Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine 10/2011

01-12-2011 | Invited review article

The molecular imaging approach to image infections and inflammation by nuclear medicine techniques

Authors: Alberto Signore, Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans

Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine | Issue 10/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Inflammatory and infectious diseases are a heterogeneous class of diseases that may be divided into infections, acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. Radiological imaging techniques have, with the exception of functional MRI, high sensitivity but lack in specificity. Nuclear medicine techniques, by contrast, allow the in vivo detection in humans of different physiologic and pathologic phenomena and offer noninvasive tools to detect early pathophysiological changes before anatomical changes occur. In this review, we highlight the role of nuclear medicine in inflammation/infection with emphasis on molecular imaging for in vivo histological characterization of affected tissues for diagnostic purposes and follow-up of therapies. We also describe the clinical indications of all available radiopharmaceuticals in the light of the newly available guidelines.
Literature
1.
go back to reference de Vries EF, Roca M, Jamar F, Israel O, Signore A. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:842–8.PubMedCrossRef de Vries EF, Roca M, Jamar F, Israel O, Signore A. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:842–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Roca M, de Vries EF, Jamar F, Israel O, Signore A. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (111)In-oxine. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:835–41.PubMedCrossRef Roca M, de Vries EF, Jamar F, Israel O, Signore A. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (111)In-oxine. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:835–41.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Love C, Palestro CJ. Radionuclide imaging of infection. J Nucl Med Technol. 2004;32:47–57.PubMed Love C, Palestro CJ. Radionuclide imaging of infection. J Nucl Med Technol. 2004;32:47–57.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Bekerman C, Hoffer PB, Bitran JD. The role of gallium-67 in the clinical evaluation of cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 1984;14:296–323.PubMedCrossRef Bekerman C, Hoffer PB, Bitran JD. The role of gallium-67 in the clinical evaluation of cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 1984;14:296–323.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Perkins PJ. Early gallium-67 abdominal imaging: pitfalls due to bowel activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136:1016–7.PubMed Perkins PJ. Early gallium-67 abdominal imaging: pitfalls due to bowel activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136:1016–7.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Rizzello A, Di Pierro D, Lodi F, Trespidi S, Cicoria G, Pancaldi D, et al. Synthesis and quality control of 68 Ga citrate for routine clinical PET. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:542–5.PubMedCrossRef Rizzello A, Di Pierro D, Lodi F, Trespidi S, Cicoria G, Pancaldi D, et al. Synthesis and quality control of 68 Ga citrate for routine clinical PET. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:542–5.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Datz FL. Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the detection of infection: current status. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:92–109.PubMedCrossRef Datz FL. Indium-111-labeled leukocytes for the detection of infection: current status. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:92–109.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Papos M, Nagy F, Narai G, Rajtar M, Szantai G, Lang J, et al. Anti-granulocyte immunoscintigraphy and [99mTc]hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:412–20.PubMedCrossRef Papos M, Nagy F, Narai G, Rajtar M, Szantai G, Lang J, et al. Anti-granulocyte immunoscintigraphy and [99mTc]hexamethylpropyleneamine-oxime-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:412–20.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3112–45.PubMedCrossRef Signore A, Mather SJ, Piaggio G, Malviya G, Dierckx RA. Molecular imaging of inflammation/infection: nuclear medicine and optical imaging agents and methods. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3112–45.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Liberatore M, Clemente M, Iurilli AP, Zorzin L, Marini M, Dirocco E, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of disease-activity in rheumatoid-arthritis—a comparison of Tc-99M human nonspecific immunoglobulins, leukocytes and albumin nanocolloids. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:853–7.PubMedCrossRef Liberatore M, Clemente M, Iurilli AP, Zorzin L, Marini M, Dirocco E, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of disease-activity in rheumatoid-arthritis—a comparison of Tc-99M human nonspecific immunoglobulins, leukocytes and albumin nanocolloids. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:853–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference van der Laken CJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Laverman P, van de Ven MTP, Corstens FHM, et al. In vivo expression of interleukin-1 receptors during various experimentally induced inflammatory conditions. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1398–401.PubMedCrossRef van der Laken CJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Laverman P, van de Ven MTP, Corstens FHM, et al. In vivo expression of interleukin-1 receptors during various experimentally induced inflammatory conditions. J Infect Dis. 1998;177:1398–401.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Barrera P, van der Laken CJ, Oven WJG, van de Putte LBA, Corstens FHM. Radiolabeled IL-1ra for detection of synovitis in patients with RA Preliminary results. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:S37. Barrera P, van der Laken CJ, Oven WJG, van de Putte LBA, Corstens FHM. Radiolabeled IL-1ra for detection of synovitis in patients with RA Preliminary results. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:S37.
13.
go back to reference van der Laken CJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, van de Ven MTP, van der Meer JWM, Corstens FHM. Imaging of infection in rabbits with radioiodinated interleukin-1 (alpha and beta), its receptor antagonist and a chemotactic peptide: a comparative study. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:347–52.PubMedCrossRef van der Laken CJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, van de Ven MTP, van der Meer JWM, Corstens FHM. Imaging of infection in rabbits with radioiodinated interleukin-1 (alpha and beta), its receptor antagonist and a chemotactic peptide: a comparative study. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:347–52.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Gratz S, Rennen H, Boerman O, Oyen W, Corstens F. Rapid imaging of experimental colitis with 99mTc-interleukin-8 in rabbits. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:1044. Gratz S, Rennen H, Boerman O, Oyen W, Corstens F. Rapid imaging of experimental colitis with 99mTc-interleukin-8 in rabbits. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:1044.
15.
go back to reference Gratz S, Rennen HJJM, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Burma P, Corstens FHM. Tc-99m-interleukin-8 for imaging acute osteomyelitis. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1257–64.PubMed Gratz S, Rennen HJJM, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Burma P, Corstens FHM. Tc-99m-interleukin-8 for imaging acute osteomyelitis. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1257–64.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, Frielink C, Oyen WJ, Corstens FH. Kinetics of Tc-99m-labeled interleukin-8 in inflammation and infection. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:153P. Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, Frielink C, Oyen WJ, Corstens FH. Kinetics of Tc-99m-labeled interleukin-8 in inflammation and infection. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:153P.
