Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Annals of Behavioral Medicine
Published in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1/2013

01-08-2013 | Original Article

Leptin and its Association with Somatic Depressive Symptoms in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome

Authors: Diana A. Chirinos, M.S., Ronald Goldberg, M.D., Marc Gellman, Ph.D., Armando J. Mendez, Ph.D., Miriam Gutt, Ph.D., Judith R. McCalla, Ph.D., Maria M. Llabre, Ph.D., Neil Schneiderman, Ph.D.

Published in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

This study aimed to determine the association between circulating leptin levels and total depressive symptoms as well as depressive symptom dimensions (cognitive and somatic) after controlling for important confounding factors.

Methods

The study sample was comprised of 135 participants with the metabolic syndrome. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory—II. Leptin was measured using a leptin-specific enzyme immunoassay. Inflammation was assessed using C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels.

Results

Leptin was significantly associated with somatic depressive symptoms (β = 0.33, P = 0.018), but not total depressive symptoms (β = 0.27, P = 0.067) or cognitive depressive symptoms (β = 0.21, P = 0.182), after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and insulin resistance. Further adjustment for C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels did not alter the relationship (β = 0.32, P = 0.023) between circulating leptin levels and somatic depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Leptin is independently associated with somatic depressive symptoms in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—A new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469-480.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:683-689.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Lorenzo C, Okoloise M, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM. The metabolic syndrome as predictor of type 2 diabetes: The San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3153-3159.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Skilton MR, Moulin P, Terra JL, Bonnet F. Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1251-1257.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. Depressive symptoms and stressful life events predict metabolic syndrome among middle-aged women: A comparison of World Health Organization, Adult Treatment Panel III, and International Diabetes Foundation definitions. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:872-877.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Jonas BS, Franks P, Ingram DD. Are symptoms of anxiety and depression risk factors for hypertension? Longitudinal evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Fam Med. 1997;6:43-49.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Nouwen A, Nefs G, Caramlau I, et al. Prevalence of depression in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or undiagnosed diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:752-762.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Faith MS, Butryn M, Wadden TA, et al. Evidence for prospective associations among depression and obesity in population-based studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e438-e453.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1111-1119.PubMed
10.
Suarez EC. C-reactive protein is associated with psychological risk factors of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adults. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:684-691.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Shelton RC, Miller AH. Eating ourselves to death (and despair): The contribution of adiposity and inflammation to depression. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;91:275-299.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Capuron L, Su S, Miller AH, et al. Depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome: Is inflammation the underlying link? Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64:896-900.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Miller GE, Freedland KE, Carney RM, Stetler CA, Banks WA. Pathways linking depression, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy young adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2003;17:276-285.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Wozniak SE, Gee LL, Wachtel MS, Frezza EE. Adipose tissue: The new endocrine organ? A review article. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1847-1856.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Lu XY. The leptin hypothesis of depression: A potential link between mood disorders and obesity? Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7:648-652.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1116-1127.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Gutt M, Davis CL, Spitzer SB, et al. Validation of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI(0,120)): Comparison with other measures. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47:177-184.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412-419.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Collins LM, Schafer JL, Kam CM. A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. Psychol Methods. 2001;6:330-351.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Antonijevic IA, Murck H, Frieboes RM, et al. Elevated nocturnal profiles of serum leptin in patients with depression. J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32:403-410.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Pasco JA, Jacka FN, Williams LJ, et al. Leptin in depressed women: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from an epidemiologic study. J Affect Disord. 2008;107:221-225.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Labad J, Price JF, Strachan MW, et al. Leptin levels and depressive symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. Psychosom Med. 2012;74:39-45.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Dozois DJ, Dobson KS, Ahnberg JL. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory—II. Psychol Assess. 1998;10:83-89.CrossRef
24.
Lorton D, Lubahn CL, Estus C, et al. Bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system: Implications for physiological sleep and disorders with disrupted sleep. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006;13:357-374.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Kupper N, Widdershoven JW, Pedersen SS. Cognitive/affective and somatic/affective symptom dimensions of depression are associated with current and future inflammation in heart failure patients. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:567-576.PubMedCrossRef
