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Neurocritical Care
Published in: Neurocritical Care 2/2016

01-04-2016 | Review Article

Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation Methods for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury

Authors: Daniel Neren, Matthew D. Johnson, Wynn Legon, Salam P. Bachour, Geoffrey Ling, Afshin A. Divani

Published in: Neurocritical Care | Issue 2/2016

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Abstract

The objective of this paper is to review the current literature regarding the use of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as discuss the potential role of VNS along with alternative neuromodulation approaches in the treatment of human TBI. Data from previous studies have demonstrated VNS-mediated improvement following TBI in animal models. In these cases, VNS was observed to enhance motor and cognitive recovery, attenuate cerebral edema and inflammation, reduce blood brain barrier breakdown, and confer neuroprotective effects. Yet, the underlying mechanisms by which VNS enhances recovery following TBI remain to be fully elucidated. Several hypotheses have been offered including: a noradrenergic mechanism, reduction in post-TBI seizures and hyper-excitability, anti-inflammatory effects, attenuation of blood–brain barrier breakdown, and cerebral edema. We present other potential mechanisms by which VNS acts including enhancement of synaptic plasticity and recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells, stabilization of intracranial pressure, and interaction with the ghrelin system. In addition, alternative methods for the treatment of TBI including deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and focused ultrasound stimulation are discussed. Although the primary source data show that VNS improves TBI outcomes, it remains to be determined if these findings can be translated to clinical settings.
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Metadata
Title
Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Other Neuromodulation Methods for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors
Daniel Neren
Matthew D. Johnson
Wynn Legon
Salam P. Bachour
Geoffrey Ling
Afshin A. Divani
Publication date
01-04-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Neurocritical Care / Issue 2/2016
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Electronic ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0203-0

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