17.
go back to reference Chianelli M, Boerman OC, Malviya G, Galli F, Oyen WJG, Signore A. Receptor binding ligands to image infection. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:3316–25.PubMedCrossRef Chianelli M, Boerman OC, Malviya G, Galli F, Oyen WJG, Signore A. Receptor binding ligands to image infection. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:3316–25.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Melendez-Alafort L, Rodriguez-Cortes J, Ferro-Flores G, de Murphy CA, Herrera-Rodriguez R, Mitsoura E, et al. Biokinetics of Tc-99m-UBI 29–41 in humans. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:373–9.PubMedCrossRef Melendez-Alafort L, Rodriguez-Cortes J, Ferro-Flores G, de Murphy CA, Herrera-Rodriguez R, Mitsoura E, et al. Biokinetics of Tc-99m-UBI 29–41 in humans. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:373–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Welling MM, Nibbering PH, Paulusma-Annema A, Hiemstra PS, Pauwels EKJ, Calame W. Imaging of bacterial infections with Tc-99m-labeled human neutrophil peptide-1. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:2073–80.PubMed Welling MM, Nibbering PH, Paulusma-Annema A, Hiemstra PS, Pauwels EKJ, Calame W. Imaging of bacterial infections with Tc-99m-labeled human neutrophil peptide-1. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:2073–80.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Welling MM, Paulusma-Annema A, Balter HS, Pauwels EKJ, Nibbering PH. Technetium-99m labelled antimicrobial peptides discriminate between bacterial infections and sterile inflammations. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:292–301.PubMedCrossRef Welling MM, Paulusma-Annema A, Balter HS, Pauwels EKJ, Nibbering PH. Technetium-99m labelled antimicrobial peptides discriminate between bacterial infections and sterile inflammations. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:292–301.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Rusckowski M, Gupta S, Liu GZ, Dou SP, Hnatowich DJ. Investigation of four Tc-99m-labeled bacteriophages for infection-specific imaging. Nucl Med Biol. 2008;35:433–40.PubMedCrossRef Rusckowski M, Gupta S, Liu GZ, Dou SP, Hnatowich DJ. Investigation of four Tc-99m-labeled bacteriophages for infection-specific imaging. Nucl Med Biol. 2008;35:433–40.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Rusckowski M, Fritz B, Hnatowich DJ. Localization of infection using streptavidin and biotin—an alternative to nonspecific polyclonal immunoglobulin. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1810–5.PubMed Rusckowski M, Fritz B, Hnatowich DJ. Localization of infection using streptavidin and biotin—an alternative to nonspecific polyclonal immunoglobulin. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:1810–5.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Lambrecht FY. Evaluation of Tc-99m-labeled antibiotics for infection detection. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;25:1–6.PubMedCrossRef Lambrecht FY. Evaluation of Tc-99m-labeled antibiotics for infection detection. Ann Nucl Med. 2011;25:1–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Britton KE, Wareham DW, Das SS, Solanki KK, Amaral H, Bhatnagar A, et al. Imaging bacterial infection with Tc-99m-ciprofloxacin (Infecton). J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:817–23.PubMedCrossRef Britton KE, Wareham DW, Das SS, Solanki KK, Amaral H, Bhatnagar A, et al. Imaging bacterial infection with Tc-99m-ciprofloxacin (Infecton). J Clin Pathol. 2002;55:817–23.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Solanki KK, Das SS, Britton KE. Infection is not specific for bacterial osteo-articular infective pathology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:181–2.PubMedCrossRef Solanki KK, Das SS, Britton KE. Infection is not specific for bacterial osteo-articular infective pathology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:181–2.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Lupetti A, Welling MM, Mazzi U, Nibbering PH, Pauwels EKJ. Technetium-99m labelled fluconazole and antimicrobial peptides for imaging of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:674–9.PubMedCrossRef Lupetti A, Welling MM, Mazzi U, Nibbering PH, Pauwels EKJ. Technetium-99m labelled fluconazole and antimicrobial peptides for imaging of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:674–9.PubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
go back to reference Thakur ML, Mcafee JG. The significance of chromosomal-aberrations in indium-111-labeled lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 1984;25:922–7.PubMed Thakur ML, Mcafee JG. The significance of chromosomal-aberrations in indium-111-labeled lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 1984;25:922–7.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Forstrom LA, Dunn WL, Mullan BP, Hung JC, Lowe VJ, Thorson LM. Biodistribution and dosimetry of [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose labelled leukocytes in normal human subjects. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23:721–5.PubMedCrossRef Forstrom LA, Dunn WL, Mullan BP, Hung JC, Lowe VJ, Thorson LM. Biodistribution and dosimetry of [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose labelled leukocytes in normal human subjects. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23:721–5.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Diagnostic imaging tests and microbial infections. Cellular Microbiology. 2007;9:2323–33.PubMedCrossRef Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Diagnostic imaging tests and microbial infections. Cellular Microbiology. 2007;9:2323–33.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Rennen HJJM, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Corstens FHM. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:241–52.PubMedCrossRef Rennen HJJM, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG, Corstens FHM. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:241–52.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Skehan SJ, White JF, Evans JW, Parry-Jones DR, Solanki CK, Ballinger JR, et al. Mechanism of accumulation of Tc-99m-sulesomab in inflammation. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:11–8.PubMed Skehan SJ, White JF, Evans JW, Parry-Jones DR, Solanki CK, Ballinger JR, et al. Mechanism of accumulation of Tc-99m-sulesomab in inflammation. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:11–8.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Bleeker-Rovers CP, Vos FJ, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Imaging of infectious diseases using [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;52:17–29.PubMed Bleeker-Rovers CP, Vos FJ, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Imaging of infectious diseases using [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;52:17–29.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Larikka MJ, Ahonen AK, Junila JA, Niemela O, Hamalainen MM, Syrjala HP. Extended combined Tc-99m-white blood cell and bone imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy in the detection of hip replacement infections. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:288–93.PubMedCrossRef Larikka MJ, Ahonen AK, Junila JA, Niemela O, Hamalainen MM, Syrjala HP. Extended combined Tc-99m-white blood cell and bone imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy in the detection of hip replacement infections. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:288–93.