Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 2/2015

01-02-2015 | Anxiety Disorders (A Pelissolo, Section Editor)

Predictors of the Course of Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults

Authors: Eva Asselmann, Katja Beesdo-Baum

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 2/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Anxiety disorders belong to the most frequent mental disorders and are often characterized by an early onset and a progressive, persistent/chronic, or recurrent course. Several individual, familial, and environmental risk factors for adverse course characteristics of anxiety disorders (including higher persistence, lower probability of remission, and increased risk of recurrence) have been identified, and previous research suggests that clinical features of anxiety (e.g., higher severity, duration, and avoidance) as well as comorbid other mental disorders are particularly useful for predicting an unfavorable course of anxiety disorders. However, additional studies are needed to identify risk factors for individual course trajectories of anxiety disorders in general as well as specific diagnoses. Doing so is essential in order to more precisely identify individuals with anxiety disorders who are at increased risk for adverse long-term outcomes and might thus particularly profit from targeted early interventions.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593–602.PubMedCrossRef Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593–602.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:47–57.PubMedCrossRef Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:47–57.PubMedCrossRef
3.•
go back to reference Copeland WE, Angold A, Shanahan L, Costello EJ. Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2014;53:21–33. Prospective-longitudinal study based on data of the Great Smoky Mountains Study; examined (overall and specific) anxiety disorder prevalence curves from childhood to adulthood. Copeland WE, Angold A, Shanahan L, Costello EJ. Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2014;53:21–33. Prospective-longitudinal study based on data of the Great Smoky Mountains Study; examined (overall and specific) anxiety disorder prevalence curves from childhood to adulthood.
4.
go back to reference Merikangas KR, He J, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2010;49:980–9.CrossRef Merikangas KR, He J, Burstein M, Swanson SA, Avenevoli S, Cui L, et al. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2010;49:980–9.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Knappe S, Andersson G, Araya R, Banos Rivera RM, Barkham M, et al. The need for a behavioural science focus in research on mental health and mental disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23:28–40.PubMedCrossRef Wittchen HU, Knappe S, Andersson G, Araya R, Banos Rivera RM, Barkham M, et al. The need for a behavioural science focus in research on mental health and mental disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23:28–40.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Muris P, Merckelbach H, Mayer B, Prins E. How serious are common childhood fears? Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:217–28.PubMedCrossRef Muris P, Merckelbach H, Mayer B, Prins E. How serious are common childhood fears? Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:217–28.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Weems CF, Costa NM. Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2005;44:656–63.CrossRef Weems CF, Costa NM. Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2005;44:656–63.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Gullone E. The development of normal fear: a century of research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20:429–51.PubMedCrossRef Gullone E. The development of normal fear: a century of research. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20:429–51.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association. 2013. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistic manual of mental disorders. Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
11.
go back to reference Craske MG, Rauch SL, Ursano R, Prenoveau J, Pine DS, Zinbarg RE. What is an anxiety disorder? FOCUS J Lifelong Learn Psychiatr. 2011;9:369–88.CrossRef Craske MG, Rauch SL, Ursano R, Prenoveau J, Pine DS, Zinbarg RE. What is an anxiety disorder? FOCUS J Lifelong Learn Psychiatr. 2011;9:369–88.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Stein DJ, Craske MG, Friedman MJ, Phillips KA. Meta-structure issues for the DSM-5: how do anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, post-traumatic disorders, and dissociative disorders fit together? Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2011;13:248–50.CrossRef Stein DJ, Craske MG, Friedman MJ, Phillips KA. Meta-structure issues for the DSM-5: how do anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, post-traumatic disorders, and dissociative disorders fit together? Curr Psychiatr Rep. 2011;13:248–50.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Shear MK, Bjelland I, Beesdo K, Gloster AT, Wittchen HU. Supplementary dimensional assessment in anxiety disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16:S52–64.PubMedCrossRef Shear MK, Bjelland I, Beesdo K, Gloster AT, Wittchen HU. Supplementary dimensional assessment in anxiety disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2007;16:S52–64.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S. Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;21:457–78.PubMedCrossRef Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S. Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;21:457–78.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 1998;28:109–26.PubMedCrossRef Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G. Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med. 1998;28:109–26.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14:263–79.PubMedCrossRef Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2000;14:263–79.PubMedCrossRef
17.••
go back to reference Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Olaya B, Seeley JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord. 2014;163:125–32. Prospectively investigated associations of anxiety disorders in adolescence with mental disorders in adulthood and psychosocial functioning at age 30. Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Olaya B, Seeley JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord. 2014;163:125–32. Prospectively investigated associations of anxiety disorders in adolescence with mental disorders in adulthood and psychosocial functioning at age 30.
18.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21:169–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Twelve‐month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21:169–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha T, Bryson H, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109:21–7.CrossRef Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha T, Bryson H, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109:21–7.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:357–76.PubMedCrossRef Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe—a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15:357–76.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatr. 2007;6:168–76. Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization’s World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatr. 2007;6:168–76.
22.
go back to reference Becker ES, Rinck M, Türke V, Kause P, Goodwin R, Neumer S, et al. Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study. Eur Psychiatr. 2007;22:69–74.CrossRef Becker ES, Rinck M, Türke V, Kause P, Goodwin R, Neumer S, et al. Epidemiology of specific phobia subtypes: findings from the Dresden Mental Health Study. Eur Psychiatr. 2007;22:69–74.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Small JW, Seeley JR, Altman SE. Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15‐year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1485–94.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Shankman SA, Lewinsohn PM, Klein DN, Small JW, Seeley JR, Altman SE. Subthreshold conditions as precursors for full syndrome disorders: a 15‐year longitudinal study of multiple diagnostic classes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1485–94.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC. The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1017–24.PubMedCrossRef Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC. The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1017–24.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Asselmann E, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Hoefler M, Beesdo-Baum K. Associations of fearful spells and panic attacks with incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;55:8–14.PubMedCrossRef Asselmann E, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Hoefler M, Beesdo-Baum K. Associations of fearful spells and panic attacks with incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a 10-year prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;55:8–14.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM. Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2001;40:1086–93.CrossRef Woodward LJ, Fergusson DM. Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2001;40:1086–93.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviours in adolescence and young adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2007;37:431–40.PubMedCrossRef Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviours in adolescence and young adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study. Psychol Med. 2007;37:431–40.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Bittner A, Goodwin RD, Wittchen HU, Beesdo K, Hofler M, Lieb R. What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:618–26.PubMedCrossRef Bittner A, Goodwin RD, Wittchen HU, Beesdo K, Hofler M, Lieb R. What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:618–26.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Pfister H, Lieb M. Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective-longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102:14–23.CrossRef Wittchen HU, Kessler RC, Pfister H, Lieb M. Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective-longitudinal community study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;102:14–23.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Hoefler M, Lieb R, et al. Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:903–12.PubMedCrossRef Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, Stein MB, Hoefler M, Lieb R, et al. Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:903–12.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M, et al. Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1179–87.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M, et al. Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1179–87.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Yonkers KA, Bruce SE, Dyck IR, Keller MB. Chronicity, relapse, and illness—course of panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: findings in men and women from 8 years of follow‐up. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:173–9.PubMedCrossRef Yonkers KA, Bruce SE, Dyck IR, Keller MB. Chronicity, relapse, and illness—course of panic disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder: findings in men and women from 8 years of follow‐up. Depress Anxiety. 2003;17:173–9.PubMedCrossRef
33.••
go back to reference Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Costello EJ, Georgiades K, Green JG, Gruber MJ, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:372–80. Cross-sectional study based on data of the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement; assessed the persistence of anxiety and other mental disorders using prevalence ratios. Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Costello EJ, Georgiades K, Green JG, Gruber MJ, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and sociodemographic correlates of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:372–80. Cross-sectional study based on data of the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement; assessed the persistence of anxiety and other mental disorders using prevalence ratios.
35.
go back to reference Shepherd M. The contribution of epidemiology to clinical psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:1574–6.PubMedCrossRef Shepherd M. The contribution of epidemiology to clinical psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:1574–6.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kessler RC. Psychiatric epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2007;19:509–21.CrossRef Kessler RC. Psychiatric epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2007;19:509–21.CrossRef
37.••
go back to reference Copeland WE, Adair CE, Smetanin P, Stiff D, Briante C, Colman I, et al. Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:791–9. Examined diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood based on data of three large-scaled prospective-longitudinal studies. Copeland WE, Adair CE, Smetanin P, Stiff D, Briante C, Colman I, et al. Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:791–9. Examined diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence and from adolescence to adulthood based on data of three large-scaled prospective-longitudinal studies.
38.
go back to reference Copeland WE, Shanahan L, Costello EJ, Angold A. Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:764–72.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Copeland WE, Shanahan L, Costello EJ, Angold A. Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:764–72.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Ferdinand RF, Dieleman G, Ormel J, Verhulst FC. Homotypic versus heterotypic continuity of anxiety symptoms in young adolescents: evidence for distinctions between DSM-IV subtypes. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007;35:325–33.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ferdinand RF, Dieleman G, Ormel J, Verhulst FC. Homotypic versus heterotypic continuity of anxiety symptoms in young adolescents: evidence for distinctions between DSM-IV subtypes. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2007;35:325–33.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60. Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60.
41.
go back to reference Bittner A, Egger HL, Erkanli A, Jane Costello E, Foley DL, Angold A. What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:1174–83.PubMedCrossRef Bittner A, Egger HL, Erkanli A, Jane Costello E, Foley DL, Angold A. What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:1174–83.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Swendsen J, Conway KP, Degenhardt L, Glantz M, Jin R, Merikangas KR, et al. Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence: results from the 10‐year follow‐up of the National Comorbidity Survey. Addiction. 2010;105:1117–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Swendsen J, Conway KP, Degenhardt L, Glantz M, Jin R, Merikangas KR, et al. Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence: results from the 10‐year follow‐up of the National Comorbidity Survey. Addiction. 2010;105:1117–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Last CG, Hansen C, Franco N. Anxious children in adulthood: a prospective study of adjustment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 1997;36:645–52.CrossRef Last CG, Hansen C, Franco N. Anxious children in adulthood: a prospective study of adjustment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 1997;36:645–52.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Last CG, Perrin S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 1996;35:1502–10.CrossRef Last CG, Perrin S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 1996;35:1502–10.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Angst J, Vollrath M. The natural history of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84:446–52.PubMedCrossRef Angst J, Vollrath M. The natural history of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84:446–52.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Pfister H, Schuster P. The waxing and waning of mental disorders: evaluating the stability of syndromes of mental disorders in the population. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:122–32.PubMedCrossRef Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Pfister H, Schuster P. The waxing and waning of mental disorders: evaluating the stability of syndromes of mental disorders in the population. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:122–32.PubMedCrossRef
47.•
go back to reference Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S, Fehm L, Hoefler M, Lieb R, Hofmann SG, et al. The natural course of social anxiety disorder among adolescents and young adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126:411–25. Based on data of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study; examined the role of clinical features and individual risk factors for higher persistence of social anxiety disorder. Beesdo-Baum K, Knappe S, Fehm L, Hoefler M, Lieb R, Hofmann SG, et al. The natural course of social anxiety disorder among adolescents and young adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126:411–25. Based on data of the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study; examined the role of clinical features and individual risk factors for higher persistence of social anxiety disorder.
48.
go back to reference Emmelkamp PMG, Wittchen HU. Specific phobias. In: Andrews G, Charney DS, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, editors. Stress-induced and fear circuitry disorders. Arlington: Refining the research Agenda for DSM-V, APA; 2009. Emmelkamp PMG, Wittchen HU. Specific phobias. In: Andrews G, Charney DS, Sirovatka PJ, Regier DA, editors. Stress-induced and fear circuitry disorders. Arlington: Refining the research Agenda for DSM-V, APA; 2009.
49.
go back to reference Baillie AJ, Rapee RM. Panic attacks as risk markers for mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:240–4.PubMedCrossRef Baillie AJ, Rapee RM. Panic attacks as risk markers for mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005;40:240–4.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Reed V, Wittchen HU. DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: how specific are panic attacks? J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32:335–45.PubMedCrossRef Reed V, Wittchen HU. DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: how specific are panic attacks? J Psychiatr Res. 1998;32:335–45.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Batelaan NM, Rhebergen D, de Graaf R, Spijker J, Beekman A, Penninx B. Panic attacks as a dimension of psychopathology: evidence for associations with onset and course of mental disorders and level of functioning. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1195–202.PubMedCrossRef Batelaan NM, Rhebergen D, de Graaf R, Spijker J, Beekman A, Penninx B. Panic attacks as a dimension of psychopathology: evidence for associations with onset and course of mental disorders and level of functioning. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:1195–202.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Goodwin RD, Gotlib IH. Panic attacks and psychopathology among youth. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109:216–21.PubMedCrossRef Goodwin RD, Gotlib IH. Panic attacks and psychopathology among youth. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109:216–21.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kinley DJ, Walker JR, Enns MW, Sareen J. Panic attacks as a risk for later psychopathology: results from a nationally representative survey. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:412–9.PubMedCrossRef Kinley DJ, Walker JR, Enns MW, Sareen J. Panic attacks as a risk for later psychopathology: results from a nationally representative survey. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:412–9.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Goodwin RD, Lieb R, Hoefler M, Pfister H, Bittner A, Beesdo K, et al. Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2207–14.PubMedCrossRef Goodwin RD, Lieb R, Hoefler M, Pfister H, Bittner A, Beesdo K, et al. Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:2207–14.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:56–64.PubMedCrossRef Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:56–64.PubMedCrossRef
56.••
go back to reference Olino TM, Klein DN, Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Latent trajectory classes of depressive and anxiety disorders from adolescence to adulthood: descriptions of classes and associations with risk factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51:224–35. Prospectively identified trajectory classes of anxiety and depressive disorders throughout adolescence and assessed associations with sex, parental psychopathology, and childhood abuse. Olino TM, Klein DN, Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Latent trajectory classes of depressive and anxiety disorders from adolescence to adulthood: descriptions of classes and associations with risk factors. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51:224–35. Prospectively identified trajectory classes of anxiety and depressive disorders throughout adolescence and assessed associations with sex, parental psychopathology, and childhood abuse.
57.
go back to reference Colman I, Ploubidis GB, Wadsworth ME, Jones PB, Croudace TJ. A longitudinal typology of symptoms of depression and anxiety over the life course. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1265–71.PubMedCrossRef Colman I, Ploubidis GB, Wadsworth ME, Jones PB, Croudace TJ. A longitudinal typology of symptoms of depression and anxiety over the life course. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1265–71.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Van Oort FVA, Greaves-Lord K, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, Huizink AC. The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: the TRAILS study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1209–17.PubMedCrossRef Van Oort FVA, Greaves-Lord K, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, Huizink AC. The developmental course of anxiety symptoms during adolescence: the TRAILS study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50:1209–17.PubMedCrossRef
59.••
go back to reference van Oort FVA, Greaves‐Lord K, Ormel J, Verhulst F, Huizink A. Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: the TRAILS study. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:485–94. Prospective-longitudinal study based on data of the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS); investigated associations of multiple risk factors in pre-adolescence with anxiety symptom development throughout adolescence. van Oort FVA, Greaves‐Lord K, Ormel J, Verhulst F, Huizink A. Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: the TRAILS study. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28:485–94. Prospective-longitudinal study based on data of the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS); investigated associations of multiple risk factors in pre-adolescence with anxiety symptom development throughout adolescence.
60.
