Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Oral Radiology 1/2012

01-03-2012 | Original Article

Changes in the fractal dimension on pre- and post-implant panoramic radiographs

Authors: Kaustubh Sansare, Dharamveer Singh, Freny Karjodkar

Published in: Oral Radiology | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the fractal dimension before and after implant placement. The study also examined the possibility of using fractal analysis as a prognostic indicator for implant success.

Methods

Pre- and post-implant panoramic radiographs of 33 patients who underwent implant treatment were archived. Square regions of interest were cropped, and a fractal analysis was performed using the box-counting method of ImageJ 1.42 software.

Results

The Wilcoxon test revealed a significant difference between the pre- and post-implant values. This difference could indicate an increased bony microstructure around the implant, thereby aiding the prediction of implant success.

Conclusions

The increase in the fractal analysis values suggests increased bony microstructure in the peri-implant sites after implant placement. Consensus on the technique of evaluating fractal analysis and further experimental studies could render fractal analysis a prognostic indicator for implant success.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature. 1st ed. New York: WH Freeman; 1983. Mandelbrot BB. The fractal geometry of nature. 1st ed. New York: WH Freeman; 1983.
2.
go back to reference Weibel ER. Fractal geometry: a design principle for living organisms. Am J Physiol. 1991;261:L361–9.PubMed Weibel ER. Fractal geometry: a design principle for living organisms. Am J Physiol. 1991;261:L361–9.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Badwell RSS. The application of fractal dimensions to temporomandibular joint sounds. Comput Biol Med. 1993;23:1–4.CrossRef Badwell RSS. The application of fractal dimensions to temporomandibular joint sounds. Comput Biol Med. 1993;23:1–4.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Buckland-Wright JC, Lynch JA, Rymer J, Fogelman I. Fractal signature analysis of macroradiographs measures trabecular organization in lumbar vertebrae of postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;54:106–12.PubMedCrossRef Buckland-Wright JC, Lynch JA, Rymer J, Fogelman I. Fractal signature analysis of macroradiographs measures trabecular organization in lumbar vertebrae of postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;54:106–12.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Lynch JA, Hawkes DJ, Buckland-Wright JC. Analysis of texture in macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees using the fractal signature. Phys Med Biol. 1991;36:709–22.PubMedCrossRef Lynch JA, Hawkes DJ, Buckland-Wright JC. Analysis of texture in macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees using the fractal signature. Phys Med Biol. 1991;36:709–22.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Buckland-Wright JC, Lynch JA, Bird C. Microfocal techniques in quantitative radiography: measurement of cancellous bone organization. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35(Suppl 3):18–22.PubMed Buckland-Wright JC, Lynch JA, Bird C. Microfocal techniques in quantitative radiography: measurement of cancellous bone organization. Br J Rheumatol. 1996;35(Suppl 3):18–22.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Cowin SC. A resolution restriction for Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1989;49:205–12.PubMed Cowin SC. A resolution restriction for Wolff’s law of trabecular architecture. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1989;49:205–12.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Rubin CT, Mcleod KJ, Bain SD. Functional strains and cortical bone adaptation: epigenic assurance of skeletal integrity. J Biomech. 1990;23(Suppl 1):43–54.PubMedCrossRef Rubin CT, Mcleod KJ, Bain SD. Functional strains and cortical bone adaptation: epigenic assurance of skeletal integrity. J Biomech. 1990;23(Suppl 1):43–54.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Khosrovi PM, Kahn AJ, Majumdar HK, Genant CA. Fractal analysis of dental radiographs to assess trabecular bone structure. J Dent Res. 1995;74(Spec. Issue):173 (abstr. 1294). Khosrovi PM, Kahn AJ, Majumdar HK, Genant CA. Fractal analysis of dental radiographs to assess trabecular bone structure. J Dent Res. 1995;74(Spec. Issue):173 (abstr. 1294).
10.
go back to reference Ruttiman UE, Ship JA. The use of fractal geometry to quantitate bone structure from radiographs. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Spec. Issue):287 (abstr. 1431). Ruttiman UE, Ship JA. The use of fractal geometry to quantitate bone structure from radiographs. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Spec. Issue):287 (abstr. 1431).
11.
go back to reference Van Der Stelt PF, Geraets WGM. Use of the fractal dimension to describe the trabecular pattern of osteoporosis. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Spec. Issue):287 (abstr. 1430). Van Der Stelt PF, Geraets WGM. Use of the fractal dimension to describe the trabecular pattern of osteoporosis. J Dent Res. 1990;69(Spec. Issue):287 (abstr. 1430).