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Liberatore M, Iurilli AP, Ponzo F, Prosperi D, Santini C, Baiocchi P, et al. Clinical usefulness of technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scan in prosthetic vascular graft infection. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:875–9.PubMed Liberatore M, Iurilli AP, Ponzo F, Prosperi D, Santini C, Baiocchi P, et al. Clinical usefulness of technetium-99m-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scan in prosthetic vascular graft infection. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:875–9.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Peters AM. The utility of [Tc-99M] HMPAO-leukocytes for imaging infection. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:110–27.PubMedCrossRef Peters AM. The utility of [Tc-99M] HMPAO-leukocytes for imaging infection. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:110–27.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Castaigne C, Tondeur M, De Wit S, Hildebrand M, Clumeck N, Dusart M. Clinical value of FDG-PET/CT for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated fever of unknown origin: a retrospective study. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:41–7.PubMedCrossRef Castaigne C, Tondeur M, De Wit S, Hildebrand M, Clumeck N, Dusart M. Clinical value of FDG-PET/CT for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated fever of unknown origin: a retrospective study. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:41–7.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Glaudemans AW, Signore A. FDG-PET/CT in infections: the imaging method of choice? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1986–91.PubMedCrossRef Glaudemans AW, Signore A. FDG-PET/CT in infections: the imaging method of choice? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1986–91.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Glaudemans AWJM, Maccioni F, Mansi L, Dierckx RAJO, Signore A. Imaging of cell trafficking in Crohn’s disease. J Cell Physiol. 2010;223:562–71.PubMed Glaudemans AWJM, Maccioni F, Mansi L, Dierckx RAJO, Signore A. Imaging of cell trafficking in Crohn’s disease. J Cell Physiol. 2010;223:562–71.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Palestro CJ, Love C, Bhargava KK. Labeled leukocyte imaging: current status and future directions. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:105–23.PubMed Palestro CJ, Love C, Bhargava KK. Labeled leukocyte imaging: current status and future directions. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:105–23.PubMed
41.
go back to reference van der Bruggen W, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Boerman OC, Gotthardt M, Oyen WJG. PET and SPECT in osteomyelitis and prosthetic bone and joint infections: a systematic review. Semin Nucl Med. 2010;40:3–15.PubMedCrossRef van der Bruggen W, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Boerman OC, Gotthardt M, Oyen WJG. PET and SPECT in osteomyelitis and prosthetic bone and joint infections: a systematic review. Semin Nucl Med. 2010;40:3–15.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Love C, Marwin SE, Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the infected joint replacement. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:66–78.PubMedCrossRef Love C, Marwin SE, Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the infected joint replacement. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:66–78.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Cerqueira MD, Jacobson AF, Matsuda M, Stratton JR. In-111 leukocyte scintigraphic detection of mitral-valve vegetations in active bacterial-endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:1080–1.PubMedCrossRef Cerqueira MD, Jacobson AF, Matsuda M, Stratton JR. In-111 leukocyte scintigraphic detection of mitral-valve vegetations in active bacterial-endocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:1080–1.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Morguet AJ, Munz DL, Ivancevic V, Werner GS, Sandrock D, Bokemeier M, et al. Immunoscintigraphy using Tc-99M-labeled anti-NCA-95 antigranulocyte antibodies as an adjunct to echocardiography in subacute infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1171–8.PubMedCrossRef Morguet AJ, Munz DL, Ivancevic V, Werner GS, Sandrock D, Bokemeier M, et al. Immunoscintigraphy using Tc-99M-labeled anti-NCA-95 antigranulocyte antibodies as an adjunct to echocardiography in subacute infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1171–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Peltier P, Potel G, Lovat E, Baron D, Chatal JF. Detection of lung and bone infection with antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibody BW-250/183 radiolabeled with Tc(M)-99. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:766–74.PubMedCrossRef Peltier P, Potel G, Lovat E, Baron D, Chatal JF. Detection of lung and bone infection with antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibody BW-250/183 radiolabeled with Tc(M)-99. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:766–74.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Dominguezgadea L, Martincurto LM, Delacalle H, Crespo A. Diabetic foot infections - scintigraphic evaluation with Tc-99(M)-labeled antigranulocyte antibodies. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:212–8.CrossRef Dominguezgadea L, Martincurto LM, Delacalle H, Crespo A. Diabetic foot infections - scintigraphic evaluation with Tc-99(M)-labeled antigranulocyte antibodies. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:212–8.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Boubaker A, Delaloye AB, Blanc CH, Dutoit M, Leyvraz PF, Delaloye B. Immunoscintigraphy with antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibodies for the diagnosis of septic loosening of hip prostheses. Eur J Nucl Med. 1995;22:139–47.PubMedCrossRef Boubaker A, Delaloye AB, Blanc CH, Dutoit M, Leyvraz PF, Delaloye B. Immunoscintigraphy with antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibodies for the diagnosis of septic loosening of hip prostheses. Eur J Nucl Med. 1995;22:139–47.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Klett R, Kordelle J, Stahl U, Khalisi A, Puille M, Steiner D, et al. Immunoscintigraphy of septic loosening of knee endoprosthesis: a retrospective evaluation of the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1463–6.PubMedCrossRef Klett R, Kordelle J, Stahl U, Khalisi A, Puille M, Steiner D, et al. Immunoscintigraphy of septic loosening of knee endoprosthesis: a retrospective evaluation of the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1463–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Scheidler J, Leinsinger G, Pfahler M, Kirsch CM. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis—accuracy and limitations of antigranulocyte antibody imaging compared to 3-phase bone-scan. Clin Nucl Med. 1994;19:731–7.PubMedCrossRef Scheidler J, Leinsinger G, Pfahler M, Kirsch CM. Diagnosis of osteomyelitis—accuracy and limitations of antigranulocyte antibody imaging compared to 3-phase bone-scan. Clin Nucl Med. 1994;19:731–7.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Gratz S, Braun HG, Behr TM, Meller J, Herrmann A, Conrad M, et al. Photopenia in chronic vertebral osteomyelitis with Tc-99m antigranulocyte antibody (BW 250/183). J Nucl Med. 1997;38:494. Gratz S, Braun HG, Behr TM, Meller J, Herrmann A, Conrad M, et al. Photopenia in chronic vertebral osteomyelitis with Tc-99m antigranulocyte antibody (BW 250/183). J Nucl Med. 1997;38:494.
51.
go back to reference Gyorke T, Duffek L, Bartfai K, Mako E, Karlinger K, Mester A, et al. The role of nuclear medicine in inflammatory bowel disease. A review with experiences of aspecific bowel activity using immunoscintigraphy with Tc-99m anti-granulocyte antibodies. Eur J Radiol. 2000;35:183–92.PubMedCrossRef Gyorke T, Duffek L, Bartfai K, Mako E, Karlinger K, Mester A, et al. The role of nuclear medicine in inflammatory bowel disease. A review with experiences of aspecific bowel activity using immunoscintigraphy with Tc-99m anti-granulocyte antibodies. Eur J Radiol. 2000;35:183–92.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mahida YR, Perkins AC, Frier M, Wastie ML, Hawkey CJ. Monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody imaging in inflammatory bowel-disease—a preliminary report. Nucl Med Commun. 1992;13:330–5.PubMedCrossRef Mahida YR, Perkins AC, Frier M, Wastie ML, Hawkey CJ. Monoclonal antigranulocyte antibody imaging in inflammatory bowel-disease—a preliminary report. Nucl Med Commun. 1992;13:330–5.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Becker W, Dolkemeyer U, Gramatzki M, Schneider MU, Scheele J, Wolf F. Use of immunoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:1078–83.PubMedCrossRef Becker W, Dolkemeyer U, Gramatzki M, Schneider MU, Scheele J, Wolf F. Use of immunoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Eur J Nucl Med. 1993;20:1078–83.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Meller J, Ivancevic V, Conrad M, Gratz S, Munz DL, Becker W. Clinical value of immunoscintigraphy in patients with fever of unknown origin. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1248–53.PubMed Meller J, Ivancevic V, Conrad M, Gratz S, Munz DL, Becker W. Clinical value of immunoscintigraphy in patients with fever of unknown origin. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1248–53.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Gratz S, Behr TM, Herrmann A, Meller J, Conrad M, Zappel H, et al. Immunoscintigraphy (BW 250/183) in neonates and infants with fever of unknown origin. Nucl Med Commun. 1998;19:1037–45.PubMedCrossRef Gratz S, Behr TM, Herrmann A, Meller J, Conrad M, Zappel H, et al. Immunoscintigraphy (BW 250/183) in neonates and infants with fever of unknown origin. Nucl Med Commun. 1998;19:1037–45.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Gratz S, Behr T, Herrmann A, Dresing K, Tarditi L, Franceschini R, et al. Intraindividual comparison of Tc-99m-labelled anti-SSEA-1 antigranulocyte antibody and Tc-99m-HMPAO labelled white blood cells for the imaging of infection. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:386–93.PubMedCrossRef Gratz S, Behr T, Herrmann A, Dresing K, Tarditi L, Franceschini R, et al. Intraindividual comparison of Tc-99m-labelled anti-SSEA-1 antigranulocyte antibody and Tc-99m-HMPAO labelled white blood cells for the imaging of infection. Eur J Nucl Med. 1998;25:386–93.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Henneman P, Butler J, Sinow R, Diggles L, et al. Imaging inflammatory diseases with neutrophil-specific technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody anti-SSEA-1. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1789–95.PubMed Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Henneman P, Butler J, Sinow R, Diggles L, et al. Imaging inflammatory diseases with neutrophil-specific technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody anti-SSEA-1. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1789–95.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Kipper SL, Ahdoot R, Diggles L, Pham HL, et al. Imaging infection with LeuTech (R). Nucl Med Commun. 2001;22:513–9.PubMedCrossRef Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Kipper SL, Ahdoot R, Diggles L, Pham HL, et al. Imaging infection with LeuTech (R). Nucl Med Commun. 2001;22:513–9.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Rypins EB, Kipper SL. Scintigraphic determination of equivocal appendicitis. Am Surg. 2000;66:891–5.PubMed Rypins EB, Kipper SL. Scintigraphic determination of equivocal appendicitis. Am Surg. 2000;66:891–5.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Becker W, Bair J, Behr T, Repp R, Streckenbach H, Beck H, et al. Detection of soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis using a Tc-99M-labeled antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibody fragment. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1436–43.PubMed Becker W, Bair J, Behr T, Repp R, Streckenbach H, Beck H, et al. Detection of soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis using a Tc-99M-labeled antigranulocyte monoclonal-antibody fragment. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1436–43.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Becker W, Palestro CJ, Winship J, Feld T, Pinsky CM, Wolf F, et al. Rapid imaging of infections with a monoclonal antibody fragment. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res. 1996;(329):263–72.CrossRef Becker W, Palestro CJ, Winship J, Feld T, Pinsky CM, Wolf F, et al. Rapid imaging of infections with a monoclonal antibody fragment. Clin Orthopaed Relat Res. 1996;(329):263–72.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Devillers A, Garin E, Polard JL, Poirier JY, Arvieux C, Girault S, et al. Comparison of Tc-99m-labelled antileukocyte fragment Fab’ and Tc-99m-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone and joint infections: a prospective study. Nucl Med Commun. 2000;21:747–53.PubMedCrossRef Devillers A, Garin E, Polard JL, Poirier JY, Arvieux C, Girault S, et al. Comparison of Tc-99m-labelled antileukocyte fragment Fab’ and Tc-99m-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone and joint infections: a prospective study. Nucl Med Commun. 2000;21:747–53.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Gratz S, Schipper ML, Dorner J, Hoffken H, Becker W, Kaiser JW, et al. LeukoScan for imaging infection in different clinical settings—a retrospective evaluation and extended review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med. 2003;28:267–76.PubMed Gratz S, Schipper ML, Dorner J, Hoffken H, Becker W, Kaiser JW, et al. LeukoScan for imaging infection in different clinical settings—a retrospective evaluation and extended review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med. 2003;28:267–76.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Harwood SJ, Valdivia S, Hung GL, Quenzer RW. Use of sulesomab, a radiolabeled antibody fragment, to detect osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with foot ulcers by leukoscintigraphy. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1200–5.PubMedCrossRef Harwood SJ, Valdivia S, Hung GL, Quenzer RW. Use of sulesomab, a radiolabeled antibody fragment, to detect osteomyelitis in diabetic patients with foot ulcers by leukoscintigraphy. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1200–5.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Barron B, Hanna C, Passalaqua AM, Lamki L, Wegener WA, Goldenberg DM. Rapid diagnostic imaging of acute, nonclassic appendicitis by leukoscintigraphy with sulesomab, a technetium 99m-labeled antigranulocyte antibody Fab’ fragment. Surgery. 1999;125:288–96.PubMedCrossRef Barron B, Hanna C, Passalaqua AM, Lamki L, Wegener WA, Goldenberg DM. Rapid diagnostic imaging of acute, nonclassic appendicitis by leukoscintigraphy with sulesomab, a technetium 99m-labeled antigranulocyte antibody Fab’ fragment. Surgery. 1999;125:288–96.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Gratz S, Raddatz D, Hagenah G, Behr T, Behe M, Becker W. (TC)-T-99m-labelled antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody FAB’ fragments versus echocardiography in the diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2000;75:75–84.PubMedCrossRef Gratz S, Raddatz D, Hagenah G, Behr T, Behe M, Becker W. (TC)-T-99m-labelled antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody FAB’ fragments versus echocardiography in the diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2000;75:75–84.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Stokkel MPM, Reigman HIE, Pauwels EKJ. Scintigraphic head-to-head comparison between Tc-99m-WBCs and Tc-99m-LeukoScan in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:251–4.PubMedCrossRef Stokkel MPM, Reigman HIE, Pauwels EKJ. Scintigraphic head-to-head comparison between Tc-99m-WBCs and Tc-99m-LeukoScan in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29:251–4.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Basu S, Chryssikos T, Moghadam-Kia S, Zhuang HM, Torigian DA, Alavi A. Positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool in infection: present role and future possibilities. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:36–51.PubMedCrossRef Basu S, Chryssikos T, Moghadam-Kia S, Zhuang HM, Torigian DA, Alavi A. Positron emission tomography as a diagnostic tool in infection: present role and future possibilities. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:36–51.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Bleeker-Rovers CP, de Kleijn EMHA, Corstens FHM, van der Meer JWM, Oyen WJG. Clinical value of FDG PET in patients with fever of unknown origin and patients suspected of focal infection or inflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:29–37.PubMedCrossRef Bleeker-Rovers CP, de Kleijn EMHA, Corstens FHM, van der Meer JWM, Oyen WJG. Clinical value of FDG PET in patients with fever of unknown origin and patients suspected of focal infection or inflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:29–37.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Jasper N, Dabritz J, Frosch M, Loeffler M, Weckesser M, Foell D. Diagnostic value of [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT in children with fever of unknown origin or unexplained signs of inflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:136–45.PubMedCrossRef Jasper N, Dabritz J, Frosch M, Loeffler M, Weckesser M, Foell D. Diagnostic value of [(18)F]-FDG PET/CT in children with fever of unknown origin or unexplained signs of inflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:136–45.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Simons KS, Pickkers P, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Oyen WJ, van der Hoeven JG. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with CT in critically ill patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:504–11.PubMedCrossRef Simons KS, Pickkers P, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Oyen WJ, van der Hoeven JG. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with CT in critically ill patients with suspected infection. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:504–11.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Basu S, Zhuang HM, Torigian DA, Rosenbaum J, Chen WG, Alavi A. Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:124–45.PubMedCrossRef Basu S, Zhuang HM, Torigian DA, Rosenbaum J, Chen WG, Alavi A. Functional imaging of inflammatory diseases using nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39:124–45.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Loffler M, Weckesser M, Franzius C, Schober O, Zimmer KP. High diagnostic value of F-18-FDG-PET in pediatric patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1072:379–85.PubMedCrossRef Loffler M, Weckesser M, Franzius C, Schober O, Zimmer KP. High diagnostic value of F-18-FDG-PET in pediatric patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1072:379–85.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Ito K, Kubota K, Morooka M, Hasuo K, Kuroki H, Mimori A. Clinical impact of F-18-FDG PET/CT on the management and diagnosis of infectious spondylitis. Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31:691–8.PubMedCrossRef Ito K, Kubota K, Morooka M, Hasuo K, Kuroki H, Mimori A. Clinical impact of F-18-FDG PET/CT on the management and diagnosis of infectious spondylitis. Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31:691–8.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Keidar Z, Nitecki S. FDG-PET for the detection of infected vascular grafts. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:35–40.PubMed Keidar Z, Nitecki S. FDG-PET for the detection of infected vascular grafts. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:35–40.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Zerizer I, Tan K, Khan S, Barwick T, Marzola MC, Rubello D, et al. Role of FDG-PET and PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of vasculitis. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73:504–9.PubMedCrossRef Zerizer I, Tan K, Khan S, Barwick T, Marzola MC, Rubello D, et al. Role of FDG-PET and PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of vasculitis. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73:504–9.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Reuter S, Schirrmeister H, Kratzer W, Dreweck C, Reske SN, Kern P. Pericystic metabolic activity in alveolar echinococcosis: Assessment and follow-up by positron emission tomography. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1157–63.PubMedCrossRef Reuter S, Schirrmeister H, Kratzer W, Dreweck C, Reske SN, Kern P. Pericystic metabolic activity in alveolar echinococcosis: Assessment and follow-up by positron emission tomography. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1157–63.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Bleeker-Rovers CP, de Sevaux RGL, van Hamersvelt HW, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Diagnosis of renal and hepatic cyst infections by 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:E18–21.PubMedCrossRef Bleeker-Rovers CP, de Sevaux RGL, van Hamersvelt HW, Corstens FHM, Oyen WJG. Diagnosis of renal and hepatic cyst infections by 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:E18–21.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference ODoherty MJ, Barrington SF, Campbell M, Lowe J, Bradbeer CS. PET scanning and the human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1575–83. ODoherty MJ, Barrington SF, Campbell M, Lowe J, Bradbeer CS. PET scanning and the human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. J Nucl Med. 1997;38:1575–83.
80.
81.
go back to reference Knockaert DC, Mortelmans LA, Deroo MC, Bobbaers HJ. Clinical-value of Ga-67 scintigraphy in evaluation of fever of unknown origin. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:601–5.PubMedCrossRef Knockaert DC, Mortelmans LA, Deroo MC, Bobbaers HJ. Clinical-value of Ga-67 scintigraphy in evaluation of fever of unknown origin. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:601–5.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Marienhagen J, Hennemann B, Andreesen R, Eilles C. In-111-oxine labeling of tumor-cytotoxic macrophages generated in vitro from circulating blood monocytes—an in vitro evaluation. Nucl Med Commun. 1995;16:357–61.PubMedCrossRef Marienhagen J, Hennemann B, Andreesen R, Eilles C. In-111-oxine labeling of tumor-cytotoxic macrophages generated in vitro from circulating blood monocytes—an in vitro evaluation. Nucl Med Commun. 1995;16:357–61.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference van Hemert FJ, Thurlings R, Dohmen SE, Voennansc C, Tak PP, Eck-Smit BLF, et al. Labeling of autologous monocytes with Tc-99m-HMPAO at very high specific radioactivity. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34:933–8.PubMedCrossRef van Hemert FJ, Thurlings R, Dohmen SE, Voennansc C, Tak PP, Eck-Smit BLF, et al. Labeling of autologous monocytes with Tc-99m-HMPAO at very high specific radioactivity. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34:933–8.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference van Hemert FJ, Voermans C, Eck-Smit BLF, Bennink RJ. Labeling monocytes for imaging chronic inflammation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:78–88.PubMed van Hemert FJ, Voermans C, Eck-Smit BLF, Bennink RJ. Labeling monocytes for imaging chronic inflammation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53:78–88.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Banati RB, Goerres GW, Myers R, Gunn RN, Turkheimer FE, Kreutzberg GW, et al. [C-11](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography imaging of activated microglia in vivo in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Neurology. 1999;53:2199–203.PubMed Banati RB, Goerres GW, Myers R, Gunn RN, Turkheimer FE, Kreutzberg GW, et al. [C-11](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography imaging of activated microglia in vivo in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. Neurology. 1999;53:2199–203.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Cagnin A, Myers R, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Stevens T, Kreutzberg GW, et al. In vivo visualization of activated glia by [C-11] (R)-PK11195-PET following herpes encephalitis reveals projected neuronal damage beyond the primary focal lesion. Brain. 2001;124:2014–27.PubMedCrossRef Cagnin A, Myers R, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, Stevens T, Kreutzberg GW, et al. In vivo visualization of activated glia by [C-11] (R)-PK11195-PET following herpes encephalitis reveals projected neuronal damage beyond the primary focal lesion. Brain. 2001;124:2014–27.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Hammoud DA, Endres CJ, Chander AR, Guilarte TR, Wong DF, Sacktor NC, et al. Imaging glial cell activation with [C-11]-R-PK11195 in patients with AIDS. J Neurovirol. 2005;11:346–55.PubMedCrossRef Hammoud DA, Endres CJ, Chander AR, Guilarte TR, Wong DF, Sacktor NC, et al. Imaging glial cell activation with [C-11]-R-PK11195 in patients with AIDS. J Neurovirol. 2005;11:346–55.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Tahara N, Imaizumi T, Virmani R, Narula J. Clinical feasibility of molecular imaging of plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:331–4.PubMedCrossRef Tahara N, Imaizumi T, Virmani R, Narula J. Clinical feasibility of molecular imaging of plaque inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:331–4.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Tokita N, Hasegawa S, Maruyama K, Izumi T, Blankenberg FG, Tait JF, et al. Tc-99m-Hynic-annexin V imaging to evaluate inflammation and apoptosis in rats with autoimmune myocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:232–8.PubMedCrossRef Tokita N, Hasegawa S, Maruyama K, Izumi T, Blankenberg FG, Tait JF, et al. Tc-99m-Hynic-annexin V imaging to evaluate inflammation and apoptosis in rats with autoimmune myocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:232–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Annovazzi A, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Mather SJ, Cornelissen B, van de Wiele C, et al. Synthesis of Tc-99m-HYNIC-interleukin-12, a new specific radiopharmaceutical for imaging T lymphocytes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:474–82.PubMedCrossRef Annovazzi A, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Mather SJ, Cornelissen B, van de Wiele C, et al. Synthesis of Tc-99m-HYNIC-interleukin-12, a new specific radiopharmaceutical for imaging T lymphocytes. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:474–82.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Glaudemans AW, Dierckx RA, Kallenberg CG, Anzola Fuentes KL. The role of radiolabelled anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic purposes and therapy evaluation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:639–53.PubMed Glaudemans AW, Dierckx RA, Kallenberg CG, Anzola Fuentes KL. The role of radiolabelled anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic purposes and therapy evaluation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;54:639–53.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Vexler V, Massari R, Trotta C, et al. Radiolabeled humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody visilizumab for imaging human T-lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1683–91.PubMedCrossRef Malviya G, D’Alessandria C, Bonanno E, Vexler V, Massari R, Trotta C, et al. Radiolabeled humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody visilizumab for imaging human T-lymphocytes. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1683–91.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Prager E, Wehrschuetz M, Bisail B, Woltsche M, Schwarz T, Lanz H, et al. Comparison of F-18-FDG and Ga-67-citrate in sarcoidosis imaging. Nuklearmedizin (Nucl Med). 2008;47:18–23. Prager E, Wehrschuetz M, Bisail B, Woltsche M, Schwarz T, Lanz H, et al. Comparison of F-18-FDG and Ga-67-citrate in sarcoidosis imaging. Nuklearmedizin (Nucl Med). 2008;47:18–23.
94.
go back to reference Teirstein AS, Machac J, Almeida O, Lu P, Padilla ML, Iannuzzi MC. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2007;132:1949–53.PubMedCrossRef Teirstein AS, Machac J, Almeida O, Lu P, Padilla ML, Iannuzzi MC. Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis. Chest. 2007;132:1949–53.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Beckers C, Ribbens C, Andre B, Marcelis S, Kaye O, Mathy L, et al. Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with F-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:956–64.PubMed Beckers C, Ribbens C, Andre B, Marcelis S, Kaye O, Mathy L, et al. Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with F-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:956–64.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Palmer WE, Rosenthal DI, Schoenberg OI, Fischman AJ, Simon LS, Rubin RH, et al. Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with gadolinium-enhanced MR-imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Radiology. 1995;196:647–55.PubMed Palmer WE, Rosenthal DI, Schoenberg OI, Fischman AJ, Simon LS, Rubin RH, et al. Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with gadolinium-enhanced MR-imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Radiology. 1995;196:647–55.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Chianelli M, D’Alessandria C, Conti F, Priori R, Valesini G, Annovazzi A, et al. New radiopharmaceuticals for imaging rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:217–25.PubMed Chianelli M, D’Alessandria C, Conti F, Priori R, Valesini G, Annovazzi A, et al. New radiopharmaceuticals for imaging rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:217–25.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Tawakol A, Migrino RQ, Bashian GG, Bedri S, Vermylen D, Cury RC, et al. In vivo F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1818–24.PubMedCrossRef Tawakol A, Migrino RQ, Bashian GG, Bedri S, Vermylen D, Cury RC, et al. In vivo F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging provides a noninvasive measure of carotid plaque inflammation in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1818–24.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Rudd JHF, Hyafil F, Fayad ZA. Inflammation imaging in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1009–16.PubMedCrossRef Rudd JHF, Hyafil F, Fayad ZA. Inflammation imaging in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:1009–16.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Glaudemans AWJM, Slart RHJA, Bozzao A, Bonanno E, Arca M, Dierckx RAJO, et al. Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2381–97.PubMedCrossRef Glaudemans AWJM, Slart RHJA, Bozzao A, Bonanno E, Arca M, Dierckx RAJO, et al. Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2381–97.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Kinne RW, Becker W, Simon G, Paganelli G, PalomboKinne E, Wolski A, et al. Joint uptake and body distribution of a Tc-99M-labeled anti-rat-CD4 monoclonal-antibody in rat adjuvant arthritis. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:92–8.PubMed Kinne RW, Becker W, Simon G, Paganelli G, PalomboKinne E, Wolski A, et al. Joint uptake and body distribution of a Tc-99M-labeled anti-rat-CD4 monoclonal-antibody in rat adjuvant arthritis. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:92–8.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Kinne RW, Becker W, Koscheck T, Kuhlmann J, Sharkey RM, Behr T, et al. Rat adjuvant arthritis - imaging with technetium-99M-anti-CD4 Fab’ fragments. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:2268–75.PubMed Kinne RW, Becker W, Koscheck T, Kuhlmann J, Sharkey RM, Behr T, et al. Rat adjuvant arthritis - imaging with technetium-99M-anti-CD4 Fab’ fragments. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:2268–75.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Kinne RW, Becker W, Schwab J, Horneff G, Schwarz A, Kalden JR, et al. Comparison of (99)Tcm-labeled specific murine anti-CD4 monoclonal-antibodies and nonspecific human-immunoglobulin for imaging inflamed joints in rheumatoid-arthritis. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:667–75.PubMedCrossRef Kinne RW, Becker W, Schwab J, Horneff G, Schwarz A, Kalden JR, et al. Comparison of (99)Tcm-labeled specific murine anti-CD4 monoclonal-antibodies and nonspecific human-immunoglobulin for imaging inflamed joints in rheumatoid-arthritis. Nucl Med Commun. 1993;14:667–75.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Kinne RW, Wolski A, Palombo-Kinne E, Wolf F, Emmrich F, Becker W. Minimal contribution of cell-bound antibodies to the immunoscintigraphy of inflamed joints with Tc-99m-anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. Nuklearmedizin (Nucl Med). 2002;41:129–34. Kinne RW, Wolski A, Palombo-Kinne E, Wolf F, Emmrich F, Becker W. Minimal contribution of cell-bound antibodies to the immunoscintigraphy of inflamed joints with Tc-99m-anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. Nuklearmedizin (Nucl Med). 2002;41:129–34.
105.
go back to reference Dalessandria C, Malviya G, Viscido A, Aratari A, Maccioni F, Amato A, et al. Use of a Tc-99m labeled anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody in Crohn’s disease: in vitro and in vivo studies. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;51:334–42. Dalessandria C, Malviya G, Viscido A, Aratari A, Maccioni F, Amato A, et al. Use of a Tc-99m labeled anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody in Crohn’s disease: in vitro and in vivo studies. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;51:334–42.
106.
go back to reference Conti F, Priori R, Chimenti MS, Coari G, Annovazzi A, Valesini G, et al. Successful treatment with intraarticular infliximab for resistant knee monarthritis in a patient with spondylarthropathy—a role for scintigraphy with Tc-99m-infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1224–6.PubMedCrossRef Conti F, Priori R, Chimenti MS, Coari G, Annovazzi A, Valesini G, et al. Successful treatment with intraarticular infliximab for resistant knee monarthritis in a patient with spondylarthropathy—a role for scintigraphy with Tc-99m-infliximab. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1224–6.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Malviya G, Conti F, Chianelli M, Scopinaro F, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Molecular imaging of rheumatoid arthritis by radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies: new imaging strategies to guide molecular therapies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:386–98.PubMedCrossRef Malviya G, Conti F, Chianelli M, Scopinaro F, Dierckx RA, Signore A. Molecular imaging of rheumatoid arthritis by radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies: new imaging strategies to guide molecular therapies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:386–98.PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Lucia P, Parisella MG, Danese C, Bruno F, Manetti LL, Capriotti G, et al. Diagnosis and followup of Takayasu’s arteritis by scintigraphy with radiolabelled interleukin 2. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1225–7.PubMed Lucia P, Parisella MG, Danese C, Bruno F, Manetti LL, Capriotti G, et al. Diagnosis and followup of Takayasu’s arteritis by scintigraphy with radiolabelled interleukin 2. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1225–7.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Signore A, Chianelli M, Toscano A, Monetini L, Ronga G, Nimmon CC, et al. A radiopharmaceutical for imaging areas of lymphocytic infiltration—I-125 interleukin-2—labeling procedure and animal studies. Nucl Med Commun. 1992;13:713–22.PubMed Signore A, Chianelli M, Toscano A, Monetini L, Ronga G, Nimmon CC, et al. A radiopharmaceutical for imaging areas of lymphocytic infiltration—I-125 interleukin-2—labeling procedure and animal studies. Nucl Med Commun. 1992;13:713–22.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Signore A, Chianelli M, Ferretti E, Tomei E, Pozzilli P, Ronga G, et al. Detection of pancreatic insulitis in type-1 diabetes by using 123I-labeled interleukin-2. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:583. Signore A, Chianelli M, Ferretti E, Tomei E, Pozzilli P, Ronga G, et al. Detection of pancreatic insulitis in type-1 diabetes by using 123I-labeled interleukin-2. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:583.
111.
go back to reference Signore A, Chianelli M, Parisella MG, Capriotti G, Giacalone P, Di Leve G, et al. In vivo imaging of insulitis in autoimmune diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:151–8.PubMed Signore A, Chianelli M, Parisella MG, Capriotti G, Giacalone P, Di Leve G, et al. In vivo imaging of insulitis in autoimmune diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22:151–8.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Chianelli M, Parisella MG, Visalli N, Mather SJ, D’Alessandria C, Pozzilli P, et al. Pancreatic scintigraphy with 99mTc-interleukin-2 at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and after 1 year of nicotinamide therapy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24:115–22.PubMedCrossRef Chianelli M, Parisella MG, Visalli N, Mather SJ, D’Alessandria C, Pozzilli P, et al. Pancreatic scintigraphy with 99mTc-interleukin-2 at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and after 1 year of nicotinamide therapy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008;24:115–22.PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Signore A, Chianelli M, Annovazzi A, Rosi M, Maiuri L, Greco M, et al. Imaging active lymphocytic infiltration in coeliac disease with iodine-123-interleukin-2 and the response to diet. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:18–24.PubMedCrossRef Signore A, Chianelli M, Annovazzi A, Rosi M, Maiuri L, Greco M, et al. Imaging active lymphocytic infiltration in coeliac disease with iodine-123-interleukin-2 and the response to diet. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000;27:18–24.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Signore A, Chianelli M, Annovazzi A, Bonanno E, Spagnoli LG, Pozzilli P, et al. I-123-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for in vivo assessment of intestinal mononuclear cell infiltration in Crohn’s disease. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:242–9.PubMed Signore A, Chianelli M, Annovazzi A, Bonanno E, Spagnoli LG, Pozzilli P, et al. I-123-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for in vivo assessment of intestinal mononuclear cell infiltration in Crohn’s disease. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:242–9.PubMed
115.
go back to reference Annovazzi A, Biancone L, Caviglia R, Chianelli M, Capriotti G, Mather SJ, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 and Tc-99m-HMPAO granulocyte scintigraphy in patients with inactive Crohn’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:374–82.PubMedCrossRef Annovazzi A, Biancone L, Caviglia R, Chianelli M, Capriotti G, Mather SJ, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 and Tc-99m-HMPAO granulocyte scintigraphy in patients with inactive Crohn’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:374–82.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Signore A, Annovazzi A, Barone R, Bonanno E, D’Alessandria C, Chianelli M, et al. Tc-99m-Interleukin-2 scintigraphy as a potential tool for evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma lesions: a validation study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1647–52.PubMed Signore A, Annovazzi A, Barone R, Bonanno E, D’Alessandria C, Chianelli M, et al. Tc-99m-Interleukin-2 scintigraphy as a potential tool for evaluating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma lesions: a validation study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1647–52.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Procaccini E, Chianelli M, Pantano P, Signore A. Imaging of autoimmune diseases. Q J Nucl Med. 1999;43:100–12.PubMed Procaccini E, Chianelli M, Pantano P, Signore A. Imaging of autoimmune diseases. Q J Nucl Med. 1999;43:100–12.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Chianelli M, Mather SJ, Grossman A, Sobnak R, Fritzberg A, Britton KE, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 scintigraphy in normal subjects and in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases: a feasibility study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:2286–93.PubMedCrossRef Chianelli M, Mather SJ, Grossman A, Sobnak R, Fritzberg A, Britton KE, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 scintigraphy in normal subjects and in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases: a feasibility study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:2286–93.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Annovazzi A, Bonanno E, Arca M, D’Alessandria C, Marcoccia A, Spagnoli LG, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for the in vivo imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:117–26.PubMedCrossRef Annovazzi A, Bonanno E, Arca M, D’Alessandria C, Marcoccia A, Spagnoli LG, et al. Tc-99m-interleukin-2 scintigraphy for the in vivo imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:117–26.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The molecular imaging approach to image infections and inflammation by nuclear medicine techniques
Authors
Alberto Signore
Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Annals of Nuclear Medicine / Issue 10/2011
Print ISSN: 0914-7187
Electronic ISSN: 1864-6433
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-011-0521-z

Other articles of this Issue 10/2011

Annals of Nuclear Medicine 10/2011 Go to the issue