beltran M, Puig I, Pena C, Garcia JM, Alvarez AB, Pena R, et al. A natural antisense transcript regulates Zeb2/Sip1 gene expression during Snail1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Genes Dev. 2008;22(6):756–69. doi:10.1101/gad.455708.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

18.

Czech B, Malone CD, Zhou R, Stark A, Schlingeheyde C, Dus M, et al. An endogenous small interfering RNA pathway in Drosophila. Nature. 2008;453(7196):798–802. doi:10.1038/nature07007.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

19.

Willingham AT, Orth AP, Batalov S, Peters EC, Wen BG, Aza-Blanc P, et al. A strategy for probing the function of noncoding RNAs finds a repressor of NFAT. Science. 2005;309(5740):1570–3. doi:10.1126/science.1115901.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Spitale RC, Tsai MC, Chang HY. RNA templating the epigenome: long noncoding RNAs as molecular scaffolds. Epigenetics. 2011;6(5):539–43.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

21.

Poliseno L, Salmena L, Zhang J, Carver B, Haveman WJ, Pandolfi PP. A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology. Nature. 2010;465(7301):1033–8. doi:10.1038/nature09144.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

22.

Post-transcriptional processing generates a diversity of 5'-modified long and short RNAs. Nature. 2009;457(7232):1028–32. doi:10.1038/nature07759.

23.

Wilusz JE, Sunwoo H, Spector DL. Long noncoding RNAs: functional surprises from the RNA world. Genes Dev. 2009;23(13):1494–504. doi:10.1101/gad.1800909.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

24.

Mann GJ, Thorne H, Balleine RL, Butow PN, Clarke CL, Edkins E, et al. Analysis of cancer risk and BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation prevalence in the kConFab familial breast cancer resource. Breast Cancer Res. 2006;8(1):R12. doi:10.1186/bcr1377.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

25.

Taylor M, Dehainault C, Desjardins L, Doz F, Levy C, Sastre X, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations in hereditary familial retinoblastoma. Hum Mutat. 2007;28(3):284–93. doi:10.1002/humu.20443.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Mercer TR, Dinger ME, Mattick JS. Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(3):155–9. doi:10.1038/nrg2521.PubMedCrossRef

27.

Ponting CP, Oliver PL, Reik W. Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2009;136(4):629–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.006.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Wapinski O, Chang HY. Long noncoding RNAs and human disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2011;21(6):354–61. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.04.001.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Ji P, Diederichs S, Wang W, Boing S, Metzger R, Schneider PM, et al. MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene. 2003;22(39):8031–41. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206928.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Lin R, Maeda S, Liu C, Karin M, Edgington TS. A large noncoding RNA is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene. 2007;26(6):851–8. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209846.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Kim K, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Johnson G, Frank J, Burghardt R, et al. HOTAIR is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene. 2013;32(13):1616–25. doi:10.1038/onc.2012.193.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

32.

Jia LF, Wei SB, Gan YH, Guo Y, Gong K, Mitchelson K, et al. Expression, regulation and roles of MiR-26a and MEG3 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2013. doi:10.1002/ijc.28667.PubMedCentral

33.

Lu KH, Li W, Liu XH, Sun M, Zhang ML, Wu WQ, et al. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits NSCLC cells proliferation and induces apoptosis by affecting p53 expression. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:461. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-461.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

34.

Shi X, Sun M, Liu H, Yao Y, Kong R, Chen F, et al. A critical role for the long non-coding RNA GAS5 in proliferation and apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2013. doi:10.1002/mc.22120.

35.

Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT. GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2009;28(2):195–208. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.373.PubMedCrossRef

36.

Li CH, Chen Y. Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancers: progress and prospects. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45(8):1895–910. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.030.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Cheetham SW, Gruhl F, Mattick JS, Dinger ME. Long noncoding RNAs and the genetics of cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(12):2419–25. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.233.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

38.

Huarte M, Rinn JL. Large non-coding RNAs: missing links in cancer? Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(R2):R152–61. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq353.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

39.

Tsai MC, Spitale RC, Chang HY. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs: new links in cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2011;71(1):3–7. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2483.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

40.