12.
go back to reference Otis LL, Hong JSH, Tuncay OC. Bone structure effect on root resorption. Orthod Craniofacial Res. 2004;7:165–77.CrossRef Otis LL, Hong JSH, Tuncay OC. Bone structure effect on root resorption. Orthod Craniofacial Res. 2004;7:165–77.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Heo MS, Park KS, Lee SS, Choi SC, Koak JY, Heo SJ, et al. Fractal analysis of mandibular bony healing after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94:763–7.PubMedCrossRef Heo MS, Park KS, Lee SS, Choi SC, Koak JY, Heo SJ, et al. Fractal analysis of mandibular bony healing after orthognathic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94:763–7.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Yasar F, Akgünlü F. The differences in panoramic mandibular indices and fractal dimension between patients with and without spinal osteoporosis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:1–9.PubMedCrossRef Yasar F, Akgünlü F. The differences in panoramic mandibular indices and fractal dimension between patients with and without spinal osteoporosis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2006;35:1–9.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Prouteau S, Ducher G, Nanyan P, Lemineur G, Benhamou L, Courteix D. Fractal analysis of bone texture: a screening tool for stress fracture risk? Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:137–42.PubMedCrossRef Prouteau S, Ducher G, Nanyan P, Lemineur G, Benhamou L, Courteix D. Fractal analysis of bone texture: a screening tool for stress fracture risk? Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:137–42.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Lee DH, Ku Y, Rhyu IC, Hong JU, Lee CW, Heo MS, et al. A clinical study of alveolar bone quality using the fractal dimension and the implant stability quotient. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2010;40:19–24.PubMedCrossRef Lee DH, Ku Y, Rhyu IC, Hong JU, Lee CW, Heo MS, et al. A clinical study of alveolar bone quality using the fractal dimension and the implant stability quotient. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2010;40:19–24.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Branemark P, Zarb GA, Alberkstsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses: osseointegration in clinical dentistry. 1st ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 1985. Branemark P, Zarb GA, Alberkstsson T. Tissue integrated prostheses: osseointegration in clinical dentistry. 1st ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 1985.
18.
go back to reference Lundahl T, Ohely WS, Kay SM, Siffert R. Fractional brownian motion: a maximum likelihood estimator and its application to imaging texture. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1986;5:152–61.PubMedCrossRef Lundahl T, Ohely WS, Kay SM, Siffert R. Fractional brownian motion: a maximum likelihood estimator and its application to imaging texture. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1986;5:152–61.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference White SC, Rudolph DJ. Alterations of the trabecular pattern of the jaws in patients with osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:628–35.PubMedCrossRef White SC, Rudolph DJ. Alterations of the trabecular pattern of the jaws in patients with osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:628–35.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Chen SK, Ovir T, Lin CH, Leu LJ, Cho BH, Hollender L. Digital imaging analysis with mathematical morphology and fractal dimension for evaluation of periapical lesions following endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100:467–72.PubMedCrossRef Chen SK, Ovir T, Lin CH, Leu LJ, Cho BH, Hollender L. Digital imaging analysis with mathematical morphology and fractal dimension for evaluation of periapical lesions following endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005;100:467–72.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Lynch JA, Hawkes DJ, Buckland-Wright JC. A robust and accurate method for calculating the fractal signature of texture in macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees. Med Inform. 1991;16:241–51.CrossRef Lynch JA, Hawkes DJ, Buckland-Wright JC. A robust and accurate method for calculating the fractal signature of texture in macroradiographs of osteoarthritic knees. Med Inform. 1991;16:241–51.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Fortin C, Kumaresan R, Ohley W, Hoffer S. Fractal dimension in the analysis of medical images. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1992;11:65–71.CrossRef Fortin C, Kumaresan R, Ohley W, Hoffer S. Fractal dimension in the analysis of medical images. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1992;11:65–71.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Ruttiman UE, Webber RL, Hazelrig JB. Fractal dimension from radiographs of periodontal alveolar bone. A possible diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:98–110.CrossRef Ruttiman UE, Webber RL, Hazelrig JB. Fractal dimension from radiographs of periodontal alveolar bone. A possible diagnostic indicator of osteoporosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:98–110.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Gatiz D, Ehrlich J, Kohen Y, Bab I. Effect of occlusal (mechanical) stimulus on bone remodelling in rat condyle. J Oral Pathol. 1987;16:395–8. Gatiz D, Ehrlich J, Kohen Y, Bab I. Effect of occlusal (mechanical) stimulus on bone remodelling in rat condyle. J Oral Pathol. 1987;16:395–8.
