Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Immunologic Research 1/2017

01-02-2017 | Therapeutic Aspects in Autoimmunity

Glaucoma: recent advances in the involvement of autoimmunity

Authors: Maria Ida Rizzo, Antonio Greco, Armando De Virgilio, Andrea Gallo, Luciano Taverniti, Massimo Fusconi, Michela Conte, Giulio Pagliuca, Rosaria Turchetta, Marco de Vincentiis

Published in: Immunologic Research | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the most commonly acquired optic neuropathy encountered in clinical practice. It is the second leading cause of blindness globally, after cataracts, but it presents a greater public health challenge than cataracts, because the blindness it causes is irreversible. It has pathogenesis still largely unknown and no established cure. Alterations in serum antibody profiles, upregulation, and downregulation have been described, but it still remains elusive if the autoantibodies seen in glaucoma are an epiphenomenon or causative. Hypertension, diabetes, and hearing disorders also are associated. This review is a glaucoma update with focus about the recent advances in the last 15 years.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Wax MB, Tezel G, Saito I, et al. Anti-Ro/SS-a positivity and heat shock protein antibodies in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:145–57.CrossRefPubMed Wax MB, Tezel G, Saito I, et al. Anti-Ro/SS-a positivity and heat shock protein antibodies in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125:145–57.CrossRefPubMed
3.
4.
go back to reference Rieck J. The pathogenesis of glaucoma in the interplay with the immune system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2393–409.CrossRefPubMed Rieck J. The pathogenesis of glaucoma in the interplay with the immune system. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2393–409.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Bachor E, Jahnke K, Selbach JM, Seidahmadi S. Coincidence of normal tension glaucoma, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and elevated antiphosphatidylserine antibodies. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1259–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Bachor E, Jahnke K, Selbach JM, Seidahmadi S. Coincidence of normal tension glaucoma, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and elevated antiphosphatidylserine antibodies. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1259–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Kremmer S, Anastassiou G, Selbach JM. Hearing disorders with glaucoma. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2014;231:144–50.CrossRefPubMed Kremmer S, Anastassiou G, Selbach JM. Hearing disorders with glaucoma. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2014;231:144–50.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2081–90.CrossRefPubMed Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2081–90.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Javitt JC, McBean AM, Nicholson GA, Babish JD, Warren JL, Krakauer H. Undertreatment of glaucoma among black Americans. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1418–22.CrossRefPubMed Javitt JC, McBean AM, Nicholson GA, Babish JD, Warren JL, Krakauer H. Undertreatment of glaucoma among black Americans. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1418–22.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, Mariotti SP. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:844–51.PubMedPubMedCentral Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, Mariotti SP. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:844–51.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
go back to reference Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:614–8.CrossRefPubMed Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:614–8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:701–13.CrossRefPubMed Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:701–13.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:714–20.CrossRefPubMed Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120:714–20.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Aung T, Ocaka L, Ebenezer ND, et al. A major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the OPA1 gene. Hum Genet. 2002;110:52–6.CrossRefPubMed Aung T, Ocaka L, Ebenezer ND, et al. A major marker for normal tension glaucoma: association with polymorphisms in the OPA1 gene. Hum Genet. 2002;110:52–6.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bonomi L, Marchini G, Marraffa M, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma and intraocular pressure distribution in a defined population: the Egna-Neumarkt study. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:209–15.CrossRefPubMed Bonomi L, Marchini G, Marraffa M, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma and intraocular pressure distribution in a defined population: the Egna-Neumarkt study. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:209–15.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Grus FH, Joachim SC, Pfeiffer N. Analysis of complex autoantibody repertoires by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2003;3:957–61.CrossRefPubMed Grus FH, Joachim SC, Pfeiffer N. Analysis of complex autoantibody repertoires by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Proteomics. 2003;3:957–61.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Ferrer E. Trabecular meshwork as a new target for the treatment of glaucoma. Drug News Perspect. 2006;19:151–8.CrossRefPubMed Ferrer E. Trabecular meshwork as a new target for the treatment of glaucoma. Drug News Perspect. 2006;19:151–8.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Henderson PA, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN. Relationship between central corneal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular hypertensive patients. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:251–6.CrossRefPubMed Henderson PA, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN. Relationship between central corneal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in ocular hypertensive patients. Ophthalmology. 2005;112:251–6.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Maruyama I, Ikeda Y, Nakazawa M, Ohguro H. Clinical roles of serum autoantibody against neuron-specific enolase in glaucoma patients. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2002;197:125–32.CrossRefPubMed Maruyama I, Ikeda Y, Nakazawa M, Ohguro H. Clinical roles of serum autoantibody against neuron-specific enolase in glaucoma patients. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2002;197:125–32.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Maruyama I, Ohguro H, Ikeda Y. Retinal ganglion cells recognized by serum autoantibody against gamma-enolase found in glaucoma patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1657–65.PubMed Maruyama I, Ohguro H, Ikeda Y. Retinal ganglion cells recognized by serum autoantibody against gamma-enolase found in glaucoma patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1657–65.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Nickells RW, Howell GR, Soto I, John SW. Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:153–79.CrossRefPubMed Nickells RW, Howell GR, Soto I, John SW. Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:153–79.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Whitmore AV, Libby RT, John SWM. Glaucoma: thinking in new ways—a rôle for autonomous axonal self-destruction and other compartmentalised processes? Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24:639–62.CrossRefPubMed Whitmore AV, Libby RT, John SWM. Glaucoma: thinking in new ways—a rôle for autonomous axonal self-destruction and other compartmentalised processes? Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24:639–62.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Bjerrum J. Om en tilføjelse til den sædvanlige synsfelt – undersögelse samt om synsfeltet ved glaukom. Nord ophthal Tidsskrift. 1889;2:141–85. Bjerrum J. Om en tilføjelse til den sædvanlige synsfelt – undersögelse samt om synsfeltet ved glaukom. Nord ophthal Tidsskrift. 1889;2:141–85.
28.
go back to reference Nickells RW. Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma: the how, the why, and the maybe. J Glaucoma. 1996;5:345–56.CrossRefPubMed Nickells RW. Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma: the how, the why, and the maybe. J Glaucoma. 1996;5:345–56.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Pease ME, McKinnon SJ, Quigley HA, Kerrigan-Baumrind LA, Zack DJ. Obstructed axonal transport of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:764–74.PubMed Pease ME, McKinnon SJ, Quigley HA, Kerrigan-Baumrind LA, Zack DJ. Obstructed axonal transport of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:764–74.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Agar A, Li S, Agarwal N, Coroneo MT, Hill MA. Retinal ganglion cell line apoptosis induced by hydrostatic pressure. Brain Res. 2006;1086:191–200.CrossRefPubMed Agar A, Li S, Agarwal N, Coroneo MT, Hill MA. Retinal ganglion cell line apoptosis induced by hydrostatic pressure. Brain Res. 2006;1086:191–200.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Agar A, Yip SS, Hill MA, Coroneo MT. Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines. J Neurosci Res. 2000;60:495–503.CrossRefPubMed Agar A, Yip SS, Hill MA, Coroneo MT. Pressure related apoptosis in neuronal cell lines. J Neurosci Res. 2000;60:495–503.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Pfeiffer N. Results of the “Ocular Hypertension treatment study”. Ophthalmologe. 2005;102:230–4.CrossRefPubMed Pfeiffer N. Results of the “Ocular Hypertension treatment study”. Ophthalmologe. 2005;102:230–4.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Nickells RW. The molecular biology of retinal ganglion cell death: caveats and controversies. Brain Res Bull. 2004;62:439–46.CrossRefPubMed Nickells RW. The molecular biology of retinal ganglion cell death: caveats and controversies. Brain Res Bull. 2004;62:439–46.