Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1/2012

01-02-2012 | Stroke (HP Adams Jr, Section Editor)

External Ventricular Drainage for Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Authors: Mahua Dey, Jennifer Jaffe, Agnieszka Stadnik, Issam A. Awad

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for only 10% to 15% of all strokes; however, it is associated with devastating outcomes. Extension of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) into the ventricles or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has been consistently demonstrated as an independent predictor of poor outcome. In most circumstances the increased intracranial pressure and acute hydrocephalus caused by ICH is managed by placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD). We present a systematic review of the literature on the topic of EVD in the setting of IVH hemorrhage, articulating the scope of the problem and prognostic factors, clinical indications, surgical adjuncts, and other management issues.
Literature
1.
Graeb DA, Robertson WD, Lapointe JS, et al. Computed tomographic diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage. Etiology and prognosis. Radiology. 1982;143(1):91–6.PubMed
2.
Little JR, Blomquist Jr GA, Ethier R. Intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. Surg Neurol. 1977;8(3):143–9.PubMed
3.
Pasqualin A, Bazzan A, Cavazzani P, et al. Intracranial hematomas following aneurysmal rupture: experience with 309 cases. Surg Neurol. 1986;25(1):6–17.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Ruscalleda J, Peiro A. Prognostic factors in intraparenchymatous hematoma with ventricular hemorrhage. Neuroradiology. 1986;28(1):34–7.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Todo T, Usui M, Takakura K. Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by intraventricular infusion of urokinase. J Neurosurg. 1991;74(1):81–6.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Mayfrank L, Hutter BO, Kohorst Y, et al. Influence of intraventricular hemorrhage on outcome after rupture of intracranial aneurysm. Neurosurg Rev. 2001;24(4):185–91.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Chiewvit P, Danchaivijitr N, Nilanont Y, Poungvarin N. Computed tomographic findings in non-traumatic hemorrhagic stroke. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92(1):73–86.PubMed
8.
9.
• Binz DD, Toussaint LG 3rd, Friedman JA. Hemorrhagic complications of ventriculostomy placement: a meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(2):253–6. This is a meta-analysis of studies looking at the hemorrhagic risk of EVD placement.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Ehtisham A, Taylor S, Bayless L, et al. Placement of external ventricular drains and intracranial pressure monitors by neurointensivists. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(2):241–7.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Murry KR, Rhoney DH, Coplin WM. Urokinase in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(2):256–8.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International stroke incidence collaboration. Stroke. 1997;28(3):491–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Jakovljevic D, Sarti C, Sivenius J, et al. Socioeconomic differences in the incidence, mortality and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage in Finnish Adult Population. The FINMONICA Stroke Register. Neuroepidemiology. 2001;20(2):85–90.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M, Godbold JH. Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):617–21.PubMedCrossRef
15.
St Louis EK, Wijdicks EF, Li H, Atkinson JD. Predictors of poor outcome in patients with a spontaneous cerebellar hematoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2000;27(1):32–6.PubMed
16.
Holloway RG, Benesch CG, Burgin WS, Zentner JB. Prognosis and decision making in severe stroke. JAMA. 2005;294(6):725–33.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Bhattathiri PS, Gregson B, Prasad KS, Mendelow AD. Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: results from the STICH trial. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2006;96:65–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Ozdemir O, Calisaneller T, Hasturk A, et al. Prognostic significance of third ventricle dilation in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a preliminary clinical study. Neurol Res. 2008;30(4):406–10.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Hanley DF. Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1533–8.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Goh KY, Poon WS. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for the treatment of spontaneous adult intraventricular hemorrhage. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(6):526–31. discussion 31–2.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nagashima H, et al. Blood pressure management in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship between elevated blood pressure and hematoma enlargement. Stroke. 2004;35(6):1364–7.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 2. In vivo safety study of intraventricular urokinase. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(4):547–52.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Passero S, Ciacci G, Reale F. Potential triggering factors of intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):220–7.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Young WB, Lee KP, Pessin MS, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular blood in supratentorial hemorrhage: a volumetric study. Neurology. 1990;40(4):616–9.PubMed
25.