25.
go back to reference Feik SA, Storey E, Ellender G. Stress induced periosteal changes. Br J Exp Pathol. 1987;68:803–13.PubMed Feik SA, Storey E, Ellender G. Stress induced periosteal changes. Br J Exp Pathol. 1987;68:803–13.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Rubin CT, Lanyon LC. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. Calcif Tiss Int. 1985;37:411–7.CrossRef Rubin CT, Lanyon LC. Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads. Calcif Tiss Int. 1985;37:411–7.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Cowin SC, Sadegh AM, Luo GM. An evolutionary Wolff’s law for trabecular architecture. J Biomech Eng. 1992;114:129–36.PubMedCrossRef Cowin SC, Sadegh AM, Luo GM. An evolutionary Wolff’s law for trabecular architecture. J Biomech Eng. 1992;114:129–36.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Weinans H, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. The behavior of adaptive bone-remodeling simulation models. J Biomech. 1992;25:1425–41.PubMedCrossRef Weinans H, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. The behavior of adaptive bone-remodeling simulation models. J Biomech. 1992;25:1425–41.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Chambers TJ, Evans M, Gardner TN, Turner-Smith A, Chow JW. Induction of bone formation in rat tail vertebrae by mechanical loading. Bone Miner. 1993;20:167–78.PubMedCrossRef Chambers TJ, Evans M, Gardner TN, Turner-Smith A, Chow JW. Induction of bone formation in rat tail vertebrae by mechanical loading. Bone Miner. 1993;20:167–78.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Caldwell CB, Stapleton SJ, Holdsworth DW, Jong RA, Weiser WJ, Cooke G, et al. Characterization of mammographic parenchymal pattern by fractal dimension. Phys Med Biol. 1990;35:235–47.PubMedCrossRef Caldwell CB, Stapleton SJ, Holdsworth DW, Jong RA, Weiser WJ, Cooke G, et al. Characterization of mammographic parenchymal pattern by fractal dimension. Phys Med Biol. 1990;35:235–47.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Aldell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark PI. A 15 year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg. 1981;10:387–416.CrossRef Aldell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, Brånemark PI. A 15 year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg. 1981;10:387–416.CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Quirynen M, Naert I, van Steenberghe D. Fixture design and overload influence on marginal bone loss and fixture success in the Branemark implants system. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:104–11.PubMedCrossRef Quirynen M, Naert I, van Steenberghe D. Fixture design and overload influence on marginal bone loss and fixture success in the Branemark implants system. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1992;3:104–11.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Albrektsson T, Zarb GA, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. A positive correlation between occlusal trauma and periimplant bone loss: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1986;1:11–25.PubMed Albrektsson T, Zarb GA, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. A positive correlation between occlusal trauma and periimplant bone loss: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1986;1:11–25.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Shrout MK, Potter BJ, Hildebold CF. The effect of image variations on fractal dimension calculations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84:96–100.PubMedCrossRef Shrout MK, Potter BJ, Hildebold CF. The effect of image variations on fractal dimension calculations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84:96–100.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Shrout MK, Potter BJ, Hildebold CF. The effect of image variations on fractal dimension calculations of fractal index. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:295–8.PubMedCrossRef Shrout MK, Potter BJ, Hildebold CF. The effect of image variations on fractal dimension calculations of fractal index. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 1997;26:295–8.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Majumdar S, Weinstien RS, Prasad RR. Application of fractal geometry techniques to the study of trabecular bone. Med Phys. 1993;20:1611–9.PubMedCrossRef Majumdar S, Weinstien RS, Prasad RR. Application of fractal geometry techniques to the study of trabecular bone. Med Phys. 1993;20:1611–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Wilding RJC, Slabbert JCG, Kathree H, Owen CP, Crombie K. The use of fractal analysis to reveal remodeling in human alveolar bone following the placement of dental implants. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40:61–72.PubMedCrossRef Wilding RJC, Slabbert JCG, Kathree H, Owen CP, Crombie K. The use of fractal analysis to reveal remodeling in human alveolar bone following the placement of dental implants. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40:61–72.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Bollen AM, Taguchi A, Hugoel PP, Hollender LG. Fractal dimension on dental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2001;30:270–5.PubMedCrossRef Bollen AM, Taguchi A, Hugoel PP, Hollender LG. Fractal dimension on dental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2001;30:270–5.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Shrout MK, Hildebold CF, Potter BJ, Comer RW. Comparison of 5 protocols based on their abilities to use data extracted from digitized clinical radiographs to discriminate between patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1750–5.PubMedCrossRef Shrout MK, Hildebold CF, Potter BJ, Comer RW. Comparison of 5 protocols based on their abilities to use data extracted from digitized clinical radiographs to discriminate between patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1750–5.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Schepers HE, van Beek JHGM, Bassingthwaighte JB. Four methods to estimate the fractal dimension from self-affine signals. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1992;11:57–64.CrossRef Schepers HE, van Beek JHGM, Bassingthwaighte JB. Four methods to estimate the fractal dimension from self-affine signals. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 1992;11:57–64.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Law AN, Bollen AM, Chen SK. Detecting osteoporosis using dental radiographs: a comparison of 4 methods. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127:1734–42.PubMed Law AN, Bollen AM, Chen SK. Detecting osteoporosis using dental radiographs: a comparison of 4 methods. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127:1734–42.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Yasar F, Akgünlü F. Fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis of dental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34:261–7.PubMedCrossRef Yasar F, Akgünlü F. Fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis of dental radiographs. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34:261–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Ergün S, Saraçoglu A, Güneri P, Ozpinar B. Application of fractal analysis in hyperparathyroidism. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38:281–8.PubMedCrossRef Ergün S, Saraçoglu A, Güneri P, Ozpinar B. Application of fractal analysis in hyperparathyroidism. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2009;38:281–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Nair MK, Seyedain A, Webber RL, Nair UP, Piesco NP, Agarwal S, et al. Fractal analyses of osseous healing using tuned aperture computed tomography images. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1510–5.PubMedCrossRef Nair MK, Seyedain A, Webber RL, Nair UP, Piesco NP, Agarwal S, et al. Fractal analyses of osseous healing using tuned aperture computed tomography images. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1510–5.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Southard TE, Southard KA, Jakobsen JR, Hillis SL, Najin CA. Fractal dimension in radiographic analysis of alveolar bone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;82:569–76.PubMedCrossRef Southard TE, Southard KA, Jakobsen JR, Hillis SL, Najin CA. Fractal dimension in radiographic analysis of alveolar bone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;82:569–76.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Caligiuri P, Giger ML, Favus M. Multifractal radiographic analysis of osteoporosis. Med Phys. 1994;21:503–8.PubMedCrossRef Caligiuri P, Giger ML, Favus M. Multifractal radiographic analysis of osteoporosis. Med Phys. 1994;21:503–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Misch CE, Qu M, Bidez MW. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the human mandible: implication of dental implant treatment planning and surgical placement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:700–6.PubMedCrossRef Misch CE, Qu M, Bidez MW. Mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the human mandible: implication of dental implant treatment planning and surgical placement. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:700–6.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Thomsen JS, Ebbesen EN, Mosekilde L. Relationships between static histomorphometry and bone strength measurements in human iliac crest bone biopsies. Bone. 1998;22:153–63.PubMedCrossRef Thomsen JS, Ebbesen EN, Mosekilde L. Relationships between static histomorphometry and bone strength measurements in human iliac crest bone biopsies. Bone. 1998;22:153–63.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Roberts WE, Turley PK, Brezniak N, Fielder PJ. Implants: bone physiology and metabolism. CDA J. 1987;15:54–61.PubMed Roberts WE, Turley PK, Brezniak N, Fielder PJ. Implants: bone physiology and metabolism. CDA J. 1987;15:54–61.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Taylor TD. Osteogenesis of the mandible associated with implant reconstruction: a patient report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1989;4:227–31.PubMed Taylor TD. Osteogenesis of the mandible associated with implant reconstruction: a patient report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1989;4:227–31.PubMed
51.
go back to reference von Wowers N, Harder F, Hjorting-Hansen E, Gotfrendsen K. ITI implants with overdentures: a prevention of bone loss in edentulous mandible? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5:135–9. von Wowers N, Harder F, Hjorting-Hansen E, Gotfrendsen K. ITI implants with overdentures: a prevention of bone loss in edentulous mandible? Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1990;5:135–9.
52.
go back to reference Shrout MK, Roberson B, Potter BJ, Mailhot JM, Hildebolt CF. A comparison of 2 patient populations using fractal analysis. J Periodontol. 1998;69:9–13.PubMed Shrout MK, Roberson B, Potter BJ, Mailhot JM, Hildebolt CF. A comparison of 2 patient populations using fractal analysis. J Periodontol. 1998;69:9–13.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Misch CE, Wang HL, Palti A. The International Congress of Oral Implantologists consensus congress on implant success. Italy: Padua; 2007. Misch CE, Wang HL, Palti A. The International Congress of Oral Implantologists consensus congress on implant success. Italy: Padua; 2007.
54.
go back to reference Misch CE. Divisions of available bone in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Implantol. 1990;7:9–17.PubMed Misch CE. Divisions of available bone in implant dentistry. Int J Oral Implantol. 1990;7:9–17.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Trisi P, Rao W. Bone classification: clinical-histomorphometric comparison. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:1–7.PubMedCrossRef Trisi P, Rao W. Bone classification: clinical-histomorphometric comparison. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:1–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Friberg B, Sennerby L, Roos J, Johansson P, Strid CG, Lekholm U. Evaluation of bone density using cutting resistance measurements and microradiography: an in vitro study in pig ribs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6:164–71.PubMedCrossRef Friberg B, Sennerby L, Roos J, Johansson P, Strid CG, Lekholm U. Evaluation of bone density using cutting resistance measurements and microradiography: an in vitro study in pig ribs. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6:164–71.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Rosenthal DI, Ganott MA, Wyshak G, Slovik DM, Doppelt SH, Neer RM. Quantitative computed tomography for spinal density measurement: factors affecting precision. Invest Radiol. 1985;20:306–10.PubMedCrossRef Rosenthal DI, Ganott MA, Wyshak G, Slovik DM, Doppelt SH, Neer RM. Quantitative computed tomography for spinal density measurement: factors affecting precision. Invest Radiol. 1985;20:306–10.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Norton MR, Gamble C. Bone classification: an objective scale of bone density using the computerized tomography scan. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12:79–84.PubMedCrossRef Norton MR, Gamble C. Bone classification: an objective scale of bone density using the computerized tomography scan. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12:79–84.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Todorovsky N, Ribot C. Precision and sensitivity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in spinal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:997–1002.PubMedCrossRef Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Todorovsky N, Ribot C. Precision and sensitivity of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in spinal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:997–1002.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Changes in the fractal dimension on pre- and post-implant panoramic radiographs
Authors
Kaustubh Sansare
Dharamveer Singh
Freny Karjodkar
Publication date
01-03-2012
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Oral Radiology / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0911-6028
Electronic ISSN: 1613-9674
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11282-011-0075-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Oral Radiology 1/2012 Go to the issue