Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Microenvironment 1/2012

01-04-2012 | Original Paper

The Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment, Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Lung Carcinogenesis

Authors: Eileen L. Heinrich, Tonya C. Walser, Kostyantyn Krysan, Elvira L. Liclican, Jeanette L. Grant, Nicole L. Rodriguez, Steven M. Dubinett

Published in: Cancer Microenvironment | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

The inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) has many roles in tumor progression and metastasis, including creation of a hypoxic environment, increased angiogenesis and invasion, changes in expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and an increase in a stem cell phenotype. Each of these has an impact on epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), particularly through the downregulation of E-cadherin. Here we review seminal work and recent findings linking the role of inflammation in the TME, EMT and lung cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the potential of targeting aspects of inflammation and EMT in cancer prevention and treatment.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Barbieri SS, Weksler BB (2007) Tobacco smoke cooperates with interleukin-1beta to alter beta-catenin trafficking in vascular endothelium resulting in increased permeability and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 21:1831–1843PubMedCrossRef Barbieri SS, Weksler BB (2007) Tobacco smoke cooperates with interleukin-1beta to alter beta-catenin trafficking in vascular endothelium resulting in increased permeability and induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 21:1831–1843PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Zienolddiny S, Ryberg D, Maggini V, Skaug V, Canzian F et al (2004) Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 beta gene are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 109:353–356PubMedCrossRef Zienolddiny S, Ryberg D, Maggini V, Skaug V, Canzian F et al (2004) Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 beta gene are associated with increased risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 109:353–356PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454:436–444PubMedCrossRef Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454:436–444PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2000) Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248:171–183PubMedCrossRef Kuper H, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D (2000) Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248:171–183PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
go back to reference Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP et al (2011) Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 377:31–41PubMedCrossRef Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP et al (2011) Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet 377:31–41PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Apte RN, Krelin Y, Song X, Dotan S, Recih E et al (2006) Effects of micro-environment- and malignant cell-derived interleukin-1 in carcinogenesis, tumour invasiveness and tumour-host interactions. Eur J Cancer 42:751–759PubMedCrossRef Apte RN, Krelin Y, Song X, Dotan S, Recih E et al (2006) Effects of micro-environment- and malignant cell-derived interleukin-1 in carcinogenesis, tumour invasiveness and tumour-host interactions. Eur J Cancer 42:751–759PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (2009) Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 30:1073–1081PubMedCrossRef Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (2009) Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 30:1073–1081PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
go back to reference Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Koukourakis MI (2007) The Pathology of Tumor Stromatogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 6 Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Koukourakis MI (2007) The Pathology of Tumor Stromatogenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 6
11.
go back to reference Akashi T, Minami J, Ishige Y, Eishi Y, Takizawa T et al (2005) Basement membrane matrix modifies cytokine interactions between lung cancer cells and fibroblasts. Pathobiology 72:250–259PubMedCrossRef Akashi T, Minami J, Ishige Y, Eishi Y, Takizawa T et al (2005) Basement membrane matrix modifies cytokine interactions between lung cancer cells and fibroblasts. Pathobiology 72:250–259PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Fukumura D, Xavier R, Sugiura T, Chen Y, Park EC et al (1998) Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 94:715–725PubMedCrossRef Fukumura D, Xavier R, Sugiura T, Chen Y, Park EC et al (1998) Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells. Cell 94:715–725PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Pokutta S, Weis WI (2007) Structure and mechanism of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell contacts. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:237–261PubMedCrossRef Pokutta S, Weis WI (2007) Structure and mechanism of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell contacts. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:237–261PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Thiery JP (2003) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:740–746PubMedCrossRef Thiery JP (2003) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:740–746PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Guarino M (2007) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:2153–2160PubMedCrossRef Guarino M (2007) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumour invasion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39:2153–2160PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference O’Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG (2001) Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 85:473–483PubMedCrossRef O’Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG (2001) Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 85:473–483PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Kim V, Rogers TJ, Criner GJ (2008) New concepts in the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5:478–485PubMedCrossRef Kim V, Rogers TJ, Criner GJ (2008) New concepts in the pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5:478–485PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Samet JM (2000) Does idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis increase lung cancer risk? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1–2PubMed Samet JM (2000) Does idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis increase lung cancer risk? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1–2PubMed
20.
go back to reference Wipff PJ, Hinz B (2008) Integrins and the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 - an intimate relationship. Eur J Cell Biol 87:601–615PubMedCrossRef Wipff PJ, Hinz B (2008) Integrins and the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 - an intimate relationship. Eur J Cell Biol 87:601–615PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Willis BC, Borok Z (2007) TGF-beta-induced EMT: mechanisms and implications for fibrotic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293:L525–L534PubMedCrossRef Willis BC, Borok Z (2007) TGF-beta-induced EMT: mechanisms and implications for fibrotic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 293:L525–L534PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Adamson IY, Young L, Bowden DH (1988) Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 130:377–383PubMed Adamson IY, Young L, Bowden DH (1988) Relationship of alveolar epithelial injury and repair to the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Pathol 130:377–383PubMed
25.
go back to reference Roberts AB, Wakefield LM (2003) The two faces of transforming growth factor beta in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8621–8623PubMedCrossRef Roberts AB, Wakefield LM (2003) The two faces of transforming growth factor beta in carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8621–8623PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Siegel PM, Shu W, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ, Massague J (2003) Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8430–8435PubMedCrossRef Siegel PM, Shu W, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ, Massague J (2003) Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs Neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis while promoting pulmonary metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8430–8435PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shintani Y, Maeda M, Chaika N, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (2008) Collagen I promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer cells via transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:95–104PubMedCrossRef Shintani Y, Maeda M, Chaika N, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (2008) Collagen I promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer cells via transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:95–104PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Thuault S, Valcourt U, Petersen M, Manfioletti G, Heldin CH et al (2006) Transforming growth factor-beta employs HMGA2 to elicit epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biol 174:175–183PubMedCrossRef Thuault S, Valcourt U, Petersen M, Manfioletti G, Heldin CH et al (2006) Transforming growth factor-beta employs HMGA2 to elicit epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biol 174:175–183PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Aggarwal BB (2003) Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3:745–756PubMedCrossRef Aggarwal BB (2003) Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3:745–756PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Mukhopadhyay S, Hoidal JR, Mukherjee TK (2006) Role of TNFalpha in pulmonary pathophysiology. Respir Res 7:125PubMedCrossRef Mukhopadhyay S, Hoidal JR, Mukherjee TK (2006) Role of TNFalpha in pulmonary pathophysiology. Respir Res 7:125PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Wu Y, Deng J, Rychahou PG, Qiu S, Evers BM et al (2009) Stabilization of snail by NF-kappaB is required for inflammation-induced cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell 15:416–428PubMedCrossRef Wu Y, Deng J, Rychahou PG, Qiu S, Evers BM et al (2009) Stabilization of snail by NF-kappaB is required for inflammation-induced cell migration and invasion. Cancer Cell 15:416–428PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Min C, Eddy SF, Sherr DH, Sonenshein GE (2008) NF-kappaB and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of cancer. J Cell Biochem 104:733–744PubMedCrossRef Min C, Eddy SF, Sherr DH, Sonenshein GE (2008) NF-kappaB and epithelial to mesenchymal transition of cancer. J Cell Biochem 104:733–744PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Lee JM, Yanagawa J, Peebles KA, Sharma S, Mao JT et al (2008) Inflammation in lung carcinogenesis: new targets for lung cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 66:208–217PubMedCrossRef Lee JM, Yanagawa J, Peebles KA, Sharma S, Mao JT et al (2008) Inflammation in lung carcinogenesis: new targets for lung cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 66:208–217PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, Gupta RA, Simon LS et al (1998) Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J 12:1063–1073PubMed Dubois RN, Abramson SB, Crofford L, Gupta RA, Simon LS et al (1998) Cyclooxygenase in biology and disease. FASEB J 12:1063–1073PubMed
35.