go back to reference Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;32:483.CrossRef Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;32:483.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1027–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1027–35.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Grills-Taquechel AE, Norton P, Ollendick TH. A longitudinal examination of factors predicting anxiety during the transition to middle school. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2010;23:493–513.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Grills-Taquechel AE, Norton P, Ollendick TH. A longitudinal examination of factors predicting anxiety during the transition to middle school. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2010;23:493–513.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Batelaan NM, de Graaf R, Spijker J, Smit JH, van Balkom AJ, Vollebergh WA, et al. The course of panic attacks in individuals with panic disorder and subthreshold panic disorder: a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121:30–8.PubMedCrossRef Batelaan NM, de Graaf R, Spijker J, Smit JH, van Balkom AJ, Vollebergh WA, et al. The course of panic attacks in individuals with panic disorder and subthreshold panic disorder: a population-based study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121:30–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Batelaan NM, De Graaf R, Penninx B, van Balkom A, Vollebergh W, Beekman A. The 2-year prognosis of panic episodes in the general population. Psychol Med. 2010;40:147–57.PubMedCrossRef Batelaan NM, De Graaf R, Penninx B, van Balkom A, Vollebergh W, Beekman A. The 2-year prognosis of panic episodes in the general population. Psychol Med. 2010;40:147–57.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Nay W, Brown R, Roberson-Nay R. Longitudinal course of panic disorder with and without agoraphobia using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Psychiatry Res. 2013;208:54–61.PubMedCrossRef Nay W, Brown R, Roberson-Nay R. Longitudinal course of panic disorder with and without agoraphobia using the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Psychiatry Res. 2013;208:54–61.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Ramsawh HJ, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Stout R, Keller MB. Age of onset, clinical characteristics, and 15-year course of anxiety disorders in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:260–4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ramsawh HJ, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Stout R, Keller MB. Age of onset, clinical characteristics, and 15-year course of anxiety disorders in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study. J Affect Disord. 2011;132:260–4.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2002;16:67–81.PubMedCrossRef Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2002;16:67–81.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Austin N, Devine A, Dick I, Prince R, Bruce D. Fear of falling in older women: a longitudinal study of incidence, persistence, and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1598–603.PubMedCrossRef Austin N, Devine A, Dick I, Prince R, Bruce D. Fear of falling in older women: a longitudinal study of incidence, persistence, and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:1598–603.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference van Beljouw IM, Verhaak PF, Cuijpers P, van Marwijk HW, Penninx BW. The course of untreated anxiety and depression, and determinants of poor one-year outcome: a one-year cohort study. BMC Psychiatr. 2010;10:86.CrossRef van Beljouw IM, Verhaak PF, Cuijpers P, van Marwijk HW, Penninx BW. The course of untreated anxiety and depression, and determinants of poor one-year outcome: a one-year cohort study. BMC Psychiatr. 2010;10:86.CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Vriends N, Becker ES, Meyer A, Williams SL, Lutz R, Margraf J. Recovery from social phobia in the community and its predictors: data from a longitudinal epidemiological study. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21:320–37.PubMedCrossRef Vriends N, Becker ES, Meyer A, Williams SL, Lutz R, Margraf J. Recovery from social phobia in the community and its predictors: data from a longitudinal epidemiological study. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21:320–37.PubMedCrossRef
71.•
go back to reference Scholten WD, Batelaan NM, van Balkom AJ, WJH Penninx B, Smit JH, van Oppen P. Recurrence of anxiety disorders and its predictors. J Affect Disord. 2013;147:180–5. Based on data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA); prospectively investigated associations of multiple variables at baseline with recurrence of anxiety disorders at follow-up. Scholten WD, Batelaan NM, van Balkom AJ, WJH Penninx B, Smit JH, van Oppen P. Recurrence of anxiety disorders and its predictors. J Affect Disord. 2013;147:180–5. Based on data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA); prospectively investigated associations of multiple variables at baseline with recurrence of anxiety disorders at follow-up.
72.
go back to reference Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. Two‐year course of anxiety disorders: different across disorders or dimensions? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128:212–21.PubMedCrossRef Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Penninx BW. Two‐year course of anxiety disorders: different across disorders or dimensions? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128:212–21.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Wardenaar KJ, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BW. Dimensions of the inventory of depressive symptomatology as predictors of the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:1655–61.PubMedCrossRef Wardenaar KJ, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BW. Dimensions of the inventory of depressive symptomatology as predictors of the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:1655–61.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Asselmann E, Pané-Farré C, Isensee B, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Höfler M, et al. Characteristics of initial fearful spells and their associations with DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents and young adults from the community. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:95–102.PubMedCrossRef Asselmann E, Pané-Farré C, Isensee B, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Höfler M, et al. Characteristics of initial fearful spells and their associations with DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents and young adults from the community. J Affect Disord. 2014;165:95–102.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Glashouwer KA, de Jong PJ, Penninx BW. Prognostic value of implicit and explicit self-associations for the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:479–86.PubMedCrossRef Glashouwer KA, de Jong PJ, Penninx BW. Prognostic value of implicit and explicit self-associations for the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50:479–86.PubMedCrossRef