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Li Y, Schlamp CL, Poulsen KP, Nickells RW. Bax-dependent and independent pathways of retinal ganglion cell death induced by different damaging stimuli. Exp Eye Res. 2000;71:209–13.CrossRefPubMed Li Y, Schlamp CL, Poulsen KP, Nickells RW. Bax-dependent and independent pathways of retinal ganglion cell death induced by different damaging stimuli. Exp Eye Res. 2000;71:209–13.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Li Y, Schlamp CL, Poulsen GL, Jackson MW, Griep AE, Nickells RW. p53 regulates apoptotic retinal ganglion cell death induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate. Mol Vis. 2002;8:341–50.PubMed Li Y, Schlamp CL, Poulsen GL, Jackson MW, Griep AE, Nickells RW. p53 regulates apoptotic retinal ganglion cell death induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate. Mol Vis. 2002;8:341–50.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Wax MB, Tezel G, Yang J, et al. Induced autoimmunity to heat shock proteins elicits glaucomatous loss of retinal ganglion cell neurons via activated T-cell-derived Fas-ligand. J Neurosci. 2008;28:12085–96.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wax MB, Tezel G, Yang J, et al. Induced autoimmunity to heat shock proteins elicits glaucomatous loss of retinal ganglion cell neurons via activated T-cell-derived Fas-ligand. J Neurosci. 2008;28:12085–96.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Nickells RW. From ocular hypertension to ganglion cell death: a theoretical sequence of events leading to glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42:278–87.CrossRefPubMed Nickells RW. From ocular hypertension to ganglion cell death: a theoretical sequence of events leading to glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol. 2007;42:278–87.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Chidlow G, Wood JP, Casson RJ. Pharmacological neuroprotection for glaucoma. Drugs. 2007;67:725–59.CrossRefPubMed Chidlow G, Wood JP, Casson RJ. Pharmacological neuroprotection for glaucoma. Drugs. 2007;67:725–59.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Kuehn MH, Fingert JH, Kwon YH. Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma: mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005;18:383–95.CrossRefPubMed Kuehn MH, Fingert JH, Kwon YH. Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma: mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2005;18:383–95.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Lipton SA. Possible role for memantine in protecting retinal ganglion cells from glaucomatous damage. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48:S38–46.CrossRefPubMed Lipton SA. Possible role for memantine in protecting retinal ganglion cells from glaucomatous damage. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48:S38–46.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Schori H, Kipnis J, Yoles E, et al. Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:3398–403.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Schori H, Kipnis J, Yoles E, et al. Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:3398–403.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Vorwerk CK, Naskar R, Schuettauf F, et al. Depression of retinal glutamate transporter function leads to elevated intravitreal glutamate levels and ganglion cell death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3615–21.PubMed Vorwerk CK, Naskar R, Schuettauf F, et al. Depression of retinal glutamate transporter function leads to elevated intravitreal glutamate levels and ganglion cell death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3615–21.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Honkanen RA, Baruah S, Zimmerman MB, et al. Vitreous amino acid concentrations in patients with glaucoma undergoing vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:183–8.CrossRefPubMed Honkanen RA, Baruah S, Zimmerman MB, et al. Vitreous amino acid concentrations in patients with glaucoma undergoing vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:183–8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Ullian EM, Barkis WB, Chen S, Diamond JS, Barres BA. Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2004;26:544–57.CrossRefPubMed Ullian EM, Barkis WB, Chen S, Diamond JS, Barres BA. Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2004;26:544–57.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Russo R, Rotiroti D, Tassorelli C, et al. Identification of novel pharmacological targets to minimize excitotoxic retinal damage. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;85:407–23.CrossRefPubMed Russo R, Rotiroti D, Tassorelli C, et al. Identification of novel pharmacological targets to minimize excitotoxic retinal damage. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;85:407–23.