Roos YB, Hasan D, Vermeulen M. Outcome in patients with large intraventricular haemorrhages: a volumetric study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):622–4.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1994;25(7):1342–7.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Rosen DS, Macdonald RL, Huo D, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm: clinical characteristics, complications, and outcomes in a large, prospective, multicenter study population. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(2):261–5.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Mohr G, Ferguson G, Khan M, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage from ruptured aneurysm. Retrospective analysis of 91 cases. J Neurosurg. 1983;58(4):482–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Hallevi H, Dar NS, Barreto AD, et al. The IVH score: a novel tool for estimating intraventricular hemorrhage volume: clinical and research implications. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):969–74. e1.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Ronning P, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P, et al. Aspects of intracerebral hematomas–an update. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;118(6):347–61.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Ziai WC, Torbey MT, Naff NJ, et al. Frequency of sustained intracranial pressure elevation during treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(4):403–10.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Carhuapoma JR. Thrombolytic therapy after intraventricular hemorrhage: do we know enough? J Neurol Sci. 2002;202(1–2):1–3.PubMedCrossRef
33.
34.
Naff NJ, Hanley DF, Keyl PM, et al. Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution: results of a pilot, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(3):577–83. discussion 83–4.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 3. Effects of intraventricular urokinase on clot lysis and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(4):553–72.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Pang D, Sclabassi RJ, Horton JA. Lysis of intraventricular blood clot with urokinase in a canine model: Part 1. Canine intraventricular blood cast model. Neurosurgery. 1986;19(4):540–6.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Shen PH, Matsuoka Y, Kawajiri K, et al. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage using urokinase. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1990;30(5):329–33.CrossRef
38.
Huttner HB, Tognoni E, Bardutzky J, et al. Influence of intraventricular fibrinolytic therapy with rt-PA on the long-term outcome of treated patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage: a case-control study. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(4):342–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Vereecken KK, Van Havenbergh T, De Beuckelaar W, et al. Treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage with intraventricular administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator A clinical study of 18 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(5):451–5.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Kumar K, Demeria DD, Verma A. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to periventricular arteriovenous malformation before surgery: case report. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(4):964–8. discussion 8–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Findlay JM, Weir BK, Stollery DE. Lysis of intraventricular hematoma with tissue plasminogen activator. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1991;74(5):803–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Nieuwkamp DJ, de Gans K, Rinkel GJ, Algra A. Treatment and outcome of severe intraventricular extension in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol. 2000;247(2):117–21.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Nieuwkamp DJ, Verweij BH, Rinkel GJ. Massive intraventricular haemorrhage from aneurysmal rupture: patient proportions and eligibility for intraventricular fibrinolysis. J Neurol. Mar;257(3):354–8.
44.
• Hinson HE, Melnychuk E, Muschelli J, et al. Drainage efficiency with dual versus single catheters in severe intraventricular hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011 Jun 17 (epub ahead of print). This is a large study looking at the efficacy of dual versus single catheter in the setting of IVH, with and without thrombolytic therapy.
45.
Staykov D, Huttner HB, Lunkenheimer J, et al. Single versus bilateral external ventricular drainage for intraventricular fibrinolysis in severe ventricular haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Jan;81(1):105–8.
46.
Keen W. Surgery of the lateral ventricles of the brain. Lancet. 1890;136(3498):553–5.CrossRef
47.
Dandy WE. Ventriculography following the injection of air into the cerebral ventricles. Ann Surg. 1918;68(1):5–11.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Friedman WA, Vries JK. Percutaneous tunnel ventriculostomy. Summary of 100 procedures. J Neurosurg. 1980;53(5):662–5.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Ghajar JB. A guide for ventricular catheter placement. Technical note. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):985–6.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Roitberg BZ, Khan N, Alp MS, et al. Bedside external ventricular drain placement for the treatment of acute hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg. 2001;15(4):324–7.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Kakarla UK, Kim LJ, Chang SW, et al. Safety and accuracy of bedside external ventricular drain placement. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(1 Suppl 1):ONS162–6. discussion ONS6-7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Toma AK, Camp S, Watkins LD, et al. External ventricular drain insertion accuracy: is there a need for change in practice? Neurosurgery. 2009;65(6):1197–200. discussion 200–1.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Huyette DR, Turnbow BJ, Kaufman C, et al. Accuracy of the freehand pass technique for ventriculostomy catheter placement: retrospective assessment using computed tomography scans. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(1):88–91.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Khanna RK, Rosenblum ML, Rock JP, Malik GM. Prolonged external ventricular drainage with percutaneous long-tunnel ventriculostomies. J Neurosurg. 1995;83(5):791–4.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Bogdahn U, Lau W, Hassel W, et al. Continuous-pressure controlled, external ventricular drainage for treatment of acute hydrocephalus–evaluation of risk factors. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(5):898–903. discussion −4.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Anderson RC, Kan P, Klimo P, et al. Complications of intracranial pressure monitoring in children with head trauma. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(1 Suppl):53–8.PubMed
57.
Stangl AP, Meyer B, Zentner J, Schramm J. Continuous external CSF drainage–a perpetual problem in neurosurgery. Surg Neurol. 1998;50(1):77–82.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Khan SH, Kureshi IU, Mulgrew T, et al. Comparison of percutaneous ventriculostomies and intraparenchymal monitor: a retrospective evaluation of 156 patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:50–2.PubMed
59.
O’Leary ST, Kole MK, Hoover DA, et al. Efficacy of the Ghajar Guide revisited: a prospective study. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(5):801–3.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Lollis SS, Roberts DW. Robotic catheter ventriculostomy: feasibility, efficacy, and implications. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(2):269–74.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Azeem SS, Origitano TC. Ventricular catheter placement with a frameless neuronavigational system: a 1-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):243–7. discussion 7–8.PubMed
62.
Saladino A, White JB, Wijdicks EF, Lanzino G. Malplacement of ventricular catheters by neurosurgeons: a single institution experience. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(2):248–52.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Gardner PA, Engh J, Atteberry D, Moossy JJ. Hemorrhage rates after external ventricular drain placement. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(5):1021–5.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Hassler W, Zentner J. Ventricle puncture for external CSF drainage and pressure measurement using a modified puncture needle. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1988;94(1–2):93–5.CrossRef
65.
Meyer B, Schaller K, Rohde V, Hassler W. Percutaneous needle trephination. Experience in 200 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;127(3–4):232–5.CrossRef
66.
Dunatov S, Antoncic I, Bralic M, Jurjevic A. Intraventricular thrombolysis with rt-PA in patients with intraventricular hemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand. Feb 8.
67.
• Staykov D, Bardutzky J, Huttner HB, Schwab S. Intraventricular fibrinolysis for intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(1):194–209. This is a review article of all the studies looking at intraventricular fibrinolysis for treatment of IVH.PubMedCrossRef
68.
•• Morgan T, Awad I, Keyl P, et al.: Preliminary report of the clot lysis evaluating accelerated resolution of intraventricular hemorrhage (CLEAR-IVH) clinical trial. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;105:217–20. This is a priliminary report of the CLEAR-IVH (Clot Lysis Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage), a phase 3 randomized control study evaluating the safety and efficacy of using multiple injections of low-dose rt-PA to accelerate lysis and evacuation of IVH.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Hasan D, Lindsay KW, Vermeulen M. Treatment of acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage with serial lumbar puncture. Stroke. 1991;22(2):190–4.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Hellingman CA, van den Bergh WM, Beijer IS, et al. Risk of rebleeding after treatment of acute hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38(1):96–9.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Kasuya H, Shimizu T, Kagawa M. The effect of continuous drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis of 108 patients. Neurosurgery. 1991;28(1):56–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Holloway KL, Barnes T, Choi S, et al. Ventriculostomy infections: the effect of monitoring duration and catheter exchange in 584 patients. J Neurosurg. 1996;85(3):419–24.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Chan KH, Mann KS. Prolonged therapeutic external ventricular drainage: a prospective study. Neurosurgery. 1988;23(4):436–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Kanter RK, Weiner LB. Ventriculostomy-related infections. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(15):987.PubMed
75.
Park P, Garton HJ, Kocan MJ, Thompson BG. Risk of infection with prolonged ventricular catheterization. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(3):594–9. discussion 9–601.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Dasic D, Hanna SJ, Bojanic S, Kerr RS. External ventricular drain infection: the effect of a strict protocol on infection rates and a review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg. 2006;20(5):296–300.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Hoefnagel D, Dammers R, Ter Laak-Poort MP, Avezaat CJ. Risk factors for infections related to external ventricular drainage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008;150(3):209–14. discussion 14.CrossRef
78.
Schade RP, Schinkel J, Visser LG, et al. Bacterial meningitis caused by the use of ventricular or lumbar cerebrospinal fluid catheters. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(2):229–34.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Beer R, Lackner P, Pfausler B, Schmutzhard E. Nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis in neurocritical care patients. J Neurol. 2008;255(11):1617–24.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Lyke KE, Obasanjo OO, Williams MA, et al. Ventriculitis complicating use of intraventricular catheters in adult neurosurgical patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(12):2028–33.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Korinek AM, Reina M, Boch AL, et al. Prevention of external ventricular drain–related ventriculitis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2005;147(1):39–45. discussion −6.CrossRef
82.
Ortiz R, Lee K. Nosocomial infections in neurocritical care. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006;6(6):525–30.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Lucey MA, Myburgh JA. Antibiotic prophylaxis for external ventricular drains in neurosurgical patients: an audit of compliance with a clinical management protocol. Crit Care Resusc. 2003;5(3):182–5.PubMed
84.
Wong GK, Poon WS, Lyon D, Wai S. Cefepime vs. Ampicillin/Sulbactam and Aztreonam as antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgical patients with external ventricular drain: result of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31(3):231–5.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Sonabend AM, Korenfeld Y, Crisman C, et al. Prevention of ventriculostomy-related infections with prophylactic antibiotics and antibiotic-coated external ventricular drains: a systematic review. Neurosurgery. Jan 6.
86.
Pfausler B, Spiss H, Beer R, et al. Treatment of staphylococcal ventriculitis associated with external cerebrospinal fluid drains: a prospective randomized trial of intravenous compared with intraventricular vancomycin therapy. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(5):1040–4.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Pons VG, Denlinger SL, Guglielmo BJ, et al. Ceftizoxime versus vancomycin and gentamicin in neurosurgical prophylaxis: a randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(3):416–22. discussion 22–3.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Beer R, Pfausler B, Schmutzhard E. Management of nosocomial external ventricular drain-related ventriculomeningitis. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(3):363–7.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Elvy J, Porter D, Brown E. Treatment of external ventricular drain-associated ventriculitis caused by Enterococcus faecalis with intraventricular daptomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(2):461–2.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Pfisterer W, Muhlbauer M, Czech T, Reinprecht A. Early diagnosis of external ventricular drainage infection: results of a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(7):929–32.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zabramski JM, Whiting D, Darouiche RO, et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial-impregnated external ventricular drain catheters: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(4):725–30.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Kaufmann AM, Lye T, Redekop G, et al. Infection rates in standard vs. hydrogel coated ventricular catheters. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004;31(4):506–10.PubMed
93.
Stevens EA, Palavecino E, Sherertz RJ, et al. Effects of antibiotic-impregnated external ventricular drains on bacterial culture results: an in vitro analysis. J Neurosurg. Jul;113(1):86–92.
94.
Klopfenstein JD, Kim LJ, Feiz-Erfan I, et al. Comparison of rapid and gradual weaning from external ventricular drainage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(2):225–9.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Graff-Radford NR, Torner J, Adams Jr HP, Kassell NF. Factors associated with hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(7):744–52.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson TP, et al. Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? J Neurosurg. 1996;85(3):410–8.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Lin CL, Kwan AL, Howng SL. Acute hydrocephalus and chronic hydrocephalus with the need of postoperative shunting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1999;15(3):137–45.PubMed
98.
Schmieder K, Koch R, Lucke S, Harders A. Factors influencing shunt dependency after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1999;60(3):133–40.PubMed
99.
Vale FL, Bradley EL, Fisher 3rd WS. The relationship of subarachnoid hemorrhage and the need for postoperative shunting. J Neurosurg. 1997;86(3):462–6.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Sheehan JP, Polin RS, Sheehan JM, et al. Factors associated with hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1999;45(5):1120–7. discussion 7–8.PubMedCrossRef
101.
van Gijn J, Hijdra A, Wijdicks EF, et al. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(3):355–62.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Widenka DC, Wolf S, Schurer L, et al. Factors leading to hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2000;34(6 Suppl):56–60.PubMed
103.
Ohwaki K, Yano E, Nakagomi T, Tamura A. Relationship between shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage and duration of cerebrospinal fluid drainage. Br J Neurosurg. 2004;18(2):130–4.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Chan M, Alaraj A, Calderon M, et al. Prediction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependency in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(1):44–9.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Rincon F, Gordon E, Starke RM, et al. Predictors of long-term shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 113(4):774–80.
Metadata
Title
External Ventricular Drainage for Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors
Mahua Dey
Jennifer Jaffe
Agnieszka Stadnik
Issam A. Awad
Publication date
01-02-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0231-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1/2012 Go to the issue

Nerve and Muscle (M Hirano and LH Weimer, Section Editors)

Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Pompe Disease

Nerve and Muscle (M Hirano and LH Weimer, Section Editors)

Novel Insights into the Pathomechanisms of Skeletal Muscle Channelopathies

Nerve and Muscle (M Hirano and LH Weimer, Section Editors)

Pain Disorders and Erythromelalgia Caused by Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Mutations

Nerve and Muscle (M Hirano and LH Weimer, Section Editors)

Update on Toxic Myopathies

Stroke (HP Adams Jr, Section Editor)

Use of Telemedicine and Other Strategies to Increase the Number of Patients That May Be Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis

Stroke (HP Adams Jr, Section Editor)

Intensive Care Unit Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage