Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Translational Stroke Research 4/2016

01-08-2016 | SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Impact of Comorbidities on Acute Injury and Recovery in Preclinical Stroke Research: Focus on Hypertension and Diabetes

Authors: Adviye Ergul, Sherif Hafez, Abdelrahman Fouda, Susan C. Fagan

Published in: Translational Stroke Research | Issue 4/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Human ischemic stroke is very complex, and no single preclinical model can comprise all the variables known to contribute to stroke injury and recovery. Hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are leading comorbidities in stroke patients. The use of predominantly young adult and healthy animals in experimental stroke research has created a barrier for translation of findings to patients. As such, more and more disease models are being incorporated into the research design. This review highlights the major strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used animal models of these conditions in preclinical stroke research. The goal is to provide guidance in choosing, reporting, and executing appropriate disease models that will be subjected to different models of stroke injury.
Literature
1.
go back to reference O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376(9735):112–23.PubMedCrossRef O’Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet. 2010;376(9735):112–23.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–322.PubMedCrossRef Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–322.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Kozak W, Kozak A, Johnson MH, Elewa HF, Fagan SC. Vascular protection with candesartan after experimental acute stroke in hypertensive rats: a dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;326(3):773–82.PubMedCrossRef Kozak W, Kozak A, Johnson MH, Elewa HF, Fagan SC. Vascular protection with candesartan after experimental acute stroke in hypertensive rats: a dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;326(3):773–82.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kelly-Cobbs AI, Prakash R, Li W, Pillai B, Hafez S, Coucha M, et al. Targets of vascular protection in acute ischemic stroke differ in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;304(6):H806–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kelly-Cobbs AI, Prakash R, Li W, Pillai B, Hafez S, Coucha M, et al. Targets of vascular protection in acute ischemic stroke differ in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;304(6):H806–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Elewa HF, Kozak A, El-Remessy AB, Frye RF, Johnson MH, Ergul A, et al. Early atorvastatin reduces hemorrhage after acute cerebral ischemia in diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330(2):532–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Elewa HF, Kozak A, El-Remessy AB, Frye RF, Johnson MH, Ergul A, et al. Early atorvastatin reduces hemorrhage after acute cerebral ischemia in diabetic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330(2):532–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Fisher M, Feuerstein G, Howells DW, Hurn PD, Kent TA, Savitz SI, et al. Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2244–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fisher M, Feuerstein G, Howells DW, Hurn PD, Kent TA, Savitz SI, et al. Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke. 2009;40(6):2244–50.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Spratt NJ, Fernandez J, Chen M, Rewell S, Cox S, van Raay L, et al. Modification of the method of thread manufacture improves stroke induction rate and reduces mortality after thread-occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in young or aged rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2006;155(2):285–90.PubMedCrossRef Spratt NJ, Fernandez J, Chen M, Rewell S, Cox S, van Raay L, et al. Modification of the method of thread manufacture improves stroke induction rate and reduces mortality after thread-occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in young or aged rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2006;155(2):285–90.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Rewell SS, Fernandez JA, Cox SF, Spratt NJ, Hogan L, Aleksoska E, et al. Inducing stroke in aged, hypertensive, diabetic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):729–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rewell SS, Fernandez JA, Cox SF, Spratt NJ, Hogan L, Aleksoska E, et al. Inducing stroke in aged, hypertensive, diabetic rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):729–33.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Trippodo NC, Frohlich ED. Similarities of genetic (spontaneous) hypertension. Man and rat. Circ Res. 1981;48(3):309–19.PubMedCrossRef Trippodo NC, Frohlich ED. Similarities of genetic (spontaneous) hypertension. Man and rat. Circ Res. 1981;48(3):309–19.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference DiPiro TJ, Talbert LR, Yee CG, Matzke RG, Wells GB, Posey ML. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 9th ed. 2014. New York City: McGraw-Hill Education DiPiro TJ, Talbert LR, Yee CG, Matzke RG, Wells GB, Posey ML. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 9th ed. 2014. New York City: McGraw-Hill Education
12.
go back to reference Tayebati SK, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of vascular brain disorder: microanatomy, neurochemistry and behavior. J Neurol Sci. 2012;322(1–2):241–9.PubMedCrossRef Tayebati SK, Tomassoni D, Amenta F. Spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of vascular brain disorder: microanatomy, neurochemistry and behavior. J Neurol Sci. 2012;322(1–2):241–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Yao H, Nabika T. Standards and pitfalls of focal ischemia models in spontaneously hypertensive rats: with a systematic review of recent articles. J Transl Med. 2012;10:139.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yao H, Nabika T. Standards and pitfalls of focal ischemia models in spontaneously hypertensive rats: with a systematic review of recent articles. J Transl Med. 2012;10:139.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Pires PW, Rogers CT, McClain JL, Garver HS, Fink GD, Dorrance AM. Doxycycline, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, reduces vascular remodeling and damage after cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(1):H87–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pires PW, Rogers CT, McClain JL, Garver HS, Fink GD, Dorrance AM. Doxycycline, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, reduces vascular remodeling and damage after cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(1):H87–97.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kaiser D, Weise G, Moller K, Scheibe J, Posel C, Baasch S, et al. Spontaneous white matter damage, cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in middle-aged hypertensive rats: an animal model of early-stage cerebral small vessel disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:169.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kaiser D, Weise G, Moller K, Scheibe J, Posel C, Baasch S, et al. Spontaneous white matter damage, cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in middle-aged hypertensive rats: an animal model of early-stage cerebral small vessel disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2014;2:169.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Paiardi S, Rodella LF, De Ciuceis C, Porteri E, Boari GE, Rezzani R, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of microvascular rarefaction in hypertensive humans and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2009;42(4):259–68.PubMed Paiardi S, Rodella LF, De Ciuceis C, Porteri E, Boari GE, Rezzani R, et al. Immunohistochemical evaluation of microvascular rarefaction in hypertensive humans and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2009;42(4):259–68.PubMed
17.