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Inoue-Matsuhisa E, Sogo S, Mizota A, Taniai M, Takenaka H, Mano T. Effect of MCI-9042, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, on retinal ganglion cell death and retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76:445–52.CrossRefPubMed Inoue-Matsuhisa E, Sogo S, Mizota A, Taniai M, Takenaka H, Mano T. Effect of MCI-9042, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, on retinal ganglion cell death and retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76:445–52.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Lingor P, Koeberle P, Kügler S, Bähr M. Down-regulation of apoptosis mediators by RNAi inhibits axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death in vivo. Brain. 2005;128:550–8.CrossRefPubMed Lingor P, Koeberle P, Kügler S, Bähr M. Down-regulation of apoptosis mediators by RNAi inhibits axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death in vivo. Brain. 2005;128:550–8.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Osborne NN, Lascaratos G, Bron AJ, Chidlow G, Wood JP. A hypothesis to suggest that light is a risk factor in glaucoma and the mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:237–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Osborne NN, Lascaratos G, Bron AJ, Chidlow G, Wood JP. A hypothesis to suggest that light is a risk factor in glaucoma and the mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:237–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ijlst-Keizers H, et al. Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins. Eur J Neurosci. 2003;17:2106–18.CrossRefPubMed Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ijlst-Keizers H, et al. Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins. Eur J Neurosci. 2003;17:2106–18.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Naskar R, Vorwerk CK, Dreyer EB. Concurrent downregulation of a glutamate transporter and receptor in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1940–4.PubMed Naskar R, Vorwerk CK, Dreyer EB. Concurrent downregulation of a glutamate transporter and receptor in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1940–4.PubMed
52.
53.
go back to reference Garrido C, Gurbuxani S, Ravagnan L, Kroemer G. Heat shock proteins: endogenous modulators of apoptotic cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;286:433–42.CrossRefPubMed Garrido C, Gurbuxani S, Ravagnan L, Kroemer G. Heat shock proteins: endogenous modulators of apoptotic cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;286:433–42.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Wax MB, Yang J, Tezel G, Peng G, Patil RV, Calkins DJ. A model of experimental autoimmune glaucoma in rats elicited by immunization with heat shock protein27. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43 [E-abstract 2884]. Wax MB, Yang J, Tezel G, Peng G, Patil RV, Calkins DJ. A model of experimental autoimmune glaucoma in rats elicited by immunization with heat shock protein27. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43 [E-abstract 2884].
55.
go back to reference Tezel G, Hernandez MR, Wax MB. Immunostaining of heat shock proteins in the retina and optic nerve head of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:511–8.CrossRefPubMed Tezel G, Hernandez MR, Wax MB. Immunostaining of heat shock proteins in the retina and optic nerve head of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:511–8.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Joachim SC, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Autoantibodies in patients with glaucoma: a comparison of IgG serum antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:817–23.CrossRefPubMed Joachim SC, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Autoantibodies in patients with glaucoma: a comparison of IgG serum antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;243:817–23.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Grus FH, Joachim SC, Hoffmann EM, Pfeiffer N. Complex autoantibody repertoires in patients with glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2004;10:132–7.PubMed Grus FH, Joachim SC, Hoffmann EM, Pfeiffer N. Complex autoantibody repertoires in patients with glaucoma. Mol Vis. 2004;10:132–7.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Grus FH, Joachim SC, Bruns K, Lackner KJ, Pfeiffer N, Wax MB. Serum autoantibodies to alpha-fodrin are present in glaucoma patients from Germany and the United States. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:968–76.CrossRefPubMed Grus FH, Joachim SC, Bruns K, Lackner KJ, Pfeiffer N, Wax MB. Serum autoantibodies to alpha-fodrin are present in glaucoma patients from Germany and the United States. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:968–76.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Yang J, Tezel G, Patil RV, Romano C, Wax MB. Serum autoantibody against glutathione S-transferase in patients with glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:1273–6.PubMed Yang J, Tezel G, Patil RV, Romano C, Wax MB. Serum autoantibody against glutathione S-transferase in patients with glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:1273–6.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Yano T, Yamada K, Kimura A, et al. Autoimmunity against neurofilament protein and its possible association with HLA-DRB1*1502 allele in glaucoma. Immunol Lett. 2005;100:164–9.CrossRefPubMed Yano T, Yamada K, Kimura A, et al. Autoimmunity against neurofilament protein and its possible association with HLA-DRB1*1502 allele in glaucoma. Immunol Lett. 2005;100:164–9.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Grus FH, Joachim SC, Wuenschig D, Rieck J, Pfeiffer N. Autoimmunity and glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:79–84.CrossRefPubMed Grus FH, Joachim SC, Wuenschig D, Rieck J, Pfeiffer N. Autoimmunity and glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2008;17:79–84.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Yan X, Tezel G, Wax MB, Edward DP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor necrosis factor alpha in glaucomatous optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:666–73.CrossRefPubMed Yan X, Tezel G, Wax MB, Edward DP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor necrosis factor alpha in glaucomatous optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:666–73.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Yuan L, Neufeld AH. Tumor necrosis factor-α: a potentially neurodestructive cytokine produced by glia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head. Glia. 2000;32:42–50.CrossRefPubMed Yuan L, Neufeld AH. Tumor necrosis factor-α: a potentially neurodestructive cytokine produced by glia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head. Glia. 2000;32:42–50.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Luo C, Yang X, Powell DW, Klein JB, Tezel G. Stress proteins and immunostimulatory signaling through toll-like receptors in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50 [E-abstract 4048]. Luo C, Yang X, Powell DW, Klein JB, Tezel G. Stress proteins and immunostimulatory signaling through toll-like receptors in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50 [E-abstract 4048].
66.
67.
go back to reference Oldstone MB. Molecular mimicry, microbial infection, and autoimmune disease: evolution of the concept. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;296:1–17.PubMed Oldstone MB. Molecular mimicry, microbial infection, and autoimmune disease: evolution of the concept. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2005;296:1–17.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Galloway PH, Warner SJ, Morshed MG, Mikelberg FS. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:922–5.CrossRefPubMed Galloway PH, Warner SJ, Morshed MG, Mikelberg FS. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:922–5.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D. Induction of apoptosis as a proposed pathophysiological link between glaucoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Hypoth. 2004;62:378–81.CrossRef Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D. Induction of apoptosis as a proposed pathophysiological link between glaucoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. Med Hypoth. 2004;62:378–81.CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Kim JM, Kim SH, Park KH, Han SY, Shim HS. Investigation of the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and normal tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:665–8.CrossRefPubMed Kim JM, Kim SH, Park KH, Han SY, Shim HS. Investigation of the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and normal tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:665–8.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Shokoohi KK, Shin DH, Elliott D, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(Suppl):342. Shokoohi KK, Shin DH, Elliott D, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(Suppl):342.
72.
go back to reference Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Klein R, Bontke N, Henneberg-Quester KB, Steuhl KP, Grosse-Wilde H. Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies are elevated in normal tension glaucoma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125:211–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Klein R, Bontke N, Henneberg-Quester KB, Steuhl KP, Grosse-Wilde H. Antiphosphatidylserine antibodies are elevated in normal tension glaucoma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;125:211–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
go back to reference Bachor E, Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Jahnke K, Seidahmadi S. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;262:622–6.CrossRefPubMed Bachor E, Kremmer S, Kreuzfelder E, Jahnke K, Seidahmadi S. Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;262:622–6.CrossRefPubMed
74.
75.
go back to reference Gloor BP, Sarra GM. Visusverlust und Sehstörung (2. Teil). Schweiz Med Forum. 2004;4:308–12. Gloor BP, Sarra GM. Visusverlust und Sehstörung (2. Teil). Schweiz Med Forum. 2004;4:308–12.
76.
go back to reference Medeiros FA, Vizzeri G, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc imaging for diagnosing glaucoma in patients suspected of having the disease. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1340–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Medeiros FA, Vizzeri G, Zangwill LM, Alencar LM, Sample PA, Weinreb RN. Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc imaging for diagnosing glaucoma in patients suspected of having the disease. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1340–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
77.
go back to reference Chauhan BC, O’Leary N, Almobarak FA, et al. Enhanced detection of open-angle glaucoma with an anatomically accurate optical coherence tomography-derived neuroretinal rim parameter. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:535–43.CrossRefPubMed Chauhan BC, O’Leary N, Almobarak FA, et al. Enhanced detection of open-angle glaucoma with an anatomically accurate optical coherence tomography-derived neuroretinal rim parameter. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:535–43.CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR, Maumenee AE. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:635–49.CrossRefPubMed Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR, Maumenee AE. Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. II. The site of injury and susceptibility to damage. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:635–49.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference O’Neill EC, Danesh-Meyer HV, Kong GX, et al. Optic disc evaluation in optic neuropathies: the optic disc assessment project. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:964–70.CrossRefPubMed O’Neill EC, Danesh-Meyer HV, Kong GX, et al. Optic disc evaluation in optic neuropathies: the optic disc assessment project. Ophthalmology. 2011;118:964–70.CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Hutchinson JK, et al. Optic neuropathies: glaucomatous vs. non-glaucomatous. 18th annual glaucoma report. Rev Optom. 2012;149:58. Hutchinson JK, et al. Optic neuropathies: glaucomatous vs. non-glaucomatous. 18th annual glaucoma report. Rev Optom. 2012;149:58.
83.
go back to reference Moster ML, Kay MD. Glaucoma: the neuro-ophthalmologic differential diagnosis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2008;2:33–8.CrossRef Moster ML, Kay MD. Glaucoma: the neuro-ophthalmologic differential diagnosis. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2008;2:33–8.CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Trobe JD, Glaser JS, Cassady JC. Optic atrophy. Differential diagnosis by fundus observation alone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1040–5.CrossRefPubMed Trobe JD, Glaser JS, Cassady JC. Optic atrophy. Differential diagnosis by fundus observation alone. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1040–5.CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference CNTGSG. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:487–97.CrossRef CNTGSG. Comparison of glaucomatous progression between untreated patients with normal-tension glaucoma and patients with therapeutically reduced intraocular pressures. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:487–97.CrossRef
86.
go back to reference CNTGSG. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:498–505.CrossRef CNTGSG. The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:498–505.CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. Is there more to glaucoma treatment than lowering IOP? Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:S174–9.CrossRefPubMed Mozaffarieh M, Flammer J. Is there more to glaucoma treatment than lowering IOP? Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52:S174–9.CrossRefPubMed
90.
go back to reference Mackenzie P, Cioffi G. How does lowering of intraocular pressure protect the optic nerve? Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:S39–43.CrossRefPubMed Mackenzie P, Cioffi G. How does lowering of intraocular pressure protect the optic nerve? Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53:S39–43.CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Enyedi LB, Freedman SF. Safety and efficacy of brimonidine in children with glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;5:281–4.CrossRef Enyedi LB, Freedman SF. Safety and efficacy of brimonidine in children with glaucoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;5:281–4.CrossRef
92.
go back to reference Schuettauf F, Quinto K, Naskar R, Zurakowski D. Effects of anti-glaucoma medications on ganglion cell survival: the DBA/2J mouse model. Vis Res. 2002;42:2333–7.CrossRefPubMed Schuettauf F, Quinto K, Naskar R, Zurakowski D. Effects of anti-glaucoma medications on ganglion cell survival: the DBA/2J mouse model. Vis Res. 2002;42:2333–7.CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Pfeiffer N, Grierson I, Goldsmith H, Hochgesand D, Winkgen-Bohres A, Appleton P. Histological effects in the iris after 3 months of latanoprost therapy: the Mainz 1 Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:191–6.PubMed Pfeiffer N, Grierson I, Goldsmith H, Hochgesand D, Winkgen-Bohres A, Appleton P. Histological effects in the iris after 3 months of latanoprost therapy: the Mainz 1 Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:191–6.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Nucci C, Bari M, Spano A, Corasaniti M, Bagetta G, Maccarrone M, Morrone LA. Potential roles of (endo)cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma: from intraocular pressure control to neuroprotection. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:451–64.CrossRefPubMed Nucci C, Bari M, Spano A, Corasaniti M, Bagetta G, Maccarrone M, Morrone LA. Potential roles of (endo)cannabinoids in the treatment of glaucoma: from intraocular pressure control to neuroprotection. Prog Brain Res. 2008;173:451–64.CrossRefPubMed
96.
go back to reference Hare W, WoldeMussie E, Lai R, Ton H, Ruiz G, Feldmann B, Wijono M, Chun T, Wheeler L. Efficacy and safety of memantine, an NMDA-type open-channel blocker, for reduction of retinal injury associated with experimental glaucoma in rat and monkey. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45:S284–9 (discussion S295–6).CrossRefPubMed Hare W, WoldeMussie E, Lai R, Ton H, Ruiz G, Feldmann B, Wijono M, Chun T, Wheeler L. Efficacy and safety of memantine, an NMDA-type open-channel blocker, for reduction of retinal injury associated with experimental glaucoma in rat and monkey. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;45:S284–9 (discussion S295–6).CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Pang IH, Johnson EC, Jia L, Cepurna WO, Shepard AR, Hellberg MR, Clark AF, Morrison JC. Evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1313–21.CrossRefPubMed Pang IH, Johnson EC, Jia L, Cepurna WO, Shepard AR, Hellberg MR, Clark AF, Morrison JC. Evaluation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and pressure-induced optic nerve damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:1313–21.CrossRefPubMed
98.
go back to reference Foxton RH, Finkelstein A, Vijay S, Dahlmann-Noor A, Khaw PT, Morgan JE, Shima DT, Ng YS. VEGF-A is necessary and sufficient for retinal neuroprotection in models of experimental glaucoma. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:1379–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Foxton RH, Finkelstein A, Vijay S, Dahlmann-Noor A, Khaw PT, Morgan JE, Shima DT, Ng YS. VEGF-A is necessary and sufficient for retinal neuroprotection in models of experimental glaucoma. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:1379–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
100.
go back to reference Bell K, Gramlich OW, Von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul N, Beck S, Funke S, Wilding C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Does autoimmunity play a part in the pathogenesis of glaucoma? Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;36:199–216.CrossRefPubMed Bell K, Gramlich OW, Von Thun Und Hohenstein-Blaul N, Beck S, Funke S, Wilding C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Does autoimmunity play a part in the pathogenesis of glaucoma? Prog Retin Eye Res. 2013;36:199–216.CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Read RW, et al. Nongranulomatous inflammation: uveitis, endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, and sequelae. In: Tasman W, et al., editors. Duane’s clinical ophthalmology. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. Read RW, et al. Nongranulomatous inflammation: uveitis, endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, and sequelae. In: Tasman W, et al., editors. Duane’s clinical ophthalmology. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
Metadata
Title
Glaucoma: recent advances in the involvement of autoimmunity
Authors
Maria Ida Rizzo
Antonio Greco
Armando De Virgilio
Andrea Gallo
Luciano Taverniti
Massimo Fusconi
Michela Conte
Giulio Pagliuca
Rosaria Turchetta
Marco de Vincentiis
Publication date
01-02-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Immunologic Research / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0257-277X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0755
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-016-8837-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Immunologic Research 1/2017 Go to the issue