Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Urban Health
Published in: Journal of Urban Health 4/2013

01-08-2013

Retail Redlining in New York City: Racialized Access to Day-to-Day Retail Resources

Authors: Naa Oyo A. Kwate, Ji Meng Loh, Kellee White, Nelson Saldana

Published in: Journal of Urban Health | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Racial residential segregation is associated with health inequalities in the USA, and one of the primary mechanisms is through influencing features of the neighborhood physical environment. To better understand how Black residential segregation might contribute to health risk, we examined retail redlining; the inequitable distribution of retail resources across racially distinct areas. A combination of visual and analytic methods was used to investigate whether predominantly Black census block groups in New York City had poor access to retail stores important for health. After controlling for retail demand, median household income, population density, and subway ridership, percent Black was associated with longer travel distances to various retail industries. Our findings suggest that Black neighborhoods in New York City face retail redlining. Future research is needed to determine how retail redlining may perpetuate health disparities and socioeconomic disadvantage.
Literature
1.
Achugbue E. Nontraditional market analyses: dismantling barriers to retail development in underserved neighborhoods. Res Rev. 2006; 13(3): 15–18.
2.
Bader MDM, Ailshire JA, Morenoff JD, House JS. Measurement of the local food environment: a comparison of existing data sources. Am J Epidemiol. 2010; 171(5): 609–617.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Bader MDM, Purciel M, Yousefzadeh P, Neckerman KM. Disparities in neighborhood food environments: implications of measurement strategies. Economic Geography. 2010; 86(4): 409–430.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Barnes SL. The Cost of Being Poor: a comparative study of life in poor urban neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana. Albany: State University of New York Press; 2005.
5.
Beaulac J, Kristjansson E, Cummins S. A systematic review of food deserts, 1966–2007. Prev Chron Dis. 2009; 6(3): 1–10.
6.
Bodor JN, Rice JC, Farley TA, Swalm CM, Rose D. The association between obesity and urban food environments. J Urban Health. 2010; 87(5): 771–781.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Burrows R, Gane N. Geodemographics, software, and class. Sociol. 2006; 40(5): 793–812.
8.
Center for an Urban Future. (2009). Return of the chains: this year’s borough by borough analysis of New York City’s largest retailers (vol. 2). New York, NY: Center for an Urban Future.
9.
Chiefo S, Kneece S, Gasper S, Mundy T, Inamura M, Solomon B. Pittsburgh purchasing power profiles. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University; 2004.
10.
Cooper HL, Bossak BH, Tempalski B, Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC. Temporal trends in spatial access to pharmacies that sell over-the-counter syringes in New York City health districts: relationship to local racial/ethnic composition and need. J Urban Health. 2009; 86(6): 929–945.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Cummins SCJ, McKay L, Macintyre S. McDonald’s restaurants and neighborhood deprivation in Scotland and England. Am J Prev Med. 2005; 29(4): 308–310.PubMedCrossRef
12.
D’Rozario D, Williams JD. Retail redlining: definition, theory, typology, and measurement. J Macromarket. 2005; 25(2): 175–186.CrossRef
13.
ESRI. Community tapestry handbook. Redlands: ESRI; 2007.
14.
ESRI. Methodology statement: ESRI Data–Market Potential. Redlands: ESRI; 2009.
15.
Hellig A, Sawicki DS. Race and residential accessibility to shopping and services. Hous Policy Debate. 2003; 14(1 and 2): 69–101.CrossRef
16.
Kramer MR, Hogue CR. Is segregation bad for your health? Epidemiologic Reviews. 2009; 31: 178–194.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv. 1999; 29(2): 295–352.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Kwate NOA, Meyer IH. Association between residential exposure to outdoor alcohol advertising and problem drinking among African American women in New York City. Am J Public Health. 2009; 99(2): 228–230.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Kwate NOA, Yau CY, Loh JM, Williams D. Inequality in obesigenic environments: fast food density in New York City. Health & Place. 2009; 15: 364–373.CrossRef
20.
LaVeist TA, Wallace JM. Health risk and inequitable distribution of liquor stores in African American neighborhood. Soc Sci Med. 2000; 51: 613–617.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Cummins S. Place effects on health: how can we conceptualise, operationalise and measure them? Soc Sci Med. 2002; 55(1): 125–139.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Macintyre S, Macdonald L, Ellaway A. Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities? The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67: 900–914.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Massey DS. Segregation and stratification: a biosocial perspective. Du Bois Rev Soc Sci Res Race. 2004; 1(1): 7–25.
24.
Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007; 58: 201–225.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Mediamark Research & Intelligence. Survey of the American Consumer. New York: GfK MRI; 2008.
26.
Meltzer, R., & Schuetz, J. (2011, online first). Bodegas or bagel shops? Neighborhood differences in retail and household services. Economic Development Quarterly, DOI: 10.1177/0891242411430328.
27.
Morland K, Wing S, Diez RA. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Publ Health. 2002; 92(11): 1761–1767.CrossRef
28.
29.
30.
31.
Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006; 35: 888–901.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009; 135(4): 531–554.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Pearce J, Blakely T, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighborhood deprivation and access to fast-food retailing. Am J Prev Med. 2007; 32(5): 375–382.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Schulz AJ, Kannan S, Dvonch JT, Israel BA, Allen A, 3rd James SA, Lepkowski J. Social and physical environments and disparities in risk for cardiovascular disease: the healthy environments partnership conceptual model. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(12): 1817–1825.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Schulz AJ, Williams DR, Israel BA, Lempert LB. Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit. Milbank Q. 2002; 80(4): 677–707.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Shapiro TM. The hidden cost of being African American: how wealth perpetuates inequality. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005.
37.
Small ML, McDermott M. The presence of organizational resources in poor urban neighborhoods: an analysis of average and contextual effects. Soc Forces. 2006; 84(3): 1697–1724.CrossRef
38.
Smiley MJ, Diez Roux AV, Brines SJ, Brown DG, Evenson KR, Rodriguez DA. A spatial analysis of health-related resources in three diverse metropolitan areas. Health & Place. 2010; 16: 885–892.CrossRef
39.
Steptoe A, Feldman PJ. Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health. Ann Behav Med. 2001; 23(3): 177–185.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Walker RE, Keane CR, Burke JG. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: a review of food deserts literature. Health & Place. 2010; 16: 876–884.CrossRef
41.
White K, Borrell LN. Racial/ethnic residential segregation: framing the context of health risk and health disparities. Health & Place. 2011; 17: 438–448.CrossRef
42.
Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116(5): 404–416.PubMed
43.
Wright K. Restocking stores: Detroit’s retail market potential. Ann Arbor: Urban & Regional Planning Program, University of Michigan; 2003.
44.
Zukin S, Trujillo V, Frase P, Jackson D, Recuber T, Walker A. New retail capital and neighborhood change: boutiques and gentrification in New York City. City & Community. 2009; 8(1): 47–64.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Retail Redlining in New York City: Racialized Access to Day-to-Day Retail Resources
Authors
Naa Oyo A. Kwate
Ji Meng Loh
Kellee White
Nelson Saldana
Publication date
01-08-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Urban Health / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 1099-3460
Electronic ISSN: 1468-2869
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9725-3

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

Journal of Urban Health 4/2013 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

HIV Prevalence Overall and among High-HIV-Risk Behaviorally Defined Subgroups among Heterosexuals at Community-Based Venues in a Mid-Atlantic, US City

OriginalPaper

Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City

OriginalPaper

Interpersonal- and Community-Level Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration among African American Men

OriginalPaper

Food Availability en Route to School and Anthropometric Change in Urban Children

OriginalPaper

Aging and the Use of Pedestrian Facilities in Winter—The Need for Improved Design and Better Technology

Report

Daily Substance Use and Mental Health Symptoms among a Cohort of Homeless Adults in Vancouver, British Columbia