Wu MS, Wang HP, Lin CC, Sheu JC, Shun CT, Lee WJ, et al. Loss of imprinting and overexpression of IGF2 gene in gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 1997;120(1):9–14.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Gao T, He B, Pan Y, Gu L, Chen L, Nie Z, et al. H19 DMR methylation correlates to the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through IGF2 imprinting pathway. Clin Transl Oncol. 2014;16(4):410–7. doi:10.1007/s12094-013-1098-x.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Xu W, Fan H, He X, Zhang J, Xie W. LOI of IGF2 is associated with esophageal cancer and linked to methylation status of IGF2 DMR. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2006;25(4):543–7.PubMed

43.

Honda S, Arai Y, Haruta M, Sasaki F, Ohira M, Yamaoka H, et al. Loss of imprinting of IGF2 correlates with hypermethylation of the H19 differentially methylated region in hepatoblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(11):1891–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604754.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

44.

Lu Y, Lu P, Zhu Z, Xu H, Zhu X. Loss of imprinting of insulin-like growth factor 2 is associated with increased risk of lymph node metastasis and gastric corpus cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2009;28:125. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-28-125.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

45.

Song H, Sun W, Ye G, Ding X, Liu Z, Zhang S, et al. Long non-coding RNA expression profile in human gastric cancer and its clinical significances. J Transl Med. 2013;11:225. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-11-225.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

46.

Cao WJ, Wu HL, He BS, Zhang YS, Zhang ZY. Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profiles in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(23):3658–64. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3658.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

47.

Park SM, Park SJ, Kim HJ, Kwon OH, Kang TW, Sohn HA, et al. A known expressed sequence tag, BM742401, is a potent lincRNA inhibiting cancer metastasis. Exp Mol Med. 2013;45:e31. doi:10.1038/emm.2013.59.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

48.

Pang Q, Ge J, Shao Y, Sun W, Song H, Xia T, et al. Increased expression of long intergenic non-coding RNA LINC00152 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-1709-3.

49.

Mei D, Song H, Wang K, Lou Y, Sun W, Liu Z, et al. Up-regulation of SUMO1 pseudogene 3 (SUMO1P3) in gastric cancer and its clinical association. Med Oncol. 2013;30(4):709. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0709-2.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Sun W, Wu Y, Yu X, Liu Y, Song H, Xia T, et al. Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA AC096655.1-002 in gastric cancer and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol. 2013;34(5):2697–701.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Xiao B, Guo J. Long noncoding RNA AC096655.1-002 has been officially named as gastric cancer-associated transcript 1, GACAT1. Tumour Biol. 2013;34(5):3271.PubMedCrossRef

52.

Xu C, Shao Y, Xia T, Yang Y, Dai J, Luo L, et al. lncRNA-AC130710 targeting by miR-129-5p is upregulated in gastric cancer and associates with poor prognosis. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2274-5.

53.

Liu Z, Shao Y, Tan L, Shi H, Chen S, Guo J. Clinical significance of the low expression of FER1L4 in gastric cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2259-4.

54.

Shao Y, Chen H, Jiang X, Chen S, Li P, Ye M, et al. Low expression of lncRNA-HMlincRNA717 in human gastric cancer and its clinical significances. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2243-z.

55.

Rinn JL, Kertesz M, Wang JK, Squazzo SL, Xu X, Brugmann SA, et al. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell. 2007;129(7):1311–23. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

56.

Cai B, Song XQ, Cai JP, Zhang S. HOTAIR: a cancer-related long non-coding RNA. Neoplasma. 2014;61(4):379–91.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Hajjari M, Behmanesh M, Sadeghizadeh M, Zeinoddini M. Up-regulation of HOTAIR long non-coding RNA in human gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. Med Oncol. 2013;30(3):670. doi:10.1007/s12032-013-0670-0.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Endo H, Shiroki T, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama M, Tamai K, Yamanami H, et al. Enhanced expression of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR is associated with the development of gastric cancer. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e77070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077070.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

59.

Xu ZY, Yu QM, Du YA, Yang LT, Dong RZ, Huang L, et al. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR suppresses tumor invasion and reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Int J Biol Sci. 2013;9(6):587–97. doi:10.7150/ijbs.6339.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

60.