go back to reference Krysan K, Reckamp KL, Dalwadi H, Sharma S, Rozengurt E et al (2005) Prostaglandin E2 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk pathway signaling and cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer cells in an epidermal growth factor receptor-independent manner. Cancer Res 65:6275–6281PubMedCrossRef Krysan K, Reckamp KL, Dalwadi H, Sharma S, Rozengurt E et al (2005) Prostaglandin E2 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase/Erk pathway signaling and cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer cells in an epidermal growth factor receptor-independent manner. Cancer Res 65:6275–6281PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H, Muramatsu H, Kozaki K et al (1998) Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 58:3761–3764PubMed Hida T, Yatabe Y, Achiwa H, Muramatsu H, Kozaki K et al (1998) Increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 occurs frequently in human lung cancers, specifically in adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 58:3761–3764PubMed
37.
go back to reference Krysan K, Dalwadi H, Sharma S, Pold M, Dubinett S (2004) Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent expression of survivin is critical for apoptosis resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64:6359–6362PubMedCrossRef Krysan K, Dalwadi H, Sharma S, Pold M, Dubinett S (2004) Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent expression of survivin is critical for apoptosis resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64:6359–6362PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Baratelli F, Lin Y, Zhu L, Yang SC, Heuze-Vourc’h N et al (2005) Prostaglandin E2 induces FOXP3 gene expression and T regulatory cell function in human CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 175:1483–1490PubMed Baratelli F, Lin Y, Zhu L, Yang SC, Heuze-Vourc’h N et al (2005) Prostaglandin E2 induces FOXP3 gene expression and T regulatory cell function in human CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 175:1483–1490PubMed
39.
go back to reference Dohadwala M, Batra RK, Luo J, Lin Y, Krysan K et al (2002) Autocrine/paracrine prostaglandin E2 production by non-small cell lung cancer cells regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 and CD44 in cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion. J Biol Chem 277:50828–50833PubMedCrossRef Dohadwala M, Batra RK, Luo J, Lin Y, Krysan K et al (2002) Autocrine/paracrine prostaglandin E2 production by non-small cell lung cancer cells regulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 and CD44 in cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion. J Biol Chem 277:50828–50833PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Dohadwala M, Yang SC, Luo J, Sharma S, Batra RK et al (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of E-cadherin: prostaglandin E(2) induces transcriptional repressors ZEB1 and snail in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 66:5338–5345PubMedCrossRef Dohadwala M, Yang SC, Luo J, Sharma S, Batra RK et al (2006) Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of E-cadherin: prostaglandin E(2) induces transcriptional repressors ZEB1 and snail in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 66:5338–5345PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF (2003) Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:915–925PubMedCrossRef Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF (2003) Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:915–925PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Taipale J, Keski-Oja J (1997) Growth factors in the extracellular matrix. FASEB J 11:51–59PubMed Taipale J, Keski-Oja J (1997) Growth factors in the extracellular matrix. FASEB J 11:51–59PubMed
43.
go back to reference Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM (2010) MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:834–848PubMedCrossRef Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM (2010) MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11:834–848PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Birchmeier C, Gherardi E (1998) Developmental roles of HGF/SF and its receptor, the c-Met tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol 8:404–410PubMedCrossRef Birchmeier C, Gherardi E (1998) Developmental roles of HGF/SF and its receptor, the c-Met tyrosine kinase. Trends Cell Biol 8:404–410PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 834–848 Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 834–848
46.