18.
go back to reference Yang M, Aragon M, Murfee WL. Angiogenesis in mesenteric microvascular networks from spontaneously hypertensive versus normotensive rats. Microcirculation. 2011;18(7):574–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yang M, Aragon M, Murfee WL. Angiogenesis in mesenteric microvascular networks from spontaneously hypertensive versus normotensive rats. Microcirculation. 2011;18(7):574–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gallegos-Cari A, Castillo C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: a short overview. Rev Neurosci. 2011;22(3):365–71.PubMedCrossRef Meneses A, Perez-Garcia G, Ponce-Lopez T, Tellez R, Gallegos-Cari A, Castillo C. Spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model for ADHD: a short overview. Rev Neurosci. 2011;22(3):365–71.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Nabika T, Cui Z, Masuda J. The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat: how good is it as a model for cerebrovascular diseases? Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2004;24(5):639–46.PubMedCrossRef Nabika T, Cui Z, Masuda J. The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat: how good is it as a model for cerebrovascular diseases? Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2004;24(5):639–46.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bailey EL, Smith C, Sudlow CL, Wardlaw JM. Is the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat a pertinent model of sub cortical ischemic stroke? A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2011;6(5):434–44.PubMedCrossRef Bailey EL, Smith C, Sudlow CL, Wardlaw JM. Is the spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat a pertinent model of sub cortical ischemic stroke? A systematic review. Int J Stroke. 2011;6(5):434–44.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Zeng J, Zhang Y, Mo J, Su Z, Huang R. Two-kidney, two clip renovascular hypertensive rats can be used as stroke-prone rats. Stroke. 1998;29(8):1708–13; discussion 13–4 Zeng J, Zhang Y, Mo J, Su Z, Huang R. Two-kidney, two clip renovascular hypertensive rats can be used as stroke-prone rats. Stroke. 1998;29(8):1708–13; discussion 13–4
23.
go back to reference Del Bigio MR, Yan HJ, Kozlowski P, Sutherland GR, Peeling J. Serial magnetic resonance imaging of rat brain after induction of renal hypertension. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2440–7.PubMedCrossRef Del Bigio MR, Yan HJ, Kozlowski P, Sutherland GR, Peeling J. Serial magnetic resonance imaging of rat brain after induction of renal hypertension. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2440–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Elliott WJ. Renovascular hypertension: an update. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(7):522–33.CrossRef Elliott WJ. Renovascular hypertension: an update. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(7):522–33.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Liao SJ, Huang RX, Su ZP, Zeng JS, Mo JW, Pei Z, et al. Stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rat as an animal model for stroke studies: from artery to brain. J Neurol Sci. 2013;334(1-2):1–5.PubMedCrossRef Liao SJ, Huang RX, Su ZP, Zeng JS, Mo JW, Pei Z, et al. Stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rat as an animal model for stroke studies: from artery to brain. J Neurol Sci. 2013;334(1-2):1–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Rapp JP. Dahl salt-susceptible and salt-resistant rats. A review. Hypertension. 1982;4(6):753–63.PubMedCrossRef Rapp JP. Dahl salt-susceptible and salt-resistant rats. A review. Hypertension. 1982;4(6):753–63.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lin KF, Chao J, Chao L. Atrial natriuretic peptide gene delivery reduces stroke-induced mortality rate in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 1999;33(1 Pt 2):219–24.PubMedCrossRef Lin KF, Chao J, Chao L. Atrial natriuretic peptide gene delivery reduces stroke-induced mortality rate in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 1999;33(1 Pt 2):219–24.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference von Lutterotti N, Camargo MJ, Campbell Jr WG, Mueller FB, Timmermans PB, Sealey JE, et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist delays renal damage and stroke in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens. 1992;10(9):949–57. von Lutterotti N, Camargo MJ, Campbell Jr WG, Mueller FB, Timmermans PB, Sealey JE, et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist delays renal damage and stroke in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens. 1992;10(9):949–57.