Hao Y, Crenshaw T, Moulton T, Newcomb E, Tycko B. Tumour-suppressor activity of H19 RNA. Nature. 1993;365(6448):764–7. doi:10.1038/365764a0.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Yoshimizu T, Miroglio A, Ripoche MA, Gabory A, Vernucci M, Riccio A, et al. The H19 locus acts in vivo as a tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(34):12417–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801540105.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

62.

Tsang WP, Ng EK, Ng SS, Jin H, Yu J, Sung JJ, et al. Oncofetal H19-derived miR-675 regulates tumor suppressor RB in human colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(3):350–8. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp181.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Luo M, Li Z, Wang W, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Qiu J. Upregulated H19 contributes to bladder cancer cell proliferation by regulating ID2 expression. FEBS J. 2013;280(7):1709–16. doi:10.1111/febs.12185.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Berteaux N, Lottin S, Monte D, Pinte S, Quatannens B, Coll J, et al. H19 mRNA-like noncoding RNA promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through positive control by E2F1. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(33):29625–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M504033200.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Yang F, Bi J, Xue X, Zheng L, Zhi K, Hua J, et al. Up-regulated long non-coding RNA H19 contributes to proliferation of gastric cancer cells. FEBS J. 2012;279(17):3159–65. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08694.x.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Wang J, Su L, Chen X, Li P, Cai Q, Yu B, et al. MALAT1 promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer by recruiting SF2/ASF. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2014.04.007.

67.

Yang F, Xue X, Zheng L, Bi J, Zhou Y, Zhi K, et al. Long non-coding RNA GHET1 promotes gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by increasing c-Myc mRNA stability. FEBS J. 2014;281(3):802–13. doi:10.1111/febs.12625.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Zhao Y, Guo Q, Chen J, Hu J, Wang S, Sun Y. Role of long non-coding RNA HULC in cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumor metastasis of gastric cancer: a clinical and in vitro investigation. Oncol Rep. 2014;31(1):358–64. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2850.PubMed

69.

Yang F, Xue X, Bi J, Zheng L, Zhi K, Gu Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA CCAT1, which could be activated by c-Myc, promotes the progression of gastric carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139(3):437–45. doi:10.1007/s00432-012-1324-x.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Wang P, Ren Z, Sun P. Overexpression of the long non-coding RNA MEG3 impairs in vitro glioma cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem. 2012;113(6):1868–74. doi:10.1002/jcb.24055.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Ying L, Huang Y, Chen H, Wang Y, Xia L, Chen Y, et al. Downregulated MEG3 activates autophagy and increases cell proliferation in bladder cancer. Mol Biosyst. 2013;9(3):407–11. doi:10.1039/c2mb25386k.PubMedCrossRef

72.

Benetatos L, Vartholomatos G, Hatzimichael E. MEG3 imprinted gene contribution in tumorigenesis. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(4):773–9. doi:10.1002/ijc.26052.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Sun M, Xia R, Jin F, Xu T, Liu Z, De W, et al. Downregulated long noncoding RNA MEG3 is associated with poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014;35(2):1065–73. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-1142-z.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Yan J, Guo X, Xia J, Shan T, Gu C, Liang Z, et al. MiR-148a regulates MEG3 in gastric cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1. Med Oncol. 2014;31(3):879. doi:10.1007/s12032-014-0879-6.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Liu Z, Wang W, Jiang J, Bao E, Xu D, Zeng Y, et al. Downregulation of GAS5 promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation, partly by regulating CDK6. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e73991. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073991.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

76.

Sun M, Jin FY, Xia R, Kong R, Li JH, Xu TP, et al. Decreased expression of long noncoding RNA GAS5 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):319. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-319.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

77.

Liu L, Yan B, Yang Z, Zhang X, Gu Q, Yue X. ncRuPAR inhibits gastric cancer progression by down-regulating protease-activated receptor-1. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2042-6.

78.

Liang Q, Ding J, Zheng S. Identification and detection of a novel human endogenous retrovirus-related gene, and structural characterization of its related elements. Genet Mol Biol. 2009;32(4):704–8. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572009005000082.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

79.

Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, Ge YB, Zhang EB, Yin DD, et al. Lnc RNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2014;13(1):92. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-92.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

80.

Xia T, Liao Q, Jiang X, Shao Y, Xiao B, Xi Y, et al. Long noncoding RNA associated-competing endogenous RNAs in gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6088. doi:10.1038/srep06088.PubMedCentralPubMed

81.