go back to reference Siegfried JM, Weissfeld LA, Luketich JD, Weyant RJ, Gubish CT et al (1998) The clinical significance of hepatocyte growth factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 66:1915–1918PubMedCrossRef Siegfried JM, Weissfeld LA, Luketich JD, Weyant RJ, Gubish CT et al (1998) The clinical significance of hepatocyte growth factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 66:1915–1918PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Siegfried JM, Luketich JD, Stabile LP, Christie N, Land SR (2004) Elevated hepatocyte growth factor level correlates with poor outcome in early-stage and late-stage adenocarcinoma of the lung. Chest 125:116S–119SPubMedCrossRef Siegfried JM, Luketich JD, Stabile LP, Christie N, Land SR (2004) Elevated hepatocyte growth factor level correlates with poor outcome in early-stage and late-stage adenocarcinoma of the lung. Chest 125:116S–119SPubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Grotegut S, von Schweinitz D, Christofori G, Lehembre F (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor induces cell scattering through MAPK/Egr-1-mediated upregulation of Snail. EMBO J 25:3534–3545PubMedCrossRef Grotegut S, von Schweinitz D, Christofori G, Lehembre F (2006) Hepatocyte growth factor induces cell scattering through MAPK/Egr-1-mediated upregulation of Snail. EMBO J 25:3534–3545PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Li G, Schaider H, Satyamoorthy K, Hanakawa Y, Hashimoto K et al (2001) Downregulation of E-cadherin and Desmoglein 1 by autocrine hepatocyte growth factor during melanoma development. Oncogene 20:8125–8135PubMedCrossRef Li G, Schaider H, Satyamoorthy K, Hanakawa Y, Hashimoto K et al (2001) Downregulation of E-cadherin and Desmoglein 1 by autocrine hepatocyte growth factor during melanoma development. Oncogene 20:8125–8135PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kominsky SL, Argani P, Korz D, Evron E, Raman V et al (2003) Loss of the tight junction protein claudin-7 correlates with histological grade in both ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Oncogene 22:2021–2033PubMedCrossRef Kominsky SL, Argani P, Korz D, Evron E, Raman V et al (2003) Loss of the tight junction protein claudin-7 correlates with histological grade in both ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Oncogene 22:2021–2033PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Toschi L, Janne PA (2008) Single-agent and combination therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14:5941–5946PubMedCrossRef Toschi L, Janne PA (2008) Single-agent and combination therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14:5941–5946PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Yauch RL, Januario T, Eberhard DA, Cavet G, Zhu W et al (2005) Epithelial versus mesenchymal phenotype determines in vitro sensitivity and predicts clinical activity of erlotinib in lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 11:8686–8698PubMedCrossRef Yauch RL, Januario T, Eberhard DA, Cavet G, Zhu W et al (2005) Epithelial versus mesenchymal phenotype determines in vitro sensitivity and predicts clinical activity of erlotinib in lung cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 11:8686–8698PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Witta SE, Gemmill RM, Hirsch FR, Coldren CD, Hedman K et al (2006) Restoring E-cadherin expression increases sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 66:944–950PubMedCrossRef Witta SE, Gemmill RM, Hirsch FR, Coldren CD, Hedman K et al (2006) Restoring E-cadherin expression increases sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 66:944–950PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, Song Y, Hyland C et al (2007) MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316:1039–1043PubMedCrossRef Engelman JA, Zejnullahu K, Mitsudomi T, Song Y, Hyland C et al (2007) MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316:1039–1043PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Krysan K, Lee JM, Dohadwala M, Gardner BK, Reckamp KL et al (2008) Inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. J Thorac Oncol 3:107–110PubMedCrossRef Krysan K, Lee JM, Dohadwala M, Gardner BK, Reckamp KL et al (2008) Inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. J Thorac Oncol 3:107–110PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Apte RN, Voronov E (2002) Interleukin-1–a major pleiotropic cytokine in tumor-host interactions. Semin Cancer Biol 12:277–290PubMedCrossRef Apte RN, Voronov E (2002) Interleukin-1–a major pleiotropic cytokine in tumor-host interactions. Semin Cancer Biol 12:277–290PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Colasante A, Mascetra N, Brunetti M, Lattanzio G, Diodoro M et al (1997) Transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin-8 and interleukin-1, in non-small-cell lung tumors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:968–973PubMed Colasante A, Mascetra N, Brunetti M, Lattanzio G, Diodoro M et al (1997) Transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin-8 and interleukin-1, in non-small-cell lung tumors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:968–973PubMed
58.
go back to reference Tu S, Bhagat G, Cui G, Takaishi S, Kurt-Jones EA et al (2008) Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 14:408–419PubMedCrossRef Tu S, Bhagat G, Cui G, Takaishi S, Kurt-Jones EA et al (2008) Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 14:408–419PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Krelin Y, Voronov E, Dotan S, Elkabets M, Reich E et al (2007) Interleukin-1beta-driven inflammation promotes the development and invasiveness of chemical carcinogen-induced tumors. Cancer Res 67:1062–1071PubMedCrossRef Krelin Y, Voronov E, Dotan S, Elkabets M, Reich E et al (2007) Interleukin-1beta-driven inflammation promotes the development and invasiveness of chemical carcinogen-induced tumors. Cancer Res 67:1062–1071PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Giavazzi R, Garofalo A, Bani MR, Abbate M, Ghezzi P et al (1990) Interleukin 1-induced augmentation of experimental metastases from a human melanoma in nude mice. Cancer Res 50:4771–4775PubMed Giavazzi R, Garofalo A, Bani MR, Abbate M, Ghezzi P et al (1990) Interleukin 1-induced augmentation of experimental metastases from a human melanoma in nude mice. Cancer Res 50:4771–4775PubMed
61.
go back to reference Walser T, Cui X, Yanagawa J, Lee JM, Heinrich E et al (2008) Smoking and lung cancer: the role of inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5:811–815PubMedCrossRef Walser T, Cui X, Yanagawa J, Lee JM, Heinrich E et al (2008) Smoking and lung cancer: the role of inflammation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5:811–815PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Lewis AM, Varghese S, Xu H, Alexander HR (2006) Interleukin-1 and cancer progression: the emerging role of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a novel therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. J Transl Med 4:48PubMedCrossRef Lewis AM, Varghese S, Xu H, Alexander HR (2006) Interleukin-1 and cancer progression: the emerging role of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a novel therapeutic agent in cancer treatment. J Transl Med 4:48PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Semenza GL (2010) Defining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in cancer biology and therapeutics. Oncogene 29:625–634PubMedCrossRef Semenza GL (2010) Defining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in cancer biology and therapeutics. Oncogene 29:625–634PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
go back to reference Nizet V, Johnson RS (2009) Interdependence of hypoxic and innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 9:609–617PubMedCrossRef Nizet V, Johnson RS (2009) Interdependence of hypoxic and innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 9:609–617PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Fitzpatrick SF, Tambuwala MM, Bruning U, Schaible B, Scholz CC et al (2011) An intact canonical NF-kappaB pathway is required for inflammatory gene expression in response to hypoxia. J Immunol 186:1091–1096PubMedCrossRef Fitzpatrick SF, Tambuwala MM, Bruning U, Schaible B, Scholz CC et al (2011) An intact canonical NF-kappaB pathway is required for inflammatory gene expression in response to hypoxia. J Immunol 186:1091–1096PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kim WY, Perera S, Zhou B, Carretero J, Yeh JJ et al (2009) HIF2alpha cooperates with RAS to promote lung tumorigenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 119:2160–2170PubMedCrossRef Kim WY, Perera S, Zhou B, Carretero J, Yeh JJ et al (2009) HIF2alpha cooperates with RAS to promote lung tumorigenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 119:2160–2170PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Higgins DF, Kimura K, Bernhardt WM, Shrimanker N, Akai Y et al (2007) Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 117:3810–3820PubMed Higgins DF, Kimura K, Bernhardt WM, Shrimanker N, Akai Y et al (2007) Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 117:3810–3820PubMed
69.