29.
go back to reference Iida S, Baumbach GL, Lavoie JL, Faraci FM, Sigmund CD, Heistad DD. Spontaneous stroke in a genetic model of hypertension in mice. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1253–8.PubMedCrossRef Iida S, Baumbach GL, Lavoie JL, Faraci FM, Sigmund CD, Heistad DD. Spontaneous stroke in a genetic model of hypertension in mice. Stroke. 2005;36(6):1253–8.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Wakisaka Y, Chu Y, Miller JD, Rosenberg GA, Heistad DD. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during acute and chronic hypertension in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab. 2010;30(1):56–69.CrossRef Wakisaka Y, Chu Y, Miller JD, Rosenberg GA, Heistad DD. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during acute and chronic hypertension in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab. 2010;30(1):56–69.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Altmann M, Thommessen B, Ronning OM, Reichenbach AS, Fure B. Blood pressure differences between patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts. Brain Behav. 2015;5(8), e00353.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Altmann M, Thommessen B, Ronning OM, Reichenbach AS, Fure B. Blood pressure differences between patients with lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts. Brain Behav. 2015;5(8), e00353.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Sandset EC, Jusufovic M, Sandset PM, Bath PM, Berge E. Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;46(3):877–9.PubMedCrossRef Sandset EC, Jusufovic M, Sandset PM, Bath PM, Berge E. Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;46(3):877–9.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ahmed N, Wahlgren NG. Effects of blood pressure lowering in the acute phase of total anterior circulation infarcts and other stroke subtypes. Cerebrovascular Dis. 2003;15(4):235–43.CrossRef Ahmed N, Wahlgren NG. Effects of blood pressure lowering in the acute phase of total anterior circulation infarcts and other stroke subtypes. Cerebrovascular Dis. 2003;15(4):235–43.CrossRef
34.
35.
go back to reference Kruyt ND, Biessels GJ, Devries JH, Roos YB. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology and clinical management. Nature Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):145–55.CrossRef Kruyt ND, Biessels GJ, Devries JH, Roos YB. Hyperglycemia in acute ischemic stroke: pathophysiology and clinical management. Nature Rev Neurol. 2010;6(3):145–55.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Wang Z, Gleichmann H. GLUT2 in pancreatic islets: crucial target molecule in diabetes induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice. Diabetes. 1998;47(1):50–6.PubMedCrossRef Wang Z, Gleichmann H. GLUT2 in pancreatic islets: crucial target molecule in diabetes induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice. Diabetes. 1998;47(1):50–6.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Schnedl WJ, Ferber S, Johnson JH, Newgard CB. STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells. Diabetes. 1994;43(11):1326–33.PubMedCrossRef Schnedl WJ, Ferber S, Johnson JH, Newgard CB. STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells. Diabetes. 1994;43(11):1326–33.PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
go back to reference Malhotra A, Penpargkul S, Fein FS, Sonnenblick EH, Scheuer J. The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats on cardiac contractile proteins. Circ Res. 1981;49(6):1243–50.PubMedCrossRef Malhotra A, Penpargkul S, Fein FS, Sonnenblick EH, Scheuer J. The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats on cardiac contractile proteins. Circ Res. 1981;49(6):1243–50.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Ergul A, Kelly-Cobbs A, Abdalla M, Fagan SC. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes: focus on stroke. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2012;12(2):148–58.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ergul A, Kelly-Cobbs A, Abdalla M, Fagan SC. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes: focus on stroke. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2012;12(2):148–58.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Fan X, Qiu J, Yu Z, Dai H, Singhal AB, Lo EH, et al. A rat model of studying tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in ischemic stroke with diabetes. Stroke. 2012;43(2):567–70.PubMedCrossRef Fan X, Qiu J, Yu Z, Dai H, Singhal AB, Lo EH, et al. A rat model of studying tissue-type plasminogen activator thrombolysis in ischemic stroke with diabetes. Stroke. 2012;43(2):567–70.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Ning R, Chopp M, Yan T, Zacharek A, Zhang C, Roberts C, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of stroke in type-1 diabetes rats. Neuroscience. 2012;222:326–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ning R, Chopp M, Yan T, Zacharek A, Zhang C, Roberts C, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of stroke in type-1 diabetes rats. Neuroscience. 2012;222:326–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Reeson P, Tennant KA, Gerrow K, Wang J, Weiser Novak S, Thompson K, et al. Delayed inhibition of VEGF signaling after stroke attenuates blood-brain barrier breakdown and improves functional recovery in a comorbidity-dependent manner. J Neurosci. 