Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Psychiatric Quarterly 3/2006

01-09-2006 | Original Paper

Effects of Medical Crisis Intervention on Anxiety, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis

Authors: Amy B. Stapleton, Psy. D., Jeffrey Lating, Ph.D., Matthew Kirkhart, Ph.D., George S. Everly Jr., Ph.D.

Published in: Psychiatric Quarterly | Issue 3/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

A meta-analysis of 11 studies (N=2124) investigating the impact of individual crisis intervention with medical patients yielded a significant, overall moderate effect size, d=0.44. The strongest effect of individual crisis intervention was on posttraumatic stress symptoms (d=0.57) and anxiety symptoms (d=0.52). Specific moderating factors, such as single versus multiple sessions, single versus multiple components of intervention, and level of interventionists’ training, were also analyzed. In sum, the results support highly trained interventionists continuing to provide multi-session interventions in order to mitigate posttraumatic symptomatology following traumatic events.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66:586–590, 1998.PubMedCrossRef Andrykowski MA, Cordova MJ, Studts JL, et al: Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66:586–590, 1998.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Bennett P, Owen R, Koutsakis S, et al: Personality, social context and cognitive predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in myocardial infarction patients. Psychology and Health 17:489–500, 2002.CrossRef Bennett P, Owen R, Koutsakis S, et al: Personality, social context and cognitive predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in myocardial infarction patients. Psychology and Health 17:489–500, 2002.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Boyer BA, Bubel D, Jacobs SR, et al: Posttraumatic stress in women with breast cancer and their daughters. The American Journal of Family Therapy 30:323–328, 2002.CrossRef Boyer BA, Bubel D, Jacobs SR, et al: Posttraumatic stress in women with breast cancer and their daughters. The American Journal of Family Therapy 30:323–328, 2002.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Maes S, Leventhal H, Johnston M: Psychological preparation for surgery: Marshalling individual and social resources to optimize self-regulation, in International Review of Health Psychology. Edited by Maes S, Leventhal H, Johnston M. NY, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. Maes S, Leventhal H, Johnston M: Psychological preparation for surgery: Marshalling individual and social resources to optimize self-regulation, in International Review of Health Psychology. Edited by Maes S, Leventhal H, Johnston M. NY, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
5.
go back to reference Fawzy FI, Cousins N, Fawzy NW, et al: A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients: Changes over time in methods of coping and affective disturbance. American Archives of General Psychiatry 47:720–725, 1990. Fawzy FI, Cousins N, Fawzy NW, et al: A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients: Changes over time in methods of coping and affective disturbance. American Archives of General Psychiatry 47:720–725, 1990.
6.
go back to reference Neel ML: Posttraumatic stress symptomatology and cancer. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2:85–94, 2000.PubMed Neel ML: Posttraumatic stress symptomatology and cancer. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2:85–94, 2000.PubMed
7.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disordersm (4th Ed., Text Revision). Washington DC, 2000. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disordersm (4th Ed., Text Revision). Washington DC, 2000.
8.
go back to reference Mitchell JT, Resnick HLP: Emergency Response to Crisis. Ellicott City, MD, Chevron, 1981. Mitchell JT, Resnick HLP: Emergency Response to Crisis. Ellicott City, MD, Chevron, 1981.
9.
go back to reference Resick PA: Stress and Trauma. London, Psychology Press, 2001. Resick PA: Stress and Trauma. London, Psychology Press, 2001.
10.
go back to reference National Institute of Mental Health: Mental health and mass violence: Evidence-based early psychological intervention for victim/survivors of mass violence. A workshop to reach consensus on best practices (NIH Publication No. 02-5138). Washington DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002. National Institute of Mental Health: Mental health and mass violence: Evidence-based early psychological intervention for victim/survivors of mass violence. A workshop to reach consensus on best practices (NIH Publication No. 02-5138). Washington DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002.
11.
go back to reference Smith ML, Glass GV: Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752–760, 1977.PubMedCrossRef Smith ML, Glass GV: Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist 32:752–760, 1977.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Mullen B, Rosenthal R: BASIC Meta-Analysis: Procedures and Programs. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985. Mullen B, Rosenthal R: BASIC Meta-Analysis: Procedures and Programs. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985.
13.
go back to reference Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Sciences, 2nd Ed. New York, Academic Press, 1977. Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Sciences, 2nd Ed. New York, Academic Press, 1977.
14.