go back to reference Esteban MA, Tran MG, Harten SK, Hill P, Castellanos MC et al (2006) Regulation of E-cadherin expression by VHL and hypoxia-inducible factor. Cancer Res 66:3567–3575PubMedCrossRef Esteban MA, Tran MG, Harten SK, Hill P, Castellanos MC et al (2006) Regulation of E-cadherin expression by VHL and hypoxia-inducible factor. Cancer Res 66:3567–3575PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Krishnamachary B, Zagzag D, Nagasawa H, Rainey K, Okuyama H et al (2006) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent repression of E-cadherin in von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor-null renal cell carcinoma mediated by TCF3, ZFHX1A, and ZFHX1B. Cancer Res 66:2725–2731PubMedCrossRef Krishnamachary B, Zagzag D, Nagasawa H, Rainey K, Okuyama H et al (2006) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1-dependent repression of E-cadherin in von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor-null renal cell carcinoma mediated by TCF3, ZFHX1A, and ZFHX1B. Cancer Res 66:2725–2731PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Yang MH, Wu MZ, Chiou SH, Chen PM, Chang SY et al (2008) Direct regulation of TWIST by HIF-1alpha promotes metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 10:295–305PubMedCrossRef Yang MH, Wu MZ, Chiou SH, Chen PM, Chang SY et al (2008) Direct regulation of TWIST by HIF-1alpha promotes metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 10:295–305PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Gort EH, van Haaften G, Verlaan I, Groot AJ, Plasterk RH et al (2008) The TWIST1 oncogene is a direct target of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha. Oncogene 27:1501–1510PubMedCrossRef Gort EH, van Haaften G, Verlaan I, Groot AJ, Plasterk RH et al (2008) The TWIST1 oncogene is a direct target of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha. Oncogene 27:1501–1510PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Hung JJ, Yang MH, Hsu HS, Hsu WH, Liu JS et al (2009) Prognostic significance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, TWIST1 and Snail expression in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax 64:1082–1089PubMedCrossRef Hung JJ, Yang MH, Hsu HS, Hsu WH, Liu JS et al (2009) Prognostic significance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, TWIST1 and Snail expression in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax 64:1082–1089PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Luo D, Wang J, Li J, Post M (2011) Mouse snail is a target gene for HIF. Mol Cancer Res 9:234–245PubMedCrossRef Luo D, Wang J, Li J, Post M (2011) Mouse snail is a target gene for HIF. Mol Cancer Res 9:234–245PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Sahlgren C, Gustafsson MV, Jin S, Poellinger L, Lendahl U (2008) Notch signaling mediates hypoxia-induced tumor cell migration and invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:6392–6397PubMedCrossRef Sahlgren C, Gustafsson MV, Jin S, Poellinger L, Lendahl U (2008) Notch signaling mediates hypoxia-induced tumor cell migration and invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:6392–6397PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Chen J, Imanaka N, Griffin JD (2010) Hypoxia potentiates Notch signaling in breast cancer leading to decreased E-cadherin expression and increased cell migration and invasion. Br J Cancer 102:351–360PubMedCrossRef Chen J, Imanaka N, Griffin JD (2010) Hypoxia potentiates Notch signaling in breast cancer leading to decreased E-cadherin expression and increased cell migration and invasion. Br J Cancer 102:351–360PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Pennacchietti S, Michieli P, Galluzzo M, Mazzone M, Giordano S et al (2003) Hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of the met protooncogene. Cancer Cell 3:347–361PubMedCrossRef Pennacchietti S, Michieli P, Galluzzo M, Mazzone M, Giordano S et al (2003) Hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of the met protooncogene. Cancer Cell 3:347–361PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Jiang YG, Luo Y, He DL, Li X, Zhang LL et al (2007) Role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human prostate cancer induced by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Int J Urol 14:1034–1039PubMedCrossRef Jiang YG, Luo Y, He DL, Li X, Zhang LL et al (2007) Role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human prostate cancer induced by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Int J Urol 14:1034–1039PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Zhou G, Dada LA, Wu M, Kelly A, Trejo H et al (2009) Hypoxia-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition requires mitochondrial ROS and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297:L1120–L1130PubMedCrossRef Zhou G, Dada LA, Wu M, Kelly A, Trejo H et al (2009) Hypoxia-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition requires mitochondrial ROS and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297:L1120–L1130PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Chen Y, Li D, Liu H, Xu H, Zheng H et al (2011) Notch-1 signaling facilitates survivin expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 11:14–21PubMedCrossRef Chen Y, Li D, Liu H, Xu H, Zheng H et al (2011) Notch-1 signaling facilitates survivin expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 11:14–21PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Nicolau M, Dornhofer N, Kong C et al (2006) Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. Nature 440:1222–1226PubMedCrossRef Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Nicolau M, Dornhofer N, Kong C et al (2006) Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. Nature 440:1222–1226PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Huang CH, Yang WH, Chang SY, Tai SK, Tzeng CH et al (2009) Regulation of membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase by SLUG contributes to hypoxia-mediated metastasis. Neoplasia 11:1371–1382PubMed Huang CH, Yang WH, Chang SY, Tai SK, Tzeng CH et al (2009) Regulation of membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase by SLUG contributes to hypoxia-mediated metastasis. Neoplasia 11:1371–1382PubMed
83.
go back to reference Yoo YG, Christensen J, Huang LE (2011) HIF-1alpha confers aggressive malignant traits on human tumor cells independent of its canonical transcriptional function. Cancer Res 71:1244–1252PubMedCrossRef Yoo YG, Christensen J, Huang LE (2011) HIF-1alpha confers aggressive malignant traits on human tumor cells independent of its canonical transcriptional function. Cancer Res 71:1244–1252PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Albini A, Tosetti F, Benelli R, Noonan DM (2005) Tumor inflammatory angiogenesis and its chemoprevention. Cancer Res 65:10637–10641PubMedCrossRef Albini A, Tosetti F, Benelli R, Noonan DM (2005) Tumor inflammatory angiogenesis and its chemoprevention. Cancer Res 65:10637–10641PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Pold M, Zhu LX, Sharma S, Burdick MD, Lin Y et al (2004) Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of angiogenic CXC chemokines ENA-78/CXC Ligand (CXCL) 5 and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64:1853–1860PubMedCrossRef Pold M, Zhu LX, Sharma S, Burdick MD, Lin Y et al (2004) Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent expression of angiogenic CXC chemokines ENA-78/CXC Ligand (CXCL) 5 and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 64:1853–1860PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoka H, Hori M et al (1998) Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 93:705–716PubMedCrossRef Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoka H, Hori M et al (1998) Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 93:705–716PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Tsujii M, Kawano S, DuBois RN (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:3336–3340PubMedCrossRef Tsujii M, Kawano S, DuBois RN (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human colon cancer cells increases metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:3336–3340PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Dohadwala M, Luo J, Zhu L, Lin Y, Dougherty GJ et al (2001) Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion is mediated by CD44. J Biol Chem 276:20809–20812PubMedCrossRef Dohadwala M, Luo J, Zhu L, Lin Y, Dougherty GJ et al (2001) Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent invasion is mediated by CD44. J Biol Chem 276:20809–20812PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Giannelli G, Bergamini C, Fransvea E, Sgarra C, Antonaci S (2005) Laminin-5 with transforming growth factor-beta1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 129:1375–1383PubMedCrossRef Giannelli G, Bergamini C, Fransvea E, Sgarra C, Antonaci S (2005) Laminin-5 with transforming growth factor-beta1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 129:1375–1383PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Yanagawa J, Walser TC, Zhu LX, Hong L, Fishbein MC et al (2009) Snail promotes CXCR2 ligand-dependent tumor progression in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15:6820–6829PubMedCrossRef Yanagawa J, Walser TC, Zhu LX, Hong L, Fishbein MC et al (2009) Snail promotes CXCR2 ligand-dependent tumor progression in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 15:6820–6829PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Yuan A, Yang PC, Yu CJ, Chen WJ, Lin FY et al (2000) Interleukin-8 messenger ribonucleic acid expression correlates with tumor progression, tumor angiogenesis, patient survival, and timing of relapse in non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1957–1963PubMed Yuan A, Yang PC, Yu CJ, Chen WJ, Lin FY et al (2000) Interleukin-8 messenger ribonucleic acid expression correlates with tumor progression, tumor angiogenesis, patient survival, and timing of relapse in non-small-cell lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1957–1963PubMed
92.