Zhuang M, Gao W, Xu J, Wang P, Shu Y. The long non-coding RNA H19-derived miR-675 modulates human gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor RUNX1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.126.

82.

Li H, Yu B, Li J, Su L, Yan M, Zhu Z, et al. Overexpression of lncRNA H19 enhances carcinogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2014;5(8):2318–29.PubMedCentralPubMed

83.

Zhang EB, Kong R, Yin DD, You LH, Sun M, Han L, et al. Long noncoding RNA ANRIL indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes tumor growth by epigenetically silencing of miR-99a/miR-449a. Oncotarget. 2014;5(8):2276–92.PubMedCentralPubMed

84.

Zhang EB, Han L, Yin DD, Kong R, De W, Chen J. c-Myc-induced, long, noncoding H19 affects cell proliferation and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Med Oncol. 2014;31(5):914. doi:10.1007/s12032-014-0914-7.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Morimura R, Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Takeshita H, Tsujiura M, Nagata H, et al. Novel diagnostic value of circulating miR-18a in plasma of patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(11):1733–40. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.453.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

86.

Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Takeshita H, Tsujiura M, Morimura R, Nagata H, et al. Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(1):104–11. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.198.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

87.

Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Konishi H, Otsuji E. Circulating microRNA in digestive tract cancers. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(5):1074–8 e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.03.008.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Roobol MJ, Schroder FH, van Leenders GL, Hessels D, van den Bergh RC, Wolters T, et al. Performance of prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) and prostate-specific antigen in Prescreened men: reproducibility and detection characteristics for prostate cancer patients with high PCA3 scores (>/=100). Eur Urol. 2010;58(6):893–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.09.030.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Graham LD, Pedersen SK, Brown GS, Ho T, Kassir Z, Moynihan AT, et al. Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE), a novel gene with elevated expression in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Genes Cancer. 2011;2(8):829–40. doi:10.1177/1947601911431081.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

90.

Arita T, Ichikawa D, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Shoda K, et al. Circulating long non-coding RNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(8):3185–93.PubMed

91.

Wang Y, Zhang D, Wu K, Zhao Q, Nie Y, Fan D. Long non-coding RNA MRUL promotes ABCB1 expression in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cell sublines. Mol Cell Biol. 2014. doi:10.1128/mcb.01580-13.

92.

Sorin V, Ohana P, Mizrahi A, Matouk I, Birman T, Hochberg A, et al. Regional therapy with DTA-H19 vector suppresses growth of colon adenocarcinoma metastases in the rat liver. Int J Oncol. 2011;39(6):1407–12. doi:10.3892/ijo.2011.1171.PubMed

93.

Amit D, Hochberg A. Development of targeted therapy for bladder cancer mediated by a double promoter plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 and IGF2-P4 regulatory sequences. J Transl Med. 2010;8:134. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-8-134.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

94.

Sorin V, Ohana P, Gallula J, Birman T, Matouk I, Hubert A, et al. H19-promoter-targeted therapy combined with gemcitabine in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. ISRN Oncol. 2012;2012:351750. doi:10.5402/2012/351750.PubMedCentralPubMed

95.

Amit D, Hochberg A. Development of targeted therapy for a broad spectrum of cancers (pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma and HCC) mediated by a double promoter plasmid expressing diphtheria toxin under the control of H19 and IGF2-P4 regulatory sequences. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2012;5(4):296–305.PubMedCentralPubMed

Title: Long non-coding RNAs: emerging players in gastric cancer
Authors: Xiaoqiang Guo
Jiazeng Xia
Kaiyuan Deng
Publication date: 01-11-2014
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Tumor Biology / Issue 11/2014
Print ISSN: 1010-4283
Electronic ISSN: 1423-0380
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2548-y

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 11/2014

Downregulation of DYRK2 can be a predictor of recurrence in early stage breast cancer

Molecular function and regulation of long non-coding RNAs: paradigms with potential roles in cancer

COX-2 overexpression and -8473 T/C polymorphism in 3′ UTR in non-small cell lung cancer

Association between the XPD/ERCC2 Lys751Gln polymorphism and risk of cancer: evidence from 224 case–control studies

miR-144 suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting E2F3

HOXD10 expression in human breast cancer

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer