Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Urban Health
Published in: Journal of Urban Health 2/2017

01-04-2017

Local Residential Segregation Matters: Stronger Association of Census Tract Compared to Conventional City-Level Measures with Fatal and Non-Fatal Assaults (Total and Firearm Related), Using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) for Racial, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation, Massachusetts (US), 1995–2010

Authors: Nancy Krieger, Justin M. Feldman, Pamela D. Waterman, Jarvis T. Chen, Brent A. Coull, David Hemenway

Published in: Journal of Urban Health | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Research on residential segregation and health, primarily conducted in the USA, has chiefly employed city or regional measures of racial segregation. To test our hypothesis that stronger associations would be observed using local measures, especially for racialized economic segregation, we analyzed risk of fatal and non-fatal assault in Massachusetts (1995–2010), since this outcome is strongly associated with residential segregation. The segregation metrics comprised the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), the Index of Dissimilarity, and poverty rate, with measures computed at both the census tract and city/town level. Key results were that larger associations between fatal and non-fatal assaults and residential segregation occurred for models using the census tract vs. city/town measures, with the greatest associations observed for racialized economic segregation. For fatal assaults, comparing the bottom vs. top quintiles, the incidence rate ratio (and 95% confidence interval (CI)) in models using the census tract measures equaled 3.96 (95% CI 3.10, 5.06) for the ICE for racialized economic segregation, 3.26 (95% CI 2.58, 4.14) for the ICE for income, 3.14 (95% CI 2.47, 3.99) for poverty, 2.90 (95% CI 2.21, 3.81) for the ICE for race/ethnicity, and only 0.93 (95% CI 0.79, 1.11) for the Index of Dissimilarity; in models that included both census tract and city/town ICE measures, this risk ratio for the ICE for racialized economic segregation was higher at the census tract (3.29; 95% CI 2.43, 4.46) vs. city/town level (1.61; 95% CI 1.12, 2.32). These results suggest that, at least in the case of fatal and non-fatal assaults, research on residential segregation should employ local measures, including of racialized economic segregation, to avoid underestimating the adverse impact of segregation on health.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Piketty T. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. (transl. Arthur Goldhammer). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2014.
2.
Stiglitz JE. The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and What We Can Do About Them. New York, NY: W.W. Norton; 2015.
3.
Walks A. From financialization to sociospatial polarization of the city? Evidence from Canada. Econ Geogr. 2013; 90: 33–66.CrossRef
4.
Bradby H, Frenz M, Snow S. Migration and danger: ethnicity and health. Ethn Health. 2016; 21: 333–339.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Omi M, Winant H. Racial Formation in the United States. 3rd edition. New York, NY: Routledge; 2015.
6.
Krieger N. Discrimination and health inequities. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour M, editors. Social Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 63–125; reprinted as: Krieger N. Discrimination and health inequities. Int J Health Services 2014; 44:643–710.
7.
8.
9.
White K, Borrell LN. Racial/ethnic residential segregation: framing the context of health risk and health disparities. Health Place. 2011; 17: 438–448.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Acevedo-Garcia D, Lochner KA, Osypuk TL, et al. Future directions in residential segregation and health research: a multilevel approach. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93: 215–221.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
12.
Watson T. Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in American neighborhoods. Rev Income Wealth. 2009; 55: 820–844.CrossRef
13.
14.
Massey DS. The prodigal paradigm returns: ecology comes back to sociology. In: Booth A, Crouter A, eds. Does It Take a Village? Community Effects on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001: 41–48.
15.
Doh DP, Dubowitz T, Bird CE, et al. Neighborhood context and ethnicity differences in body mass index: a multilevel analysis using the NHANES III survey (1988–1994). Econ Hum Biol. 2007; 5: 179–203.CrossRef
16.
Carpiano RM, Lloyd JEV, Hertzman C. Concentrated affluence, concentrated disadvantage, and children’s readiness for school: a population-based, multi-level investigation. Soc Sci Med. 2009; 69: 420–432.CrossRefPubMed
17.
18.
Casciano R, Massey DS. Neighborhood disorder and anxiety symptoms: new evidence from a quasi-experimental study. Health Place. 2012; 18: 180–190.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Krieger N, Waterman PD, Gryparis A, et al. Black carbon exposure, socioeconomic and racial/ethnic spatial polarization, and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE). Health Place. 2015; 34: 215–228.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Feldman J, Waterman PD, Coull BA, et al. Spatial social polarization: using the index of concentration at the extremes jointly for income and race/ethnicity to analyze risk of hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015; 69: 1199–1207.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Krieger N, Waterman PD, Spasojevic J, et al. Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE). Am J Public Health. 2016; 106: 256–263.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Krivo LJ, Bryon RA, Calder CA, Peterson RD, Browing CR, Kwan M-P, Lee JY. Patterns of local segregation: do they matter for neighborhood crime? Soc Sci Res. 2015; 54: 303–318.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Debbink MP, Bader MDM. Racial residential segregation and low birth weight in Michigan’s metropolitan areas. Am J Public Health. 2011; 101: 1714–1720.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Grady SC. Racial disparities in low birthweight and the contribution of residential segregation: a multilevel analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2006; 63: 3013–3029.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Wong DWS. Modeling local segregation: a spatial interaction approach. Geogr Environ Model. 2002; 6: 81–97.CrossRef
26.
Hemenway D. Private Guns Public Health. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press; 2006.
27.
Fabio A, Sauber-Schatz EK, Barbour KE, et al. The association between county-level injury rates and racial segregation revisited: a multilevel analysis. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99: 748–753.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Massey DS. Getting away with murder: segregation and violent crime in urban America. Univ Penn Law Rev. 1995; 143: 1203–1232.CrossRef
29.
Eitle D, D’Alessio SJ, Stolzenberg L. Economic segregation, race, and homicide. Soc Sci Q. 2006; 87: 638–657.CrossRef
30.
Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH). Injury Surveillance Program. Weapon-related injuries to Massachusetts Residents, 1994–2007. Findings from the Weapon Related Injury Surveillance System (WRISS). Boston, MA: MDPH, 2009.
31.
Krieger N. Epidemiology and The People’s Health: Theory and Context. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2011.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, et al. Painting a truer picture of US socioeconomic and racial/ethnic health inequalities: The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health. 2005; 95: 312–323.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Massey DS, Denton NA. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1993.
50.
Massey DS, Brodmann S. Spheres of Influence: The Social Ecology of Racial and Class Inequality. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation; 2014.
51.
Fisher GM. The development and history of poverty thresholds. Soc Secur Bull. 1992; 55: 3–14.PubMed
52.
O’Connor A. Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
53.
54.
55.
Casciano R, Massey DS. Neighborhoods, employment, and welfare use: assessing the influence of neighborhood socioeconomic composition. Soc Sci Res. 2008; 37(2): 544–558.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Kubrin CE, Stewart EA. Predicting who reoffends: the neglected role of neighborhood context in recidivism studies. Criminology. 2006; 44: 165–198.CrossRef
57.
Sampson RJ, Mare RD, Perkins KL. Achieving the middle ground in an age of concentrated extremes: mixed middle-income neighborhoods and emerging adulthood. Ann AAPS. 2015; 660: 156–174.CrossRef
58.
Rudolph AE, Crawford ND, Latkin C, et al. Individual and neighborhood correlates of membership in drug using networks with a higher prevalence of HIV in New York City (2006–2009). Ann Epidemiol. 2013; 23: 267–274.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Eastwood JG, Jalaludin BB, Kemp LA, et al. Immigrant maternal depression and social networks. A multilevel Bayesian spatial logistic regression in South Western Sydney, Australia. Spatial Spatio-temporal Epi. 2013; 6: 49–58.CrossRef
60.
Baglivio MT, Wolff KT, Epps N, et al. Predicting adverse childhood experiences: the importance of neighborhood context in youth trauma among delinquent youth. Crime & Delinquency 2015 (published online before print); doi: 10.​1177/​0011128715570628​
61.
Chen JT. Multilevel and hierarchical models for disease mapping. In: Boscoe FP (ed). Geographic health data: fundamental techniques for analysis. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI; 2013. pp. 183–208.
62.
Lawson A, Browne WJ, Vidal Rodeiro CL. Disease Mapping with WinBUGS and MLwiN. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2003.CrossRef
63.
King G, Honaker J, Joseph A, Scheve K. Analyzing incomplete political science data: an alternative algorithm for multiple imputation. Am Polit Sci Rev. 2001; 95: 49–69.
64.
65.
66.
Dankwa-Mullan I, Pérez-Stable EJ. Addressing health disparities is a place-based issue. Am J Public Health. 2016; 106: 637–639.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Vélez MB, Lyons CJ, Santoro WA. The political context of the percent black-neighborhood violence link: a multilevel analysis. Soc Probl. 2015; 61: 93–119.CrossRef
68.
Webster DW, Cerdá M, Wintemute GJ, Cook PJ. Epidemiologic evidence to guide the understanding and prevention of gun violence. Epidemiol Rev. 2016; 38: 1–4.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Villanueva K, Badland H, Kvalsvig A, O’Connor M, Christian H, Woolcock G, Giles-Corti B, Goldfeld S. Can the neighborhood built environment make a difference in children’s development? Building the research agenda to create evidence for place-based children’s policy. Acad Pediatr. 2016; 16: 10–19.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Newman L, Baum F, Javanparast S, O’Rourke K, Carlon. Addressing social determinants of health inequities through settings: a rapid review. Health Promot Int. 2015; 30(S2): ii26–ii43.
Metadata
Title
Local Residential Segregation Matters: Stronger Association of Census Tract Compared to Conventional City-Level Measures with Fatal and Non-Fatal Assaults (Total and Firearm Related), Using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) for Racial, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation, Massachusetts (US), 1995–2010
Authors
Nancy Krieger
Justin M. Feldman
Pamela D. Waterman
Jarvis T. Chen
Brent A. Coull
David Hemenway
Publication date
01-04-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Urban Health / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Electronic ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0116-z

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Journal of Urban Health 2/2017 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Impact of Urban Neighborhood Disadvantage on Late Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis in Virginia

Erratum

Erratum to: Examining Fatal Opioid Overdoses in Marion County, Indiana

OriginalPaper

Assessing Spatial Relationships Between Rates of Crime and Rates of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in Chicago, 2012

Brief Report

Anticipated Negative Police-Youth Encounters and Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant African American Women: A Brief Report

OriginalPaper

FEAST: Empowering Community Residents to Use Technology to Assess and Advocate for Healthy Food Environments

OriginalPaper

Residential Surrounding Greenness, Self-Rated Health and Interrelations with Aspects of Neighborhood Environment and Social Relations