go back to reference Strieter RM (2008) Out of the shadows: CXC chemokines in promoting aberrant lung cancer angiogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:305–307CrossRef Strieter RM (2008) Out of the shadows: CXC chemokines in promoting aberrant lung cancer angiogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:305–307CrossRef
93.
go back to reference Sun H, Chung WC, Ryu SH, Ju Z, Tran HT et al (2008) Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein- and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated CXC chemokine gene expression in lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:316–328CrossRef Sun H, Chung WC, Ryu SH, Ju Z, Tran HT et al (2008) Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein- and nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated CXC chemokine gene expression in lung carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:316–328CrossRef
94.
go back to reference Wislez M, Fujimoto N, Izzo JG, Hanna AE, Cody DD et al (2006) High expression of ligands for chemokine receptor CXCR2 in alveolar epithelial neoplasia induced by oncogenic kras. Cancer Res 66:4198–4207PubMedCrossRef Wislez M, Fujimoto N, Izzo JG, Hanna AE, Cody DD et al (2006) High expression of ligands for chemokine receptor CXCR2 in alveolar epithelial neoplasia induced by oncogenic kras. Cancer Res 66:4198–4207PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Framson PE, Sage EH (2004) SPARC and tumor growth: where the seed meets the soil? J Cell Biochem 92:679–690PubMedCrossRef Framson PE, Sage EH (2004) SPARC and tumor growth: where the seed meets the soil? J Cell Biochem 92:679–690PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Robert G, Gaggioli C, Bailet O, Chavey C, Abbe P et al (2006) SPARC represses E-cadherin and induces mesenchymal transition during melanoma development. Cancer Res 66:7516–7523PubMedCrossRef Robert G, Gaggioli C, Bailet O, Chavey C, Abbe P et al (2006) SPARC represses E-cadherin and induces mesenchymal transition during melanoma development. Cancer Res 66:7516–7523PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Seno T, Harada H, Kohno S, Teraoka M, Inoue A et al (2009) Downregulation of SPARC expression inhibits cell migration and invasion in malignant gliomas. Int J Oncol 34:707–715PubMedCrossRef Seno T, Harada H, Kohno S, Teraoka M, Inoue A et al (2009) Downregulation of SPARC expression inhibits cell migration and invasion in malignant gliomas. Int J Oncol 34:707–715PubMedCrossRef
98.
99.
go back to reference De Wever O, Demetter P, Mareel M, Bracke M (2008) Stromal myofibroblasts are drivers of invasive cancer growth. Int J Cancer 123:2229–2238PubMedCrossRef De Wever O, Demetter P, Mareel M, Bracke M (2008) Stromal myofibroblasts are drivers of invasive cancer growth. Int J Cancer 123:2229–2238PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Sato N, Maehara N, Goggins M (2004) Gene expression profiling of tumor-stromal interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Res 64:6950–6956PubMedCrossRef Sato N, Maehara N, Goggins M (2004) Gene expression profiling of tumor-stromal interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Res 64:6950–6956PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Rowe RG, Weiss SJ (2008) Breaching the basement membrane: who, when and how? Trends Cell Biol 18:560–574PubMedCrossRef Rowe RG, Weiss SJ (2008) Breaching the basement membrane: who, when and how? Trends Cell Biol 18:560–574PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Polyak K, Weinberg RA (2009) Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev Cancer 9:265–273PubMedCrossRef Polyak K, Weinberg RA (2009) Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states: acquisition of malignant and stem cell traits. Nat Rev Cancer 9:265–273PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Yook JI, Li XY, Ota I, Fearon ER, Weiss SJ (2005) Wnt-dependent regulation of the E-cadherin repressor snail. J Biol Chem 280:11740–11748PubMedCrossRef Yook JI, Li XY, Ota I, Fearon ER, Weiss SJ (2005) Wnt-dependent regulation of the E-cadherin repressor snail. J Biol Chem 280:11740–11748PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM et al (2004) Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 6:931–940PubMedCrossRef Zhou BP, Deng J, Xia W, Xu J, Li YM et al (2004) Dual regulation of Snail by GSK-3beta-mediated phosphorylation in control of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 6:931–940PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Ota I, Li XY, Hu Y, Weiss SJ (2009) Induction of a MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP-dependent basement membrane transmigration program in cancer cells by Snail1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:20318–20323PubMedCrossRef Ota I, Li XY, Hu Y, Weiss SJ (2009) Induction of a MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP-dependent basement membrane transmigration program in cancer cells by Snail1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:20318–20323PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Sabeh F, Ota I, Holmbeck K, Birkedal-Hansen H, Soloway P et al (2004) Tumor cell traffic through the extracellular matrix is controlled by the membrane-anchored collagenase MT1-MMP. J Cell Biol 167:769–781PubMedCrossRef Sabeh F, Ota I, Holmbeck K, Birkedal-Hansen H, Soloway P et al (2004) Tumor cell traffic through the extracellular matrix is controlled by the membrane-anchored collagenase MT1-MMP. J Cell Biol 167:769–781PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Lien HC, Hsiao YH, Lin YS, Yao YT, Juan HF et al (2007) Molecular signatures of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by large-scale transcriptional profiling: identification of genes potentially related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 26:7859–7871PubMedCrossRef Lien HC, Hsiao YH, Lin YS, Yao YT, Juan HF et al (2007) Molecular signatures of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast by large-scale transcriptional profiling: identification of genes potentially related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 26:7859–7871PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Brekken RA, Sage EH (2001) SPARC, a matricellular protein: at the crossroads of cell-matrix communication. Matrix Biol 19:816–827PubMedCrossRef Brekken RA, Sage EH (2001) SPARC, a matricellular protein: at the crossroads of cell-matrix communication. Matrix Biol 19:816–827PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Sasaki T, Miosge N, Timpl R (1999) Immunochemical and tissue analysis of protease generated neoepitopes of BM-40 (osteonectin, SPARC) which are correlated to a higher affinity binding to collagens. Matrix Biol 18:499–508PubMedCrossRef Sasaki T, Miosge N, Timpl R (1999) Immunochemical and tissue analysis of protease generated neoepitopes of BM-40 (osteonectin, SPARC) which are correlated to a higher affinity binding to collagens. Matrix Biol 18:499–508PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Tremble PM, Lane TF, Sage EH, Werb