go back to reference Arendt M, Elklit A: Effectiveness of psychological debriefing. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104:423–437, 2001.PubMedCrossRef Arendt M, Elklit A: Effectiveness of psychological debriefing. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104:423–437, 2001.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Everly GS, Flannery RB, Mitchell JT: Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal 5:23–40, 2000.CrossRef Everly GS, Flannery RB, Mitchell JT: Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal 5:23–40, 2000.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Flannery RB, Everly GS: Crisis intervention: A review. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2:119–125, 2000.PubMed Flannery RB, Everly GS: Crisis intervention: A review. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2:119–125, 2000.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S: Psychological debriefing for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). Oxford, UK Update Software: The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2002. Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S: Psychological debriefing for preventing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). Oxford, UK Update Software: The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2002.
18.
go back to reference Wessely S, Rose S, Bisson J: A systematic review of brief psychological interventions (debriefings) for the treatment of immediate trauma related symptoms and the prevention of post traumatic stress disorder (Cochrane Review). Oxford, UK Update Software: The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 1998. Wessely S, Rose S, Bisson J: A systematic review of brief psychological interventions (debriefings) for the treatment of immediate trauma related symptoms and the prevention of post traumatic stress disorder (Cochrane Review). Oxford, UK Update Software: The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 1998.
19.
go back to reference Bisson JI: Early interventions following traumatic events. Psychiatric Annals 33:37–44, 2003. Bisson JI: Early interventions following traumatic events. Psychiatric Annals 33:37–44, 2003.
20.
go back to reference Everly GS, Boyle S: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD): A meta-analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 1:165–168, 1999.PubMed Everly GS, Boyle S: Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD): A meta-analysis. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 1:165–168, 1999.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Everly GS, Boyle S, Lating J: Effectiveness of psychological debriefing with various trauma: A meta-analysis. Stress Medicine 15:229–233, 1999.CrossRef Everly GS, Boyle S, Lating J: Effectiveness of psychological debriefing with various trauma: A meta-analysis. Stress Medicine 15:229–233, 1999.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Van Emmerick AP, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, et al: Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: A meta-analysis. The Lancet 360:766–771, 2002.CrossRef Van Emmerick AP, Kamphuis JH, Hulsbosch AM, et al: Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: A meta-analysis. The Lancet 360:766–771, 2002.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Everly GS, Flannery RB, Eyler V: Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A statistical review of the literature. Psychiatric Quarterly 73:171–182, 2002.PubMedCrossRef Everly GS, Flannery RB, Eyler V: Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM): A statistical review of the literature. Psychiatric Quarterly 73:171–182, 2002.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Flannery RB: Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP): Ten years of empirical support for Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 3:5–10, 2001.PubMed Flannery RB: Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP): Ten years of empirical support for Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 3:5–10, 2001.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Mumford E, Schlesinger HJ, Glass GV: The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: An analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health 72:141–151, 1982.PubMedCrossRef Mumford E, Schlesinger HJ, Glass GV: The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: An analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health 72:141–151, 1982.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hathaway D: Effect of preoperative instruction on postoperative outcomes: A meta-analysis. Nursing Research 35:269–275, 1986.PubMedCrossRef Hathaway D: Effect of preoperative instruction on postoperative outcomes: A meta-analysis. Nursing Research 35:269–275, 1986.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Devine EC: Effects of psychoeducational care for adult surgical patients: A meta-analysis of 191 studies. Patient Education and Counseling 19:129–142, 1992.PubMedCrossRef Devine EC: Effects of psychoeducational care for adult surgical patients: A meta-analysis of 191 studies. Patient Education and Counseling 19:129–142, 1992.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Meyer TJ, Mark MM: Effects of psychosocial interventions with adult cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized experiments. Health Psychology 14:101–108, 1992.CrossRef Meyer TJ, Mark MM: Effects of psychosocial interventions with adult cancer patients: A meta-analysis of randomized experiments. Health Psychology 14:101–108, 1992.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference American Red Cross: Disaster Mental Health Services (ARC 3050 M): Disaster Services Regulations and Procedures. Alexandria, VA, American Red Cross, 1991. American Red Cross: Disaster Mental Health Services (ARC 3050 M): Disaster Services Regulations and Procedures. Alexandria, VA, American Red Cross, 1991.
30.
go back to reference Bordow S, Porritt D: An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention. Social Science and Medicine 13:251–256, 1979. Bordow S, Porritt D: An experimental evaluation of crisis intervention. Social Science and Medicine 13:251–256, 1979.
31.