26.
de Jonge P, Ormel J, van den Brink RH, et al. Symptom dimensions of depression following myocardial infarction and their relationship with somatic health status and cardiovascular prognosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:138-144.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Doyle F, Conroy R, McGee H, Delaney M. Depressive symptoms in persons with acute coronary syndrome: Specific symptom scales and prognosis. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68:121-130.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Hoen PW, Whooley MA, Martens EJ, et al. Differential associations between specific depressive symptoms and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with stable coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:838-844.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Linke SE, Rutledge T, Johnson BD, et al. Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiovascular prognosis among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: A report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:499-507.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Martens EJ, Hoen PW, Mittelhaeuser M, de Jonge P, Denollet J. Symptom dimensions of post-myocardial infarction depression, disease severity and cardiac prognosis. Psychol Med. 2010;40:807-814.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Roest AM, Thombs BD, Grace SL, et al. Somatic/affective symptoms, but not cognitive/affective symptoms, of depression after acute coronary syndrome are associated with 12-month all-cause mortality. J Affect Disord. 2011;131:158-163.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Schiffer AA, Pelle AJ, Smith OR, et al. Somatic versus cognitive symptoms of depression as predictors of all-cause mortality and health status in chronic heart failure. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:1667-1673.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Smolderen KG, Spertus JA, Reid KJ, et al. The association of cognitive and somatic depressive symptoms with depression recognition and outcomes after myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2:328-337.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Stewart JC, Janicki DL, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kamarck TW. Negative emotions and 3-year progression of subclinical atherosclerosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:225-233.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Munzberg H, Bjornholm M, Bates SH, Myers MG Jr. Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:642-652.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Hafner S, Baumert J, Emeny RT, et al. Sleep disturbances and depressed mood: A harmful combination associated with increased leptin levels in women with normal weight. Biol Psychol. 2012;89:163-169.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Chrousos GP. Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2005;9:211-224.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Hayano J, Carney RM, Watanabe E, et al. Interactive associations of depression and sleep apnea with adverse clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2012;74:832-839.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Morris AA, Ahmed Y, Stoyanova N, et al. The association between depression and leptin is mediated by adiposity. Psychosom Med. 2012;74:483-488.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Cizza G, Ronsaville DS, Kleitz H, et al. Clinical subtypes of depression are associated with specific metabolic parameters and circadian endocrine profiles in women: The power study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e28912.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Herva A, Laitinen J, Miettunen J, et al. Obesity and depression: Results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30:520-527.CrossRef
42.
Herva A, Rasanen P, Miettunen J, et al. Co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in young adults: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study. Psychosom Med. 2006;68:213-216.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Fulton S, Pissios P, Manchon RP, et al. Leptin regulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway. Neuron. 2006;51:811-822.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Ahima RS, Bjorbaek C, Osei S, Flier JS. Regulation of neuronal and glial proteins by leptin: Implications for brain development. Endocrinology. 1999;140:2755-2762.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21:293-307.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Sandoval DA, Davis SN. Leptin: Metabolic control and regulation. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;17:108-113.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Guo M, Huang TY, Garza JC, Chua SC, Lu XY. Selective deletion of leptin receptors in adult hippocampus induces depression-related behaviours. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. In press. doi:10.​1017/​S146114571200070​3.
48.
Guo M, Lu Y, Garza JC, et al. Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on depression-like behaviors and synaptic depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e83.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356-359.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Leptin and its Association with Somatic Depressive Symptoms in Patients with the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors
Diana A. Chirinos, M.S.
Ronald Goldberg, M.D.
Marc Gellman, Ph.D.
Armando J. Mendez, Ph.D.
Miriam Gutt, Ph.D.
Judith R. McCalla, Ph.D.
Maria M. Llabre, Ph.D.
Neil Schneiderman, Ph.D.
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Annals of Behavioral Medicine / Issue 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0883-6612
Electronic ISSN: 1532-4796
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9479-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1/2013 Go to the issue

Original Article

Psychosocial Stress Predicts Abnormal Glucose Metabolism: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study

Original Article

Moderating Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Relationship between Health Cognitions and Behaviors

Original Article

Linking Stable and Dynamic Features of Positive Affect to Sleep

Erratum

Erratum to: Health Message Framing Effects on Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors: A Meta-analytic Review

Invited Commentary

Nighttime Sleep and Daytime Stress—Tangled Bedfellows: a Comment on Williams et al.

Brief Report

Does Exposure to Stressors Predict Changes in Physiological Dysregulation?