Z (1993) SPARC, a secreted protein associated with morphogenesis and tissue remodeling, induces expression of metalloproteinases in fibroblasts through a novel extracellular matrix-dependent pathway. J Cell Biol 121:1433–1444PubMedCrossRef Tremble PM, Lane TF, Sage EH, Werb Z (1993) SPARC, a secreted protein associated with morphogenesis and tissue remodeling, induces expression of metalloproteinases in fibroblasts through a novel extracellular matrix-dependent pathway. J Cell Biol 121:1433–1444PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Ledda MF, Adris S, Bravo AI, Kairiyama C, Bover L et al (1997) Suppression of SPARC expression by antisense RNA abrogates the tumorigenicity of human melanoma cells. Nat Med 3:171–176PubMedCrossRef Ledda MF, Adris S, Bravo AI, Kairiyama C, Bover L et al (1997) Suppression of SPARC expression by antisense RNA abrogates the tumorigenicity of human melanoma cells. Nat Med 3:171–176PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Gilles C, Bassuk JA, Pulyaeva H, Sage EH, Foidart JM et al (1998) SPARC/osteonectin induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 58:5529–5536PubMed Gilles C, Bassuk JA, Pulyaeva H, Sage EH, Foidart JM et al (1998) SPARC/osteonectin induces matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 58:5529–5536PubMed
113.
go back to reference Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Brekken RA, Sivridis E, Gatter KC et al (2003) Enhanced expression of SPARC/osteonectin in the tumor-associated stroma of non-small cell lung cancer is correlated with markers of hypoxia/acidity and with poor prognosis of patients. Cancer Res 63:5376–5380PubMed Koukourakis MI, Giatromanolaki A, Brekken RA, Sivridis E, Gatter KC et al (2003) Enhanced expression of SPARC/osteonectin in the tumor-associated stroma of non-small cell lung cancer is correlated with markers of hypoxia/acidity and with poor prognosis of patients. Cancer Res 63:5376–5380PubMed
114.
go back to reference Infante JR, Matsubayashi H, Sato N, Tonascia J, Klein AP et al (2007) Peritumoral fibroblast SPARC expression and patient outcome with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 25:319–325PubMedCrossRef Infante JR, Matsubayashi H, Sato N, Tonascia J, Klein AP et al (2007) Peritumoral fibroblast SPARC expression and patient outcome with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 25:319–325PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Nomura S, Hashmi S, McVey JH, Ham J, Parker M et al (1989) Evidence for positive and negative regulatory elements in the 5′-flanking sequence of the mouse sparc (osteonectin) gene. J Biol Chem 264:12201–12207PubMed Nomura S, Hashmi S, McVey JH, Ham J, Parker M et al (1989) Evidence for positive and negative regulatory elements in the 5′-flanking sequence of the mouse sparc (osteonectin) gene. J Biol Chem 264:12201–12207PubMed
116.
go back to reference Sangaletti S, Di Carlo E, Gariboldi S, Miotti S, Cappetti B et al (2008) Macrophage-derived SPARC bridges tumor cell-extracellular matrix interactions toward metastasis. Cancer Res 68:9050–9059PubMedCrossRef Sangaletti S, Di Carlo E, Gariboldi S, Miotti S, Cappetti B et al (2008) Macrophage-derived SPARC bridges tumor cell-extracellular matrix interactions toward metastasis. Cancer Res 68:9050–9059PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE et al (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:806–811PubMedCrossRef Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE et al (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:806–811PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference He L, Hannon GJ (2004) MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat Rev Genet 5:522–531PubMedCrossRef He L, Hannon GJ (2004) MicroRNAs: small RNAs with a big role in gene regulation. Nat Rev Genet 5:522–531PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Gregory PA, Bracken CP, Bert AG, Goodall GJ (2008) MicroRNAs as regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Cycle 7:3112–3118PubMedCrossRef Gregory PA, Bracken CP, Bert AG, Goodall GJ (2008) MicroRNAs as regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Cycle 7:3112–3118PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Kent OA, Mendell JT (2006) A small piece in the cancer puzzle: microRNAs as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Oncogene 25:6188–6196PubMedCrossRef Kent OA, Mendell JT (2006) A small piece in the cancer puzzle: microRNAs as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Oncogene 25:6188–6196PubMedCrossRef
121.
122.
123.
go back to reference Oglesby IK, McElvaney NG, Greene CM (2010) MicroRNAs in inflammatory lung disease–master regulators or target practice? Respir Res 11:148PubMedCrossRef Oglesby IK, McElvaney NG, Greene CM (2010) MicroRNAs in inflammatory lung disease–master regulators or target practice? Respir Res 11:148PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference O’Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT (2005) c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435:839–843PubMedCrossRef O’Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT (2005) c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435:839–843PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Mu P, Han YC, Betel D, Yao E, Squatrito M et al (2009) Genetic dissection of the miR-17 92 cluster of microRNAs in Myc-induced B-cell lymphomas. Genes Dev 23:2806–2811PubMedCrossRef Mu P, Han YC, Betel D, Yao E, Squatrito M et al (2009) Genetic dissection of the miR-17 92 cluster of microRNAs in Myc-induced B-cell lymphomas. Genes Dev 23:2806–2811PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (2003) Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev Cell 5:351–358PubMedCrossRef Houbaviy HB, Murray MF, Sharp PA (2003) Embryonic stem cell-specific MicroRNAs. Dev Cell 5:351–358PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Lu Y, Thomson JM, Wong HY, Hammond SM, Hogan BL (2007) Transgenic over-expression of the microRNA miR-17-92 cluster promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of lung epithelial progenitor cells. Dev Biol 310:442–453PubMedCrossRef Lu Y, Thomson JM, Wong HY, Hammond SM, Hogan BL (2007) Transgenic over-expression of the microRNA miR-17-92 cluster promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of lung epithelial progenitor cells. Dev Biol 310:442–453PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Kim JW, Mori S, Nevins JR (2010) Myc-induced microRNAs integrate Myc-mediated cell proliferation and cell fate. Cancer Res 70:4820–4828PubMedCrossRef Kim JW, Mori S, Nevins JR (2010) Myc-induced microRNAs integrate Myc-mediated cell proliferation and cell fate. Cancer Res 70:4820–4828PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P et al (2010) miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 12:247–256PubMed Ma L, Young J, Prabhala H, Pan E, Mestdagh P et al (2010) miR-9, a MYC/MYCN-activated microRNA, regulates E-cadherin and cancer metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 12:247–256PubMed
130.