76.•
go back to reference Blanco C, Xu Y, Schneier FR, Okuda M, Liu S, Heimberg RG. Predictors of persistence of social anxiety disorder: a national study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1557–63. Based on data of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; studied the role of clinical and related features of social anxiety disorder for disorder persistence. Blanco C, Xu Y, Schneier FR, Okuda M, Liu S, Heimberg RG. Predictors of persistence of social anxiety disorder: a national study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45:1557–63. Based on data of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions; studied the role of clinical and related features of social anxiety disorder for disorder persistence.
77.
go back to reference Beard C, Moitra E, Weisberg RB, Keller MB. Characteristics and predictors of social phobia course in a longitudinal study of primary‐care patients. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:839–45.PubMedCrossRef Beard C, Moitra E, Weisberg RB, Keller MB. Characteristics and predictors of social phobia course in a longitudinal study of primary‐care patients. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:839–45.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Trumpf J, Becker ES, Vriends N, Meyer AH, Margraf J. Rates and predictors of remission in young women with specific phobia: a prospective community study. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:958–64.PubMedCrossRef Trumpf J, Becker ES, Vriends N, Meyer AH, Margraf J. Rates and predictors of remission in young women with specific phobia: a prospective community study. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:958–64.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Ansell EB, Pinto A, Edelen MO, Markowitz JC, Sanislow CA, Yen S, et al. The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1019–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ansell EB, Pinto A, Edelen MO, Markowitz JC, Sanislow CA, Yen S, et al. The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1019–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Massion AO, Dyck IR, Shea MT, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:434–40.PubMedCrossRef Massion AO, Dyck IR, Shea MT, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:434–40.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, van den Brink W, Smit JH, Veltman DJ, Beekman AT, et al. Alcohol use disorders and the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:476–84.PubMedCrossRef Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, van den Brink W, Smit JH, Veltman DJ, Beekman AT, et al. Alcohol use disorders and the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200:476–84.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Alnæs R, Torgersen S. A 6-year follow-up study of anxiety disorders in psychiatric outpatients: development and continuity with personality disorders and personality traits as predictors. Nord J Psychiatr. 1999;53:409–16.CrossRef Alnæs R, Torgersen S. A 6-year follow-up study of anxiety disorders in psychiatric outpatients: development and continuity with personality disorders and personality traits as predictors. Nord J Psychiatr. 1999;53:409–16.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Naragon-Gainey K, Gallagher MW, Brown TA. Stable “trait” variance of temperament as a predictor of the temporal course of depression and social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:611–23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Naragon-Gainey K, Gallagher MW, Brown TA. Stable “trait” variance of temperament as a predictor of the temporal course of depression and social phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:611–23.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
84.•
go back to reference Hovens J, Giltay E, Wiersma J, Spinhoven P, Penninx B, Zitman F. Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126:198–207. Used data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA); examined the role of childhood trauma and childhood life events for persistence of anxiety and depressive disorders. Hovens J, Giltay E, Wiersma J, Spinhoven P, Penninx B, Zitman F. Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126:198–207. Used data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA); examined the role of childhood trauma and childhood life events for persistence of anxiety and depressive disorders.
85.
go back to reference Knappe S, Beesdo K, Fehm L, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Do parental psychopathology and unfavorable family environment predict the persistence of social phobia? J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:986–94.PubMedCrossRef Knappe S, Beesdo K, Fehm L, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Do parental psychopathology and unfavorable family environment predict the persistence of social phobia? J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:986–94.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:124–32.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:124–32.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Predictors of the Course of Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors
Eva Asselmann
Katja Beesdo-Baum
Publication date
01-02-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0543-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2015

Current Psychiatry Reports 2/2015 Go to the issue

Anxiety Disorders (A Pelissolo, Section Editor)

Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: Co-occurrence and Clinical Issues

Military Mental Health (CH Warner, Section Editor)

Current Directions in Military Health-care Provider Resilience

Geriatric Disorders (W McDonald, Section Editor)

Late-Life Psychosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Personality Disorders (C Schmahl, Section Editor)

Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder: a Current Review