2015;35(13):5128–43.PubMedCrossRef Reeson P, Tennant KA, Gerrow K, Wang J, Weiser Novak S, Thompson K, et al. Delayed inhibition of VEGF signaling after stroke attenuates blood-brain barrier breakdown and improves functional recovery in a comorbidity-dependent manner. J Neurosci. 2015;35(13):5128–43.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Fan X, Lo EH, Wang X. Effects of minocycline plus tissue plasminogen activator combination therapy after focal embolic stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. Stroke. 2013;44(3):745–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fan X, Lo EH, Wang X. Effects of minocycline plus tissue plasminogen activator combination therapy after focal embolic stroke in type 1 diabetic rats. Stroke. 2013;44(3):745–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Fan X, Ning M, Lo EH, Wang X. Early insulin glycemic control combined with tPA thrombolysis reduces acute brain tissue damages in a focal embolic stroke model of diabetic rats. Stroke. 2013;44(1):255–9.PubMedCrossRef Fan X, Ning M, Lo EH, Wang X. Early insulin glycemic control combined with tPA thrombolysis reduces acute brain tissue damages in a focal embolic stroke model of diabetic rats. Stroke. 2013;44(1):255–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Sweetnam D, Holmes A, Tennant KA, Zamani A, Walle M, Jones P, et al. Diabetes impairs cortical plasticity and functional recovery following ischemic stroke. J Neurosci. 2012;32(15):5132–43.PubMedCrossRef Sweetnam D, Holmes A, Tennant KA, Zamani A, Walle M, Jones P, et al. Diabetes impairs cortical plasticity and functional recovery following ischemic stroke. J Neurosci. 2012;32(15):5132–43.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Yorek MS, Obrosov A, Shevalye H, Holmes A, Harper MM, Kardon RH, et al. Effect of diet-induced obesity or type 1 or type 2 diabetes on corneal nerves and peripheral neuropathy in C57Bl/6J mice. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2015;20(1):24–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yorek MS, Obrosov A, Shevalye H, Holmes A, Harper MM, Kardon RH, et al. Effect of diet-induced obesity or type 1 or type 2 diabetes on corneal nerves and peripheral neuropathy in C57Bl/6J mice. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2015;20(1):24–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Shevalye H, Yorek MS, Coppey LJ, Holmes A, Harper MM, Kardon RH, et al. Effect of enriching the diet with menhaden oil or daily treatment with resolvin D1 on neuropathy in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol. 2015;114(1):199–208.PubMedCrossRef Shevalye H, Yorek MS, Coppey LJ, Holmes A, Harper MM, Kardon RH, et al. Effect of enriching the diet with menhaden oil or daily treatment with resolvin D1 on neuropathy in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol. 2015;114(1):199–208.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Holmes A, Coppey LJ, Davidson EP, Yorek MA. Rat models of diet-induced obesity and high fat/low dose streptozotocin type 2 diabetes: effect of reversal of high fat diet compared to treatment with enalapril or menhaden oil on glucose utilization and neuropathic endpoints. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:307285.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Holmes A, Coppey LJ, Davidson EP, Yorek MA. Rat models of diet-induced obesity and high fat/low dose streptozotocin type 2 diabetes: effect of reversal of high fat diet compared to treatment with enalapril or menhaden oil on glucose utilization and neuropathic endpoints. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:307285.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Biessels GJ, Bril V, Calcutt NA, Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Dobrowsky R, et al. Phenotyping animal models of diabetic neuropathy: a consensus statement of the diabetic neuropathy study group of the EASD (Neurodiab). J Periph Nerv Syst. 2014;19(2):77–87.CrossRef Biessels GJ, Bril V, Calcutt NA, Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Dobrowsky R, et al. Phenotyping animal models of diabetic neuropathy: a consensus statement of the diabetic neuropathy study group of the EASD (Neurodiab). J Periph Nerv Syst. 2014;19(2):77–87.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Qu Z, Li W, Prakash R, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Diet-induced diabetes impairs neovascularization and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:A169.CrossRef Qu Z, Li W, Prakash R, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Diet-induced diabetes impairs neovascularization and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2014;45:A169.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Valenzuela JP, Qu Z, Prakash R, Li W, Ward R, Fagan SC et al. Metabolic syndrome alters cerebrovascular architecture: relevance to cognitive deficits and stroke outcomes. Stroke. 2015;46(AWP 412) Valenzuela JP, Qu Z, Prakash R, Li W, Ward R, Fagan SC et al. Metabolic syndrome alters cerebrovascular architecture: relevance to cognitive deficits and stroke outcomes. Stroke. 2015;46(AWP 412)
53.