go back to reference Mestdagh P, Fredlund E, Pattyn F, Schulte JH, Muth D et al (2009) MYCN/c-MYC-induced microRNAs repress coding gene networks associated with poor outcome in MYCN/c-MYC-activated tumors. Oncogene 29:1394–1404PubMedCrossRef Mestdagh P, Fredlund E, Pattyn F, Schulte JH, Muth D et al (2009) MYCN/c-MYC-induced microRNAs repress coding gene networks associated with poor outcome in MYCN/c-MYC-activated tumors. Oncogene 29:1394–1404PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Vetter G, Saumet A, Moes M, Vallar L, Le Bechec A et al (2010) miR-661 expression in SNAI1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to breast cancer cell invasion by targeting Nectin-1 and StarD10 messengers. Oncogene 29:4436–4448PubMedCrossRef Vetter G, Saumet A, Moes M, Vallar L, Le Bechec A et al (2010) miR-661 expression in SNAI1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to breast cancer cell invasion by targeting Nectin-1 and StarD10 messengers. Oncogene 29:4436–4448PubMedCrossRef
132.
go back to reference Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Weinberg RA (2007) Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature 449:682–688PubMedCrossRef Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Weinberg RA (2007) Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature 449:682–688PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference Cottonham CL, Kaneko S, Xu L (2010) miR-21 and miR-31 converge on TIAM1 to regulate migration and invasion of colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 285:35293–35302PubMedCrossRef Cottonham CL, Kaneko S, Xu L (2010) miR-21 and miR-31 converge on TIAM1 to regulate migration and invasion of colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 285:35293–35302PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Schramedei K, Morbt N, Pfeifer G, Lauter J, Rosolowski M, et al. (2011) MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes ANP32A and SMARCA4. Oncogene Schramedei K, Morbt N, Pfeifer G, Lauter J, Rosolowski M, et al. (2011) MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes ANP32A and SMARCA4. Oncogene
135.
go back to reference Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ et al (2007) Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9:654–659PubMedCrossRef Valadi H, Ekstrom K, Bossios A, Sjostrand M, Lee JJ et al (2007) Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol 9:654–659PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Ginestra A, Miceli D, Dolo V, Romano FM, Vittorelli ML (1999) Membrane vesicles in ovarian cancer fluids: a new potential marker. Anticancer Res 19:3439–3445PubMed Ginestra A, Miceli D, Dolo V, Romano FM, Vittorelli ML (1999) Membrane vesicles in ovarian cancer fluids: a new potential marker. Anticancer Res 19:3439–3445PubMed
137.
go back to reference Yuan A, Farber EL, Rapoport AL, Tejada D, Deniskin R et al (2009) Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles. PLoS One 4:e4722PubMedCrossRef Yuan A, Farber EL, Rapoport AL, Tejada D, Deniskin R et al (2009) Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles. PLoS One 4:e4722PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Muralidharan-Chari V, Clancy JW, Sedgwick A, D’Souza-Schorey C (2010) Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression. J Cell Sci 123:1603–1611PubMedCrossRef Muralidharan-Chari V, Clancy JW, Sedgwick A, D’Souza-Schorey C (2010) Microvesicles: mediators of extracellular communication during cancer progression. J Cell Sci 123:1603–1611PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK et al (2008) Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:10513–10518PubMedCrossRef Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK et al (2008) Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:10513–10518PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Brase JC, Wuttig D, Kuner R, Sultmann H (2010) Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. Mol Cancer 9:306PubMedCrossRef Brase JC, Wuttig D, Kuner R, Sultmann H (2010) Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer. Mol Cancer 9:306PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Gomperts BN, Spira A, Massion PP, Walser TC, Wistuba II et al (2011) Evolving concepts in lung carcinogenesis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 32:32–43PubMedCrossRef Gomperts BN, Spira A, Massion PP, Walser TC, Wistuba II et al (2011) Evolving concepts in lung carcinogenesis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 32:32–43PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Sullivan JP, Minna JD, Shay JW (2010) Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stem cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 29:61–72PubMedCrossRef Sullivan JP, Minna JD, Shay JW (2010) Evidence for self-renewing lung cancer stem cells and their implications in tumor initiation, progression, and targeted therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 29:61–72PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Singh A, Settleman J (2010) EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene 29:4741–4751PubMedCrossRef Singh A, Settleman J (2010) EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: an emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene 29:4741–4751PubMedCrossRef
144.
go back to reference Mani SA, Guo W, Liao M-J, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A et al (2008) The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 133:704–715PubMedCrossRef Mani SA, Guo W, Liao M-J, Eaton EN, Ayyanan A et al (2008) The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 133:704–715PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Creighton CJ, Li X, Landis M, Dixon JM, Neumeister VM et al (2009) Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumor-initiating features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13820–13825PubMedCrossRef Creighton CJ, Li X, Landis M, Dixon JM, Neumeister VM et al (2009) Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumor-initiating features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:13820–13825PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Yu M, Smolen GA, Zhang J, Wittner B, Schott BJ et al (2009) A developmentally regulated inducer of EMT, LBX1, contributes to breast cancer progression. Genes Dev 23:1737–1742PubMedCrossRef Yu M, Smolen GA, Zhang J, Wittner B, Schott BJ et al (2009) A developmentally regulated inducer of EMT, LBX1, contributes to breast cancer progression. Genes Dev 23:1737–1742PubMedCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Yang MH, Hsu DS, Wang HW, Wang HJ, Lan HY et al (2010) Bmi1 is essential in Twist1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 12:982–992PubMedCrossRef Yang MH, Hsu DS, Wang HW, Wang HJ, Lan HY et al (2010) Bmi1 is essential in Twist1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Nat Cell Biol 12:982–992PubMedCrossRef
148.
go back to reference Giannoni E, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Chiarugi P (2011) Cancer associated fibroblasts exploit reactive oxygen species through a proinflammatory signature leading to epithelial mesenchymal transition and stemness. Antioxid Redox Signal. Giannoni E, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Chiarugi P (2011) Cancer associated fibroblasts exploit reactive oxygen species through a proinflammatory signature leading to epithelial mesenchymal transition and stemness. Antioxid Redox Signal.
