Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Echocardiography 3/2014

01-09-2014 | Original Investigation

Developmental changes in the left ventricular diastolic wall strain on M-mode echocardiography

Authors: Masashi Suzue, Kazuhiro Mori, Miki Inoue, Yasunobu Hayabuchi, Ryuji Nakagawa, Shoji Kagami

Published in: Journal of Echocardiography | Issue 3/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The diastolic wall strain (DWS) of the left ventricle has been proposed as an indicator of left ventricular (LV) wall stiffness. The DWS is calculated as follows using M-mode echocardiography:
$${\text{DWS}} = \left[ {\left( {\text{LV posterior wall thickness at end-systole}} \right) - \left( {\text{LV posterior wall thickness at end-diastole}} \right)} \right]/\left( {\text{LV posterior wall thickness at end-systole}} \right)$$
Although this index is simple and clinically useful, normal values for children, including neonates, have not been reported.

Methods

The DWS was measured in 235 healthy people, ranging from neonates to adults. They were classified into 8 subgroups according to their age. The DWS was compared with conventional echocardiographic parameters for left ventricle function, including shortening fraction of the left ventricle, the Tei index, E/A of mitral flow, mitral annular tissue Doppler velocity during systole (s′) and during early diastole (e′), and the E/e′ ratio.

Results

The DWS in the just after birth group was 0.28 ± 0.11, which was significantly lower than that of the remaining groups (p < 0.05), except for the neonate group at 5–10 days after birth. The DWS was highest in the 1–9 years of age group, and then gradually decreased with age. Stepwise regression of various echocardiographic parameters showed that e′ was the most relevant parameter for the DWS (β = 0.64).

Conclusions

Normal values for the DWS of the left ventricle change with age. The data reported in this study can be used as normal values for the DWS of the left ventricle determined by M-mode echocardiography.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Takeda Y, Sakata Y, Higashimori M, et al. Noninvasive assessment of wall distensibility with the evaluation of diastolic epicardial movement. J Card Fail. 2009;15:68–77.PubMedCrossRef Takeda Y, Sakata Y, Higashimori M, et al. Noninvasive assessment of wall distensibility with the evaluation of diastolic epicardial movement. J Card Fail. 2009;15:68–77.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Ohtani T, Mohammed SF, Yamamoto K, et al. Diastolic stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain is associated with adverse remodelling and poor outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1742–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Ohtani T, Mohammed SF, Yamamoto K, et al. Diastolic stiffness as assessed by diastolic wall strain is associated with adverse remodelling and poor outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1742–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
3.
go back to reference Cui W, Roberson DA. Left ventricular Tei index in children: comparison of tissue Doppler imaging, pulsed wave Doppler, and M-mode echocardiography normal values. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1438–45.PubMedCrossRef Cui W, Roberson DA. Left ventricular Tei index in children: comparison of tissue Doppler imaging, pulsed wave Doppler, and M-mode echocardiography normal values. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1438–45.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Hsu DT, Pearson GD. Heart failure in children: part I: history, etiology, and pathophysiology. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:63–70.PubMedCrossRef Hsu DT, Pearson GD. Heart failure in children: part I: history, etiology, and pathophysiology. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2:63–70.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Friedman WF. The intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1972;15:87–111.PubMedCrossRef Friedman WF. The intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1972;15:87–111.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Davies P, Dewar J, Tynan M, et al. Post-natal developmental changes in the length-tension relationship of cat papillary muscles. J Physiol. 1975;253:95–102.PubMedPubMedCentral Davies P, Dewar J, Tynan M, et al. Post-natal developmental changes in the length-tension relationship of cat papillary muscles. J Physiol. 1975;253:95–102.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Opitz CA, Leake MC, Makarenko I, et al. Developmentally regulated switching of titin size alters myofibrillar stiffness in the perinatal heart. Circ Res. 2004;94:967–75.PubMedCrossRef Opitz CA, Leake MC, Makarenko I, et al. Developmentally regulated switching of titin size alters myofibrillar stiffness in the perinatal heart. Circ Res. 2004;94:967–75.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res. 2004;94:505–13.PubMedCrossRef Lahmers S, Wu Y, Call DR, et al. Developmental control of titin isoform expression and passive stiffness in fetal and neonatal myocardium. Circ Res. 2004;94:505–13.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Olson N, Brown JP, Kahn AM, et al. Left ventricular strain and strain rate by 2D speckle tracking in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2010;8:43.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Olson N, Brown JP, Kahn AM, et al. Left ventricular strain and strain rate by 2D speckle tracking in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2010;8:43.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Spotnitz WD, Spotnitz HM, Truccone NJ, et al. Relation of ultrastructure and function. Sarcomere dimensions, pressure–volume curves, and geometry of the intact left ventricle of the immature canine heart. Circ Res. 1979;44:679–91.PubMedCrossRef Spotnitz WD, Spotnitz HM, Truccone NJ, et al. Relation of ultrastructure and function. Sarcomere dimensions, pressure–volume curves, and geometry of the intact left ventricle of the immature canine heart. Circ Res. 1979;44:679–91.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Tsutsumi T, Ishii M, Eto G, et al. Serial evaluation for myocardial performance in fetuses and neonates using a new Doppler index. Pediatr Int. 1999;41:722–7.PubMedCrossRef Tsutsumi T, Ishii M, Eto G, et al. Serial evaluation for myocardial performance in fetuses and neonates using a new Doppler index. Pediatr Int. 1999;41:722–7.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Mori K, Nakagawa R, Nii M, et al. Pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography assessment of the long axis function of the right and left ventricles during the early neonatal period. Heart. 2004;90:175–80.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Mori K, Nakagawa R, Nii M, et al. Pulsed wave Doppler tissue echocardiography assessment of the long axis function of the right and left ventricles during the early neonatal period. Heart. 2004;90:175–80.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Beinlich CJ, Vitkauskas KJ, Morgan HE. Characterization of ventricular myocytes from the newborn pig heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1998;30:1263–74.PubMedCrossRef Beinlich CJ, Vitkauskas KJ, Morgan HE. Characterization of ventricular myocytes from the newborn pig heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1998;30:1263–74.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Marijianowski MM, van der Loos CM, Mohrschladt MF, et al. The neonatal heart has a relatively high content of total collagen and type I collagen, a condition that may explain the less compliant state. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1204–8.PubMedCrossRef Marijianowski MM, van der Loos CM, Mohrschladt MF, et al. The neonatal heart has a relatively high content of total collagen and type I collagen, a condition that may explain the less compliant state. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1204–8.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Eidem BW. Congenital heart disease. In: Klein A, Garcia M, editors. Diastology: clinical approach to diastolic heart failure. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2008. p. 313–31.CrossRef Eidem BW. Congenital heart disease. In: Klein A, Garcia M, editors. Diastology: clinical approach to diastolic heart failure. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier; 2008. p. 313–31.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Schmitz L, Xanthopoulos A, Koch H, et al. Doppler flow parameters of left ventricular filling in infants: how long does it take for the maturation of the diastolic function in a normal left ventricle to occur? Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25:482–91.PubMedCrossRef Schmitz L, Xanthopoulos A, Koch H, et al. Doppler flow parameters of left ventricular filling in infants: how long does it take for the maturation of the diastolic function in a normal left ventricle to occur? Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25:482–91.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Garofalo CA, Cabreriza SE, Quinn TA, et al. Ventricular diastolic stiffness predicts perioperative morbidity and duration of pleural effusions after the Fontan operation. Circulation. 2006;114(1 Suppl):I56–61.PubMed Garofalo CA, Cabreriza SE, Quinn TA, et al. Ventricular diastolic stiffness predicts perioperative morbidity and duration of pleural effusions after the Fontan operation. Circulation. 2006;114(1 Suppl):I56–61.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Luijendijk P, Bouma BJ, Vriend JW, et al. Left ventricular fibrosis in adults after coarctation repair, does it play a role? Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:5029–30.PubMedCrossRef Luijendijk P, Bouma BJ, Vriend JW, et al. Left ventricular fibrosis in adults after coarctation repair, does it play a role? Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:5029–30.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Florianczyk T, Werner B. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in children after successful repair of aortic coarctation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2011;100:493–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Florianczyk T, Werner B. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in children after successful repair of aortic coarctation. Clin Res Cardiol. 2011;100:493–9.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Broberg CS, Chugh SS, Conklin C, et al. Quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and its association with myocardial dysfunction in congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:723–34.CrossRef Broberg CS, Chugh SS, Conklin C, et al. Quantification of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and its association with myocardial dysfunction in congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:723–34.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Developmental changes in the left ventricular diastolic wall strain on M-mode echocardiography
Authors
Masashi Suzue
Kazuhiro Mori
Miki Inoue
Yasunobu Hayabuchi
Ryuji Nakagawa
Shoji Kagami
Publication date
01-09-2014
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Journal of Echocardiography / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 1349-0222
Electronic ISSN: 1880-344X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12574-014-0222-4

Other articles of this Issue 3/2014

Journal of Echocardiography 3/2014 Go to the issue

Images in Cardiovascular Ultrasound

Right heart serpiginous mass

Images in Cardiovascular Ultrasound

Mitral valve thickening in Cogan’s syndrome