go back to reference Brom D, Kleber RJ, Hofman MC: Victims of traffic accidents: Incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 49:131–140, 1993.PubMedCrossRef Brom D, Kleber RJ, Hofman MC: Victims of traffic accidents: Incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 49:131–140, 1993.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Bunn TA, Clarke AM: Crisis intervention: An experimental study of the effects of a brief period of counseling on the anxiety of the relatives of seriously injured or ill hospital patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology 52:191–195, 1979.PubMed Bunn TA, Clarke AM: Crisis intervention: An experimental study of the effects of a brief period of counseling on the anxiety of the relatives of seriously injured or ill hospital patients. British Journal of Medical Psychology 52:191–195, 1979.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Conlon L, Fahy TJ, Conroy R: PTSD in ambulant RTA victims: A randomized controlled trial of debriefing. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 46:37–44, 1999.PubMedCrossRef Conlon L, Fahy TJ, Conroy R: PTSD in ambulant RTA victims: A randomized controlled trial of debriefing. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 46:37–44, 1999.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Gidron Y, Gal R, Freedman S, et al: Translating research findings to PTSD Prevention: Results of a randomized-controlled pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14:773–780, 2001.PubMedCrossRef Gidron Y, Gal R, Freedman S, et al: Translating research findings to PTSD Prevention: Results of a randomized-controlled pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 14:773–780, 2001.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA: Can midwives reduce postpardum psychological morbidity? A randomized trial. BIRTH 25:215–219, 1998.PubMedCrossRef Lavender T, Walkinshaw SA: Can midwives reduce postpardum psychological morbidity? A randomized trial. BIRTH 25:215–219, 1998.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Lee C, Slade P, Lygo V: The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional adaptation in women following early miscarriage: A preliminary study. British Journal of Medical Psychology 69:47–58, 1996.PubMed Lee C, Slade P, Lygo V: The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional adaptation in women following early miscarriage: A preliminary study. British Journal of Medical Psychology 69:47–58, 1996.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M: A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychological Medicine 29:793–799, 1999.PubMedCrossRef Rose S, Brewin CR, Andrews B, Kirk M: A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime. Psychological Medicine 29:793–799, 1999.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Small R, Lumley J, Donohue L, et al: Randomised controlled trial of midwife led debriefing to reduce maternal depression after operative childbirth. British Medical Journal 321:1043–1047, 2000.PubMedCrossRef Small R, Lumley J, Donohue L, et al: Randomised controlled trial of midwife led debriefing to reduce maternal depression after operative childbirth. British Medical Journal 321:1043–1047, 2000.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Viney LL, Benjamin YN, Clarke AM, et al: Sex differences in the psychological reactions of medical and surgical patients to crisis intervention: Sauce for the goose may not be sauce for the gander. Social Science and Medicine 20:1199–1205, 1985.PubMedCrossRef Viney LL, Benjamin YN, Clarke AM, et al: Sex differences in the psychological reactions of medical and surgical patients to crisis intervention: Sauce for the goose may not be sauce for the gander. Social Science and Medicine 20:1199–1205, 1985.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Zatzick DM, Roy-Byrne P, Russo JE, et al: Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: A pilot randomized effectiveness trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 23:114–123, 2001.PubMedCrossRef Zatzick DM, Roy-Byrne P, Russo JE, et al: Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: A pilot randomized effectiveness trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 23:114–123, 2001.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Cooper H, Hedges LV: Parametric measures of effect size, in The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by Cooper H, Hedges, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 1994. Cooper H, Hedges LV: Parametric measures of effect size, in The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Edited by Cooper H, Hedges, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 1994.
42.
go back to reference Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, et al: Evaluating psychological debriefing: Are we evaluating the right outcomes? Journal of Traumatic Stress 14:527–529, 2001.PubMedCrossRef Deahl MP, Srinivasan M, Jones N, et al: Evaluating psychological debriefing: Are we evaluating the right outcomes? Journal of Traumatic Stress 14:527–529, 2001.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Boscarino JA, Adams RE, Figley CR: A prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of employer-sponsored crisis interventions after a major disaster. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 7:9–22, 2005.PubMed Boscarino JA, Adams RE, Figley CR: A prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of employer-sponsored crisis interventions after a major disaster. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 7:9–22, 2005.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Everly GS, Flannery RB, Eyler V, et al: Sufficiency analysis of an integrated multicomponent approach to crisis intervention: Critical incident stress management. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine 17:160–196, 2001. Everly GS, Flannery RB, Eyler V, et al: Sufficiency analysis of an integrated multicomponent approach to crisis intervention: Critical incident stress management. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine 17:160–196, 2001.
Metadata
Title
Effects of Medical Crisis Intervention on Anxiety, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Authors
Amy B. Stapleton, Psy. D.
Jeffrey Lating, Ph.D.
Matthew Kirkhart, Ph.D.
George S. Everly Jr., Ph.D.
Publication date
01-09-2006
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Psychiatric Quarterly / Issue 3/2006
Print ISSN: 0033-2720
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6709
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-006-9010-2

Other articles of this Issue 3/2006

Psychiatric Quarterly 3/2006 Go to the issue