go back to reference Elgebaly MM, Prakash R, Li W, Ogbi S, Johnson MH, Mezzetti EM, et al. Vascular protection in diabetic stroke: role of matrix metalloprotease-dependent vascular remodeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(12):1928–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Elgebaly MM, Prakash R, Li W, Ogbi S, Johnson MH, Mezzetti EM, et al. Vascular protection in diabetic stroke: role of matrix metalloprotease-dependent vascular remodeling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(12):1928–38.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Li W, Prakash R, Kelly-Cobbs AI, Ogbi S, Kozak A, El-Remessy AB, et al. Adaptive cerebral neovascularization in a model of type 2 diabetes: relevance to focal cerebral ischemia. Diabetes. 2010;59(1):228–35.PubMedCrossRef Li W, Prakash R, Kelly-Cobbs AI, Ogbi S, Kozak A, El-Remessy AB, et al. Adaptive cerebral neovascularization in a model of type 2 diabetes: relevance to focal cerebral ischemia. Diabetes. 2010;59(1):228–35.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Li W, Qu Z, Prakash R, Chung C, Ma H, Hoda MN, et al. Comparative analysis of the neurovascular injury and functional outcomes in experimental stroke models in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Brain Res. 2013;1541:106–14.PubMedCrossRef Li W, Qu Z, Prakash R, Chung C, Ma H, Hoda MN, et al. Comparative analysis of the neurovascular injury and functional outcomes in experimental stroke models in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Brain Res. 2013;1541:106–14.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Prakash R, Li W, Qu Z, Johnson MA, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Vascularization pattern after ischemic stroke is different in control versus diabetic rats: relevance to stroke recovery. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2875–82.PubMedCrossRef Prakash R, Li W, Qu Z, Johnson MA, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Vascularization pattern after ischemic stroke is different in control versus diabetic rats: relevance to stroke recovery. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2875–82.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Ritter L, Davidson L, Henry M, Davis-Gorman G, Morrison H, Frye JB, et al. Exaggerated neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Microcirculation. 2011;18(7):552–61.PubMedCrossRef Ritter L, Davidson L, Henry M, Davis-Gorman G, Morrison H, Frye JB, et al. Exaggerated neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Microcirculation. 2011;18(7):552–61.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kumari R, Willing LB, Krady JK, Vannucci SJ, Simpson IA. Impaired wound healing after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(4):710–8.PubMed Kumari R, Willing LB, Krady JK, Vannucci SJ, Simpson IA. Impaired wound healing after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(4):710–8.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Kumari R, Willing LB, Patel SD, Baskerville KA, Simpson IA. Increased cerebral matrix metalloprotease-9 activity is associated with compromised recovery in the diabetic db/db mouse following a stroke. J Neurochem. 2011;119(5):1029–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kumari R, Willing LB, Patel SD, Baskerville KA, Simpson IA. Increased cerebral matrix metalloprotease-9 activity is associated with compromised recovery in the diabetic db/db mouse following a stroke. J Neurochem. 2011;119(5):1029–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Chen J, Cui X, Zacharek A, Cui Y, Roberts C, Chopp M. White matter damage and the effect of matrix metalloproteinases in type 2 diabetic mice after stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(2):445–52.PubMedCrossRef Chen J, Cui X, Zacharek A, Cui Y, Roberts C, Chopp M. White matter damage and the effect of matrix metalloproteinases in type 2 diabetic mice after stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(2):445–52.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Kumari R, Willing LB, Patel SD, Krady JK, Zavadoski WJ, Gibbs EM, et al. The PPAR-gamma agonist, darglitazone, restores acute inflammatory responses to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic ob/ob mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(2):352–60.PubMedCrossRef Kumari R, Willing LB, Patel SD, Krady JK, Zavadoski WJ, Gibbs EM, et al. The PPAR-gamma agonist, darglitazone, restores acute inflammatory responses to cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the diabetic ob/ob mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(2):352–60.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Akamatsu Y, Nishijima Y, Lee CC, Yang SY, Shi L, An L, et al. Impaired leptomeningeal collateral flow contributes to the poor outcome following experimental stroke in the Type 2 diabetic mice. J Neurosci. 2015;35(9):3851–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Akamatsu Y, Nishijima Y, Lee CC, Yang SY, Shi L, An L, et al. Impaired leptomeningeal collateral flow contributes to the poor outcome following experimental stroke in the Type 2 diabetic mice. J Neurosci. 2015;35(9):3851–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Vannucci SJ, Willing LB, Goto S, Alkayed NJ, Brucklacher RM, Wood TL, et al. Experimental stroke in the female diabetic, db/db, mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(1):52–60.PubMedCrossRef Vannucci SJ, Willing LB, Goto S, Alkayed NJ, Brucklacher RM, Wood TL, et al. Experimental stroke in the female diabetic, db/db, mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(1):52–60.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, Shankar RR, Saha C, Becker KJ, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2008;39(2):384–9.PubMedCrossRef Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, Shankar RR, Saha C, Becker KJ, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2008;39(2):384–9.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Johnston KC, Hall CE, Kissela BM, Bleck TP, Conaway MR. Glucose Regulation in Acute Stroke Patients (GRASP) Trial. A randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2009;40(12):3804–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Johnston KC, Hall CE, Kissela BM, Bleck TP, Conaway MR. Glucose Regulation in Acute Stroke Patients (GRASP) Trial. A randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2009;40(12):3804–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ergul A, Abdelsaid M, Fouda AY, Fagan SC. Cerebral neovascularization in diabetes: implications for stroke recovery and beyond. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(4):553–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ergul A, Abdelsaid M, Fouda AY, Fagan SC. Cerebral neovascularization in diabetes: implications for stroke recovery and beyond. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(4):553–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Prakash R, Johnson M, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Cerebral neovascularization and remodeling patterns in two different models of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2013;8(2), e56264.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prakash R, Johnson M, Fagan SC, Ergul A. Cerebral neovascularization and remodeling patterns in two different models of type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2013;8(2), e56264.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Prakash R, Somanath PR, El-Remessy AB, Kelly-Cobbs A, Stern JE, Dore-Duffy P, et al. Enhanced cerebral but not peripheral angiogenesis in the Goto-Kakizaki model of type 2 diabetes involves VEGF and peroxynitrite signaling. Diabetes. 2012;61(6):1533–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prakash R, Somanath PR, El-Remessy AB, Kelly-Cobbs A, Stern JE, Dore-Duffy P, et al. Enhanced cerebral but not peripheral angiogenesis in the Goto-Kakizaki model of type 2 diabetes involves VEGF and peroxynitrite signaling. Diabetes. 2012;61(6):1533–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, et al. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(8):1412–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, et al. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(8):1412–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Chalothorn D, Clayton JA, Zhang H, Pomp D, Faber JE. Collateral density, remodeling, and VEGF-A expression differ widely between mouse strains. Physiol Genomics. 2007;30(2):179–91.PubMedCrossRef Chalothorn D, Clayton JA, Zhang H, Pomp D, Faber JE. Collateral density, remodeling, and VEGF-A expression differ widely between mouse strains. Physiol Genomics. 2007;30(2):179–91.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Abdelsaid M, Prakash R, Li W, Coucha M, Hafez S, Johnson MH, et al. Metformin treatment in the period after stroke prevents nitrative stress and restores angiogenic signaling in the brain in diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1804–17.PubMedCrossRef Abdelsaid M, Prakash R, Li W, Coucha M, Hafez S, Johnson MH, et al. Metformin treatment in the period after stroke prevents nitrative stress and restores angiogenic signaling in the brain in diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1804–17.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1238–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, Cotton D, Ounpuu S, Lawton WA, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1238–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Iso H, Jacobs Jr DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(14):904–10.PubMedCrossRef Iso H, Jacobs Jr DR, Wentworth D, Neaton JD, Cohen JD. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(14):904–10.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67(5):968–77.PubMedCrossRef Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67(5):968–77.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Herz J, Sabellek P, Lane TE, Gunzer M, Hermann DM, Doeppner TR. Role of neutrophils in exacerbation of brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in hyperlipidemic mice. Stroke. 2015;46(10):2916–25.PubMedCrossRef Herz J, Sabellek P, Lane TE, Gunzer M, Hermann DM, Doeppner TR. Role of neutrophils in exacerbation of brain injury after focal cerebral ischemia in hyperlipidemic mice. Stroke. 2015;46(10):2916–25.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Herz J, Hagen SI, Bergmuller E, Sabellek P, Gothert JR, Buer J, et al. Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;62:456–68.PubMedCrossRef Herz J, Hagen SI, Bergmuller E, Sabellek P, Gothert JR, Buer J, et al. Exacerbation of ischemic brain injury in hypercholesterolemic mice is associated with pronounced changes in peripheral and cerebral immune responses. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;62:456–68.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Zechariah A, ElAli A, Hagemann N, Jin F, Doeppner TR, Helfrich I, et al. Hyperlipidemia attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis, impairs cerebral blood flow, and disturbs stroke recovery via decreased pericyte coverage of brain endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(7):1561–7.PubMedCrossRef Zechariah A, ElAli A, Hagemann N, Jin F, Doeppner TR, Helfrich I, et al. Hyperlipidemia attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis, impairs cerebral blood flow, and disturbs stroke recovery via decreased pericyte coverage of brain endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(7):1561–7.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Fang W, Sha L, Kodithuwakku ND, Wei J, Zhang R, Han D, et al. Attenuated blood-brain barrier dysfunction by XQ-1H following ischemic stroke in hyperlipidemic rats. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;52(1):162–75.PubMedCrossRef Fang W, Sha L, Kodithuwakku ND, Wei J, Zhang R, Han D, et al. Attenuated blood-brain barrier dysfunction by XQ-1H following ischemic stroke in hyperlipidemic rats. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;52(1):162–75.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Cao XL, Du J, Zhang Y, Yan JT, Hu XM. Hyperlipidemia exacerbates cerebral injury through oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO/reperfusion rats. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(10):2753–65.PubMedCrossRef Cao XL, Du J, Zhang Y, Yan JT, Hu XM. Hyperlipidemia exacerbates cerebral injury through oxidative stress, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO/reperfusion rats. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(10):2753–65.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Deng J, Zhang J, Feng C, Xiong L, Zuo Z. Critical role of matrix metalloprotease-9 in chronic high fat diet-induced cerebral vascular remodelling and increase of ischaemic brain injury in micedagger. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103(4):473–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Deng J, Zhang J, Feng C, Xiong L, Zuo Z. Critical role of matrix metalloprotease-9 in chronic high fat diet-induced cerebral vascular remodelling and increase of ischaemic brain injury in micedagger. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103(4):473–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Li W, Prakash R, Chawla D, Du W, Didion SP, Filosa JA, et al. Early effects of high-fat diet on neurovascular function and focal ischemic brain injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;304(11):R1001–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li W, Prakash R, Chawla D, Du W, Didion SP, Filosa JA, et al. Early effects of high-fat diet on neurovascular function and focal ischemic brain injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;304(11):R1001–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Hermann DM, Zechariah A, Kaltwasser B, Bosche B, Caglayan AB, Kilic E, et al. Sustained neurological recovery induced by resveratrol is associated with angioneurogenesis rather than neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;83:16–25.PubMedCrossRef Hermann DM, Zechariah A, Kaltwasser B, Bosche B, Caglayan AB, Kilic E, et al. Sustained neurological recovery induced by resveratrol is associated with angioneurogenesis rather than neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;83:16–25.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Doehner W, Schenkel J, Anker SD, Springer J, Audebert HJ. Overweight and obesity are associated with improved survival, functional outcome, and stroke recurrence after acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack: observations from the TEMPiS trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(4):268–77.PubMedCrossRef Doehner W, Schenkel J, Anker SD, Springer J, Audebert HJ. Overweight and obesity are associated with improved survival, functional outcome, and stroke recurrence after acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack: observations from the TEMPiS trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(4):268–77.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Katsiki N, Ntaios G, Vemmos K. Stroke, obesity and gender: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2011;69(3):239–43.PubMedCrossRef Katsiki N, Ntaios G, Vemmos K. Stroke, obesity and gender: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2011;69(3):239–43.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Vemmos K, Ntaios G, Spengos K, Savvari P, Vemmou A, Pappa T, et al. Association between obesity and mortality after acute first-ever stroke: the obesity-stroke paradox. Stroke. 2011;42(1):30–6.PubMedCrossRef Vemmos K, Ntaios G, Spengos K, Savvari P, Vemmou A, Pappa T, et al. Association between obesity and mortality after acute first-ever stroke: the obesity-stroke paradox. Stroke. 2011;42(1):30–6.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Osmond JM, Mintz JD, Stepp DW. Preventing increased blood pressure in the obese Zucker rat improves severity of stroke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299(1):H55–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Osmond JM, Mintz JD, Stepp DW. Preventing increased blood pressure in the obese Zucker rat improves severity of stroke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;299(1):H55–61.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Osmond JM, Mintz JD, Dalton B, Stepp DW. Obesity increases blood pressure, cerebral vascular remodeling, and severity of stroke in the Zucker rat. Hypertension. 2009;53(2):381–6.PubMedCrossRef Osmond JM, Mintz JD, Dalton B, Stepp DW. Obesity increases blood pressure, cerebral vascular remodeling, and severity of stroke in the Zucker rat. Hypertension. 2009;53(2):381–6.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference An C, Shi Y, Li P, Hu X, Gan Y, Stetler RA, et al. Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: dualistic roles in injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol. 2014;115:6–24.PubMedCrossRef An C, Shi Y, Li P, Hu X, Gan Y, Stetler RA, et al. Molecular dialogs between the ischemic brain and the peripheral immune system: dualistic roles in injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol. 2014;115:6–24.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Chamorro A, Meisel A, Planas AM, Urra X, van de Beek D, Veltkamp R. The immunology of acute stroke. Nature Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):401–10.CrossRef Chamorro A, Meisel A, Planas AM, Urra X, van de Beek D, Veltkamp R. The immunology of acute stroke. Nature Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):401–10.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, et al. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:147.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Amantea D, Micieli G, Tassorelli C, Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Certo M, et al. Rational modulation of the innate immune system for neuroprotection in ischemic stroke. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:147.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Möller K, Pösel C, Kranz A, Schulz I, Scheibe J, Didwischus N, et al. Arterial hypertension aggravates innate immune responses after experimental stroke. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9. Möller K, Pösel C, Kranz A, Schulz I, Scheibe J, Didwischus N, et al. Arterial hypertension aggravates innate immune responses after experimental stroke. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9.
95.
go back to reference Ergul A, Valenzuela JP, Fouda AY, Fagan SC. Cellular connections, microenvironment and brain angiogenesis in diabetes: lost communication signals in the post-stroke period. Brain Res. 2015;1623:81–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ergul A, Valenzuela JP, Fouda AY, Fagan SC. Cellular connections, microenvironment and brain angiogenesis in diabetes: lost communication signals in the post-stroke period. Brain Res. 2015;1623:81–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Lucke-Wold AN, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Age and the metabolic syndrome as risk factors for ischemic stroke: improving preclinical models of ischemic stroke. Yale J Biol Med. 2012;85(4):523–39.PubMedPubMedCentral Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Lucke-Wold AN, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Age and the metabolic syndrome as risk factors for ischemic stroke: improving preclinical models of ischemic stroke. Yale J Biol Med. 2012;85(4):523–39.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
go back to reference Bouts MJ, Tiebosch IA, van der Toorn A, Hendrikse J, Dijkhuizen RM. Lesion development and reperfusion benefit in relation to vascular occlusion patterns after embolic stroke in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(2):332–8.PubMedCrossRef Bouts MJ, Tiebosch IA, van der Toorn A, Hendrikse J, Dijkhuizen RM. Lesion development and reperfusion benefit in relation to vascular occlusion patterns after embolic stroke in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(2):332–8.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Yao H, Nabika T. Excess salt increases infarct size produced by photothrombotic distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(5), e97109.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yao H, Nabika T. Excess salt increases infarct size produced by photothrombotic distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(5), e97109.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Emmrich JV, Ejaz S, Neher JJ, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Regional distribution of selective neuronal loss and microglial activation across the MCA territory after transient focal ischemia: quantitative versus semiquantitative systematic immunohistochemical assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(1):20–7.PubMedCrossRef Emmrich JV, Ejaz S, Neher JJ, Williamson DJ, Baron JC. Regional distribution of selective neuronal loss and microglial activation across the MCA territory after transient focal ischemia: quantitative versus semiquantitative systematic immunohistochemical assessment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015;35(1):20–7.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Yao H, Yoshii N, Akira T, Nakahara T. Reperfusion-induced temporary appearance of therapeutic window in penumbra after 2 h of photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009;29(3):565–74.PubMedCrossRef Yao H, Yoshii N, Akira T, Nakahara T. Reperfusion-induced temporary appearance of therapeutic window in penumbra after 2 h of photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009;29(3):565–74.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Uluc K, Miranpuri A, Kujoth GC, Akture E, Baskaya MK. Focal cerebral ischemia model by endovascular suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Vis Exp. 2011;48. Uluc K, Miranpuri A, Kujoth GC, Akture E, Baskaya MK. Focal cerebral ischemia model by endovascular suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Vis Exp. 2011;48.
103.
go back to reference McCarthy CA, Vinh A, Callaway JK, Widdop RE. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation causes neuroprotection in a conscious rat model of stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1482–9.PubMedCrossRef McCarthy CA, Vinh A, Callaway JK, Widdop RE. Angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulation causes neuroprotection in a conscious rat model of stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1482–9.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Pires PW, Girgla SS, Moreno G, McClain JL, Dorrance AM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition attenuates middle cerebral artery remodeling but increases cerebral ischemic damage in hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(5):H658–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pires PW, Girgla SS, Moreno G, McClain JL, Dorrance AM. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition attenuates middle cerebral artery remodeling but increases cerebral ischemic damage in hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2014;307(5):H658–69.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Kimata H, Nakajima K, Suzuki H, Koide T, Yamamoto S, Narita T. Fibrinolytic effect of tissue plasminogen activator on cerebral embolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1991;39(12):3327–30.CrossRef Kimata H, Nakajima K, Suzuki H, Koide T, Yamamoto S, Narita T. Fibrinolytic effect of tissue plasminogen activator on cerebral embolism in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1991;39(12):3327–30.CrossRef
106.
go back to reference Carswell HV, Anderson NH, Clark JS, Graham D, Jeffs B, Dominiczak AF, et al. Genetic and gender influences on sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. 1999;33(2):681–5.PubMedCrossRef Carswell HV, Anderson NH, Clark JS, Graham D, Jeffs B, Dominiczak AF, et al. Genetic and gender influences on sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. 1999;33(2):681–5.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Tan F, Chen J, Liang Y, Gu M, Li Y, Wang X, et al. Electroacupuncture attenuates cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(6):1529–34.PubMedPubMedCentral Tan F, Chen J, Liang Y, Gu M, Li Y, Wang X, et al. Electroacupuncture attenuates cervical spinal cord injury following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(6):1529–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
108.
go back to reference Liao SJ, Lin JW, Pei Z, Liu CL, Zeng JS, Huang RX. Enhanced angiogenesis with dl-3n-butylphthalide treatment after focal cerebral ischemia in RHRSP. Brain Res. 2009;1289:69–78.PubMedCrossRef Liao SJ, Lin JW, Pei Z, Liu CL, Zeng JS, Huang RX. Enhanced angiogenesis with dl-3n-butylphthalide treatment after focal cerebral ischemia in RHRSP. Brain Res. 2009;1289:69–78.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Wang F, Liang Z, Hou Q, Xing S, Ling L, He M, et al. Nogo-A is involved in secondary axonal degeneration of thalamus in hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction. Neurosci Lett. 2007;417(3):255–60.PubMedCrossRef Wang F, Liang Z, Hou Q, Xing S, Ling L, He M, et al. Nogo-A is involved in secondary axonal degeneration of thalamus in hypertensive rats with focal cortical infarction. Neurosci Lett. 2007;417(3):255–60.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Xing S, Zhang J, Li J, Li C, Pei Z, et al. Reduction of beta-amyloid deposits by gamma-secretase inhibitor is associated with the attenuation of secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus and sensory functional improvement after focal cortical infarction in hypertensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(2):572–9.PubMedCrossRef Zhang Y, Xing S, Zhang J, Li J, Li C, Pei Z, et al. Reduction of beta-amyloid deposits by gamma-secretase inhibitor is associated with the attenuation of secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus and sensory functional improvement after focal cortical infarction in hypertensive rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31(2):572–9.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Impact of Comorbidities on Acute Injury and Recovery in Preclinical Stroke Research: Focus on Hypertension and Diabetes
Authors
Adviye Ergul
Sherif Hafez
Abdelrahman Fouda
Susan C. Fagan
Publication date
01-08-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Translational Stroke Research / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1868-4483
Electronic ISSN: 1868-601X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-016-0464-8

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Translational Stroke Research 4/2016 Go to the issue

SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Academic-industry Collaborations in Translational Stroke Research

SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Extending the Time Window for Endovascular and Pharmacological Reperfusion

SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Strain-Related Differences in the Immune Response: Relevance to Human Stroke

SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Regulatory T Cells in Post-stroke Immune Homeostasis

SI: Challenges and Controversies in Translational Stroke Research

Embracing Biological and Methodological Variance in a New Approach to Pre-Clinical Stroke Testing