149.
go back to reference Louie E, Nik S, Chen JS, Schmidt M, Song B, et al. Identification of a stem-like cell population by exposing metastatic breast cancer cell lines to repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation. Breast Cancer Res 12: R94 Louie E, Nik S, Chen JS, Schmidt M, Song B, et al. Identification of a stem-like cell population by exposing metastatic breast cancer cell lines to repetitive cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation. Breast Cancer Res 12: R94
150.
go back to reference Kurrey NK KA, Bapat SA (2005) Snail and Slug are major determinants of ovarian cancer invasiveness at the transcription level. Gynecol Oncol 97:155–165PubMedCrossRef Kurrey NK KA, Bapat SA (2005) Snail and Slug are major determinants of ovarian cancer invasiveness at the transcription level. Gynecol Oncol 97:155–165PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Pinho AV, Rooman I, Real FX (2011) p53-dependent regulation of growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in normal pancreatic epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 10:1312–1321PubMedCrossRef Pinho AV, Rooman I, Real FX (2011) p53-dependent regulation of growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in normal pancreatic epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 10:1312–1321PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Chang CJ, Chao CH, Xia W, Yang JY, Xiong Y et al (2011) p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties through modulating miRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 13:317–323PubMedCrossRef Chang CJ, Chao CH, Xia W, Yang JY, Xiong Y et al (2011) p53 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties through modulating miRNAs. Nat Cell Biol 13:317–323PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference May R, Sureban SM, Hoang N, Riehl TE, Lightfoot SA et al (2009) Doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 and leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor mark quiescent and cycling intestinal stem cells, respectively. Stem Cells 27:2571–2579PubMedCrossRef May R, Sureban SM, Hoang N, Riehl TE, Lightfoot SA et al (2009) Doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 and leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor mark quiescent and cycling intestinal stem cells, respectively. Stem Cells 27:2571–2579PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Sureban SM, May R, Ramalingam S, Subramaniam D, Natarajan G et al (2009) Selective blockade of DCAMKL-1 results in tumor growth arrest by a Let-7a MicroRNA-dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology 137:649–659, 659 e641-642PubMedCrossRef Sureban SM, May R, Ramalingam S, Subramaniam D, Natarajan G et al (2009) Selective blockade of DCAMKL-1 results in tumor growth arrest by a Let-7a MicroRNA-dependent mechanism. Gastroenterology 137:649–659, 659 e641-642PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Sureban SM, May R, Lightfoot SA, Hoskins AB, Lerner M, et al. DCAMKL-1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cells through a miR-200a-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 71: 2328–2338 Sureban SM, May R, Lightfoot SA, Hoskins AB, Lerner M, et al. DCAMKL-1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human pancreatic cells through a miR-200a-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 71: 2328–2338
156.
go back to reference Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O, Zhu F, et al. (2009) The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol. Wellner U, Schubert J, Burk UC, Schmalhofer O, Zhu F, et al. (2009) The EMT-activator ZEB1 promotes tumorigenicity by repressing stemness-inhibiting microRNAs. Nat Cell Biol.
157.
go back to reference Brabletz S, Bajdak K, Meidhof S, Burk U, Niedermann G et al (2011) The ZEB1/miR-200 feedback loop controls Notch signalling in cancer cells. EMBO J 30:770–782PubMedCrossRef Brabletz S, Bajdak K, Meidhof S, Burk U, Niedermann G et al (2011) The ZEB1/miR-200 feedback loop controls Notch signalling in cancer cells. EMBO J 30:770–782PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference Tellez CS, Juri DE, Do K, Bernauer AM, Thomas CL et al (2011) EMT and stem cell-like properties associated with miR-205 and miR-200 epigenetic silencing are early manifestations during carcinogen-induced transformation of human lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res 71:3087–3097PubMedCrossRef Tellez CS, Juri DE, Do K, Bernauer AM, Thomas CL et al (2011) EMT and stem cell-like properties associated with miR-205 and miR-200 epigenetic silencing are early manifestations during carcinogen-induced transformation of human lung epithelial cells. Cancer Res 71:3087–3097PubMedCrossRef
159.
go back to reference Kitamura H, Okudela K, Yazawa T, Sato H, Shimoyamada H (2009) Cancer stem cell: implications in cancer biology and therapy with special reference to lung cancer. Lung Cancer 66:275–281PubMedCrossRef Kitamura H, Okudela K, Yazawa T, Sato H, Shimoyamada H (2009) Cancer stem cell: implications in cancer biology and therapy with special reference to lung cancer. Lung Cancer 66:275–281PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Aktas B, Tewes M, Fehm T, Hauch S, Kimmig R et al (2009) Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 11:R46PubMedCrossRef Aktas B, Tewes M, Fehm T, Hauch S, Kimmig R et al (2009) Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 11:R46PubMedCrossRef
161.
go back to reference Sullivan JP, Spinola M, Dodge M, Raso MG, Behrens C et al (2010) Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity selects for lung adenocarcinoma stem cells dependent on notch signaling. Cancer Res 70:9937–9948PubMedCrossRef Sullivan JP, Spinola M, Dodge M, Raso MG, Behrens C et al (2010) Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity selects for lung adenocarcinoma stem cells dependent on notch signaling. Cancer Res 70:9937–9948PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Soberman RJ, Christmas P (2006) Revisiting prostacyclin: new directions in pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291:L142–L143PubMedCrossRef Soberman RJ, Christmas P (2006) Revisiting prostacyclin: new directions in pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 291:L142–L143PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Tomaki M, Sugiura H, Koarai A, Komaki Y, Akita T et al (2007) Decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes and increased expression of chemokines in COPD lung. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20:596–605PubMedCrossRef Tomaki M, Sugiura H, Koarai A, Komaki Y, Akita T et al (2007) Decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes and increased expression of chemokines in COPD lung. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 20:596–605PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment, Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Lung Carcinogenesis
Authors
Eileen L. Heinrich
Tonya C. Walser
Kostyantyn Krysan
Elvira L. Liclican
Jeanette L. Grant
Nicole L. Rodriguez
Steven M. Dubinett
Publication date
01-04-2012
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Cancer Microenvironment / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1875-2292
Electronic ISSN: 1875-2284
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12307-011-0089-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Cancer Microenvironment 1/2012 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine