Top

Quality of Life Research

Published in:

Open Access 01-09-2019

Sports participation and health-related quality of life: a longitudinal observational study in children

Authors: Janet Moeijes, Jooske T. van Busschbach, Ruud J. Bosscher, Jos W. R. Twisk

Published in: Quality of Life Research | Issue 9/2019

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, longitudinal associations between sports participation and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were explored. Sports participation was operationalized as membership of a sports club, frequency of sports participation, performing individual versus team sports and performing indoor versus outdoor sports. The concept of HRQoL referred to the self-perceived enjoyment and satisfaction with one’s personal health situation.

Methods

Data from 618 fourth-grade primary school children were included at baseline; 10–13 months later, 417 children (response rate 67.5%) were retained. At both time points, children reported on sports participation (Move and Sports Monitor Questionnaire—youth aged 8–12 years) and health-related quality of life (KIDSCREEN-52). Because of the clustering of children in schools, data were analysed using linear mixed models. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, household composition, SES and frequency of sports participation.

Results

The questionnaires were fully completed by 417 children. High sports-active children showed better scores on almost all dimensions of HRQoL than moderate [difference (B) = − 1.82 (p = 0.05) to − 1.51 (p = 0.05)] or low ports-active children [difference (B) = − 3.67 (p < 0.001) to − 1.95 (p = 0.03)] and non-sports club members [difference (B) = − 5.58 (p < 0.001) to – 2.65 (p = 0.02)]. Unlike frequency, the other examined characteristics of sports participation were only to a limited extent longitudinal associated with HRQoL.

Conclusion

As frequency is more relevant than the form of sports participation, children should be encouraged to perform any kind of sports activity on a very regular base.

Available only for authorised users

Michel, G., Bisegger, C., Fuhr, D. C., & Abel, T. (2009). Age and gender differences in health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe: A multilevel analysis. Quality of Life Research, 18(9), 1147–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9538-3.CrossRefPubMed

Petersen-Ewert, C., Erhart, M., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2011). Assessing health-related quality of life in European children and adolescents. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(8), 1752–1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.012.CrossRefPubMed

The KIDSCREEN-group Europe. (2006). The kidscreen questionnaires—quality of life questionnaires for children and adolescent—handbook. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers.

Wilson, I. B., & Cleary, P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life: A conceptual model of patient outcomes. JAMA, 273(1), 59–65.CrossRef

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for adults: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-135.CrossRefPubMed

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98.CrossRefPubMed

Wu, X. Y., Han, L. H., Zhang, J. H., Luo, S., Hu, J. W., & Sun, K. (2017). The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0187668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187668.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marker, A. M., Steele, R. G., & Noser, A. E. (2018). Physical activity and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 37(10), 893.CrossRef

Jalali-Farahani, S., Amiri, P., & Chin, Y. S. (2016). Are physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep duration associated with body mass index-for-age and health-related quality of life among high school boys and girls? Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 30.CrossRef

10.

Linver, M. R., Roth, J. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2009). Patterns of adolescents’ participation in organized activities: Are sports best when combined with other activities? Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014133.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Snyder, A. R., Martinez, J. C., Bay, R. C., Parsons, J. T., Sauers, E. L., & Valovich McLeod, T. C. (2010). Health-related quality of life differs between adolescent athletes and adolescent nonathletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.3.237.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Spengler, S., & Woll, A. (2013). The more physically active, the healthier? The relationship between physical activity and health-related quality of life in adolescents: the MoMo study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(5), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.5.708.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2004). Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 74(2), 59–65.CrossRef

14.

Michaud, P.-A., Jeannin, A., & Suris, J.-C. (2006). Correlates of extracurricular sport participation among Swiss adolescents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 165(8), 546.CrossRef

15.

Steptoe, A., & Butler, N. (1996). Sports participation and emotional wellbeing in adolescents. The Lancet, 347(9018), 1789–1792.CrossRef

16.

Ferron, C., Narring, F., Cauderay, M., & Michaud, P.-A. (1999). Sport activity in adolescence: associations with health perceptions and experimental behaviours. Health Education Research, 14(2), 225–233.CrossRef

17.

Donaldson, S. J., & Ronan, K. R. (2006). The effects of sports participation on young adolescents’ emotional well-being. Adolescence, 41(162), 369–389.PubMed

18.

Findlay, L. C., & Coplan, R. J. (2008). Come out and play: Shyness in childhood and the benefits of organized sports participation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 40(3), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.40.3.153.CrossRef

19.

Sánchez-López, M., Salcedo-Aguilar, F., Solera-Martínez, M., Moya-Martínez, P., Notario-Pacheco, B., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2009). Physical activity and quality of life in schoolchildren aged 11–13 years of Cuenca, Spain. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19(6), 879–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00839.x.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Tsiros, M. D., Samaras, M. G., Coates, A. M., & Olds, T. (2017). Use-of-time and health-related quality of life in 10-to 13-year-old children: Not all screen time or physical activity minutes are the same. Quality of Life Research, 26(11), 3119–3129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1639-9.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Vella, S. A., Cliff, D. P., Magee, C. A., & Okely, A. D. (2014). Sports participation and parent-reported health-related quality of life in children: Longitudinal associations. Journal of Pediatrics, 164(6), 1469–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.071.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Coalter, F. (2015). Sport-for-change: Some thoughts from a sceptic. Social Inclusion, 3(3), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i3.222.CrossRef

23.

Ministry of Public Health. (2018). Sociaaleconomische status [Social economic status]. Retrieved from https://www.volksgezondheidenzorg.info/onderwerp/sociaaleconomische-status/regionaal-internationaal/regionaal#node-kinderen-armoede-gemeente. Accessed April 1, 2018.

24.

National Dutch Central Organization of Statistics. (2017). StatLine. Retrieved from https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/81565NED/table?ts=1522696339228. Accessed March 3, 2018.

25.

Kenniscentrum Sport. (2017). Alles over sport [All about sports]. https://www.allesoversport.nl/artikel/mensen-met-een-lage-sociaal-economische-status-wat-drijft-en-belemmert-hen-bij-sport-en-bewegen/. Accessed June 14, 2018.

26.

Eiser, C., & Kopel, S. (2013). Children’s perception of health and illness. In K. J. Petrie & J. A. Weinman (Eds.), Perceptions of health and illness; Current research and applications (pp. 47–76). London/New York: Routledge.

27.

Eccles, J. S. (1999). The development of children ages 6 to 14. The Future of Children, 9(2), 30–44.CrossRef

28.

Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007). Pubertal transitions in health. Lancet, 369(9567), 1130–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60366-3.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Ravens-Sieberer, U., Gosch, A., Rajmil, L., Erhart, M., Bruil, J., Duer, W., et al. (2005). KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 5(3), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.5.3.353.CrossRef

30.

WHOQOL Group. (1993). Study protocol for the World Health Organization project to develop a quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL). Quality of Life Research, 2(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00435734.CrossRef

31.

Bullinger, M., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Leplège, A., Sullivan, M., Wood-Dauphinee, S., et al. (1998). Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: The IQOLA project approach. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51(11), 913–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00082-1.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Ravens-Sieberer, U., Herdman, M., Devine, J., Otto, C., Bullinger, M., Rose, M., et al. (2014). The European KIDSCREEN approach to measure quality of life and well-being in children: Development, current application, and future advances. Quality of Life Research, 23(3), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0428-3.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Collard, D., & Pulles, I. (2015). Factsheet 2015/16 Sportdeelname [Factsheet 2015/16 Sports participation]. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.

34.

Ooijendijk, W., Wendel-Vos, W., & De Vries, S. (2007). Consensus Vragenlijsten Sport en Bewegen (KvL//B&G 2007.089) [Consensus Questionnaires Sports and Movement (KvL//B&G 2007.089)]. Leiden: TNO Kwaliteit van Leven.

35.

Moeijes, J., Van Busschbach, J. T., Fortuin, B., Bosscher, R. J., & Twisk, J. W. (2017). Sports participation and psychosocial health in elementary school children. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 4(6), 582–592. https://doi.org/10.14485/HBPR.4.6.8.CrossRef

36.

Breslin, G., Gossrau-Breen, D., McCay, N., Gilmore, G., MacDonald, L., & Hanna, D. (2012). Physical activity, gender, weight status, and wellbeing in 9-to 11-year-old children: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(3), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.3.394.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Vella, S. A., Magee, C. A., & Cliff, D. P. (2015). Trajectories and predictors of health-related quality of life during childhood. Journal of Pediatrics, 167(2), 422–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.079.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Chen, X., Sekine, M., Hamanishi, S., Yamagami, T., & Kagamimori, S. (2005). Associations of lifestyle factors with quality of life (QOL) in Japanese children: A 3-year follow-up of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 31(4), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00529.x.CrossRef

39.

Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. British Medical Journal, 320, 1240–1245. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7244.1240.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Lee, D., & McLanahan, S. (2015). Family structure transitions and child development: Instability, selection, and population heterogeneity. American Sociological Review, 80(4), 738–763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415592129.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Knol, F., Boelhouwer, J., & Ross, J. A. (2010). Statusontwikkeling van wijken in Nederland 1998–2010 [Status development of neighborhoods in the Netherland 1998–2010]. Retrieved from http://www.scp.nl/Publicaties/Alle_publicaties/Publicaties_2012/Statusontwikkeling_van_wijken_in_Nederland_1998_2010. Accessed January 15, 2013.

42.

Eime, R. M., Harvey, J. T., Brown, W. J., & Payne, W. R. (2010). Does sports club participation contribute to health-related quality of life? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(5), 1022–1028. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c3adaa.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2011). Does sport make you happy? An analysis of the well-being derived from sports participation. International Review of Applied Economics, 25(3), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2010.511168.CrossRef

44.

Van Hout, R., Young, M. E., Bassett, S., & Hooft, T. (2013). Participation in sport and the perceptions of quality of life of high school learners in the Theewaterskloof Municipality, South Africa. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 19(3), 612–622.

45.

Gopinath, B., Hardy, L. L., Baur, L. A., Burlutsky, G., & Mitchell, P. (2012). Physical activity and sedentary behaviors and health-related quality of life in adolescents. Pediatrics, 130, e167–e174. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-3637.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Morales, P. F., Sánchez-López, M., Moya-Martínez, P., García-Prieto, J. C., Martínez-Andrés, M., García, N. L., et al. (2013). Health-related quality of life, obesity, and fitness in schoolchildren: the Cuenca study. Quality of Life Research, 22(7), 1515–1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0282-8.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Gray, C., Gibbons, R., Larouche, R., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Brussoni, M., et al. (2015). What is the relationship between outdoor time and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6455–6474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606455.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Gu, X., Chang, M., & Solmon, M. A. (2016). Physical activity, physical fitness, and health-related quality of life in school-aged children. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 35(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2015-0110.CrossRef

49.

Borras, P. A., Vidal, J., Ponseti, X., Cantallops, J., & Palou, P. (2011). Predictors of quality of life in children. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 6(4), 649–656. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2011.64.08.CrossRef

50.

Howie, L. D., Lukacs, S. L., Pastor, P. N., Reuben, C. A., & Mendola, P. (2010). Participation in activities outside of school hours in relation to problem behavior and social skills in middle childhood. Journal of School Health, 80(3), 119–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00475.x.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Chen, G., Ratcliffe, J., Olds, T., Magarey, A., Jones, M., & Leslie, E. (2014). BMI, health behaviors, and quality of life in children and adolescents: A school-based study. Pediatrics, 133(4), e868–e874. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0622.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Biddle, S., & Mutrie, N. (1991). Psychology of physical activity and exercise: A health-related perspective. London: Springer.CrossRef

53.

Bluemke, M., Brand, R., Schweizer, G., & Kahlert, D. (2010). Exercise might be good for me, but I don’t feel good about it: Do automatic associations predict exercise behavior? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 137–153.CrossRef

54.

Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715–731.CrossRef

55.

Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Reed, J., & Buck, S. (2009). The effect of regular aerobic exercise on positive-activated affect: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(6), 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.009.CrossRef

57.

Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-78.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Babic, M. J., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Lonsdale, C., White, R. L., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Physical activity and physical self-concept in youth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0229-z.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., et al. (2015). Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Medicine, 45(9), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0351-6.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Liu, M., Wu, L., & Ming, Q. (2015). How does physical activity intervention improve self-esteem and self-concept in children and adolescents? Evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0134804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134804.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Tink, L. N., & Black, D. E. (2009). An interpretive analysis of life skills associated with sport participation. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1(2), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398440902909017.CrossRef

62.

Pierce, S., Gould, D., & Camiré, M. (2017). Definition and model of life skills transfer. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 186–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1199727.CrossRef

63.

Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(1), 58–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840701834573.CrossRef

64.

Hertting, K., & Kostenius, C. (2012). Organized leisure activities and well-being: Children getting it just right! Larnet: Cyber. Journal of Applied Leisure and Recreational Research, 15(2), 13–28.

65.

Chan, D. K., Lonsdale, C., & Fung, H. H. (2012). Influences of coaches, parents, and peers on the motivational patterns of child and adolescent athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 22(4), 558–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01277.x.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Evans, M. B., Allan, V., Vierimaa, M., & Côté, J. (2016). Sport parent roles in fostering positive youth development. In S. B. Dagkas & B. Lisette (Eds.), Families, young people, physical activity and health: Critical perspectives (pp. 228–240). London/New York: Routledge.CrossRef

67.

Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2010). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 298–314.

68.

Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 114–131.CrossRef

69.

Amado, D., Sánchez-Oliva, D., González-Ponce, I., Pulido-González, J. J., & Sánchez-Miguel, P. A. (2015). Incidence of parental support and pressure on their children’s motivational processes towards sport practice regarding gender. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0128015.CrossRef

70.

Vella, S. A., Oades, L. G., & Crowe, T. P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach–athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(5), 549–561.CrossRef

71.

Evans, M. B., Eys, M. A., & Bruner, M. W. (2012). Seeing the “we” in “me” sports: The need to consider individual sport team environments. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030202.CrossRef

72.

Donkers, J. L., Martin, L. J., & Evans, M. B. (2016). Psychological collectivism in youth athletes on individual sport teams. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1218529.CrossRef

73.

McCracken, D. S., Allen, D. A., & Gow, A. J. (2016). Associations between urban greenspace and health-related quality of life in children. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.01.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H. (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 45(5), 1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102947t.CrossRef

75.

Tillmann, S., Tobin, D., Avison, W., & Gilliland, J. (2018). Mental health benefits of interactions with nature in children and teenagers: A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-210436.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Huynh, Q., Craig, W., Janssen, I., & Pickett, W. (2013). Exposure to public natural space as a protective factor for emotional well-being among young people in Canada. [journal article]. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 407.CrossRef

77.

Hart, R. (1979). Children’s experience of place. New York: Irvington.

78.

Rajmil, L., López, A. R., López-Aguilà, S., & Alonso, J. (2013). Parent–child agreement on health-related quality of life (HRQOL): A longitudinal study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

Helseth, S., Haraldstad, K., & Christophersen, K.-A. (2015). A cross-sectional study of health related quality of life and body mass index in a Norwegian school sample (8–18 years): A comparison of child and parent perspectives. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 13(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0239-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Borghese, M. M., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Janssen, I., et al. (2016). Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6), S197–S239. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0663.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Sports participation and health-related quality of life: a longitudinal observational study in children
Authors: Janet Moeijes
Jooske T. van Busschbach
Ruud J. Bosscher
Jos W. R. Twisk
Publication date: 01-09-2019
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Quality of Life Research / Issue 9/2019
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2649
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02219-4

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Sports participation and health-related quality of life: a longitudinal observational study in children

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 9/2019

Health state utilities associated with attributes of migraine preventive treatments based on patient and general population preferences

Status of inflammation in relation to health related quality of life in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Health and oral health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study

Methods for questionnaire design: a taxonomy linking procedures to test goals

Self-management and psychological resilience moderate the relationships between symptoms and health-related quality of life among patients with hypertension in China

Health-related quality of life in adult males with lower urinary tract symptoms