Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Prevention Science 1/2009

01-03-2009

Efficacy of the Chicago Parent Program with Low-Income African American and Latino Parents of Young Children

Authors: Deborah Gross, Christine Garvey, Wrenetha Julion, Louis Fogg, Sharon Tucker, Hartmut Mokros

Published in: Prevention Science | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

This study tested the efficacy of a 12-session parent training program, the Chicago Parent Program (CPP), which was developed in collaboration with African American and Latino parents. Using growth curve modeling, data were analyzed from 253 parents (58.9% African American, 32.8% Latino) of 2–4 year old children enrolled in seven day care centers serving low-income families. Day care centers were matched and randomly assigned to intervention and waiting-list control conditions. At 1-year follow-up, intervention group parents used less corporal punishment and issued fewer commands with their children. Intervention children exhibited fewer behavior problems during observed play and clean-up sessions than controls. Additional group differences were observed when dose was included in the analytic model. Parents who participated in at least 50% of CPP sessions also reported greater improvements in parenting self-efficacy, more consistent discipline, greater warmth, and a decline in child behavior problems when compared to reports from controls. The implications of these results for preventive parent training with low-income African American and Latino parents and the role of intervention dose on parent–child outcomes are discussed.
Literature
go back to reference Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
go back to reference Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 445, 405–414.CrossRef Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 445, 405–414.CrossRef
go back to reference Brestan, E., & Eyberg, S. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 180–189.PubMedCrossRef Brestan, E., & Eyberg, S. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 180–189.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brotman, L. M., Klein, R., Kamboukos, D., Brown, E. J., Coard, S. I., & Sosinsky, L. S. (2003). Preventive intervention for urban, low-income preschoolers at familial risk for conduct problems: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 246–257.PubMedCrossRef Brotman, L. M., Klein, R., Kamboukos, D., Brown, E. J., Coard, S. I., & Sosinsky, L. S. (2003). Preventive intervention for urban, low-income preschoolers at familial risk for conduct problems: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 246–257.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 277–293.CrossRef Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventive interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 277–293.CrossRef
go back to reference Colman, R. A., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self-regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15, 421–437.CrossRef Colman, R. A., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self-regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15, 421–437.CrossRef
go back to reference Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 631–647.CrossRef Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999). Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 631–647.CrossRef
go back to reference Conrad, B., Gross, D., Fogg, L., & Ruchala, P. (1992). Maternal confidence, knowledge, and quality of mother–toddler interaction: A preliminary study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 353–362. Conrad, B., Gross, D., Fogg, L., & Ruchala, P. (1992). Maternal confidence, knowledge, and quality of mother–toddler interaction: A preliminary study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 13, 353–362.
go back to reference Corcoran, M., & Adams, T. (1997). Race, sex, and the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In D. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 461–517). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Corcoran, M., & Adams, T. (1997). Race, sex, and the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In D. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 461–517). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
go back to reference Doctoroff, G. L., & Arnold, D. (2004). Parent-rated externalizing behavior in preschoolers: The predictive utility of structured interviews, teacher reports, and classroom observations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 813–818.PubMedCrossRef Doctoroff, G. L., & Arnold, D. (2004). Parent-rated externalizing behavior in preschoolers: The predictive utility of structured interviews, teacher reports, and classroom observations. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 813–818.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Dumas, J., & Wahler, R. (1983). Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training: Mother insularity and socioeconomic disadvantage. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 301–313. Dumas, J., & Wahler, R. (1983). Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training: Mother insularity and socioeconomic disadvantage. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 301–313.
go back to reference Dumas, J., Prinz, R. J., Smith, E. P., & Laughlin, J. (1999). The Early Alliance prevention trial: An integrated set of interventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 37–53.PubMedCrossRef Dumas, J., Prinz, R. J., Smith, E. P., & Laughlin, J. (1999). The Early Alliance prevention trial: An integrated set of interventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 37–53.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Eyberg, S., & Pincus, D. (1999). Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory—Revised: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Eyberg, S., & Pincus, D. (1999). Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory and Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory—Revised: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
go back to reference Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., et al. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.PubMedCrossRef Flay, B. R., Biglan, A., Boruch, R. F., Castro, F. G., Gottfredson, D., Kellam, S., et al. (2005). Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness, and dissemination. Prevention Science, 6, 151–175.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. (1996). A wake-up call for parent training. Behavior Therapy, 27, 187–206.CrossRef Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. (1996). A wake-up call for parent training. Behavior Therapy, 27, 187–206.CrossRef
go back to reference Frias-Armenta, M., & McCloskey, L. (1998). Determinants of harsh parenting in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 129–139.PubMedCrossRef Frias-Armenta, M., & McCloskey, L. (1998). Determinants of harsh parenting in Mexico. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 129–139.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Giesbrecht, F. G., & Burns, J. C. (1985). Two-stage analysis based on a mixed model: Large-sample asymptotic theory and small-sample simulation results. Biometrics, 41, 477–486.CrossRef Giesbrecht, F. G., & Burns, J. C. (1985). Two-stage analysis based on a mixed model: Large-sample asymptotic theory and small-sample simulation results. Biometrics, 41, 477–486.CrossRef
go back to reference Gorman, J. C., & Balter, L. (1997). Culturally sensitive parent education: A critical review of quantitative research. Review of Educational Research, 67, 339–369. Gorman, J. C., & Balter, L. (1997). Culturally sensitive parent education: A critical review of quantitative research. Review of Educational Research, 67, 339–369.
go back to reference Gottfredson, D., Kumpfer, K., Polizzi-Fox, D., Wilson, D., Puryear, V., Beatty, P., et al. (2006). The Strengthening Washington DC Families Project: A randomized effectiveness trial of family-based prevention. Prevention Science, 7, 57–74.PubMedCrossRef Gottfredson, D., Kumpfer, K., Polizzi-Fox, D., Wilson, D., Puryear, V., Beatty, P., et al. (2006). The Strengthening Washington DC Families Project: A randomized effectiveness trial of family-based prevention. Prevention Science, 7, 57–74.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., & Rocissano, L. (1988). Maternal confidence in toddlerhood: Its measurement for research and clinical practice. Nurse Practitioner, 13, 19–22, 28–29.PubMedCrossRef Gross, D., & Rocissano, L. (1988). Maternal confidence in toddlerhood: Its measurement for research and clinical practice. Nurse Practitioner, 13, 19–22, 28–29.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Conrad, B., Fogg, L., & Wothke, W. (1994). A longitudinal model of maternal self-efficacy, depression, and difficult temperament during toddlerhood. Research in Nursing & Health, 17, 207–215.CrossRef Gross, D., Conrad, B., Fogg, L., & Wothke, W. (1994). A longitudinal model of maternal self-efficacy, depression, and difficult temperament during toddlerhood. Research in Nursing & Health, 17, 207–215.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Fogg, L., & Tucker, S. (1995). The efficacy of parent training for promoting positive parent–toddler relationships. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 489–499.CrossRef Gross, D., Fogg, L., & Tucker, S. (1995). The efficacy of parent training for promoting positive parent–toddler relationships. Research in Nursing & Health, 18, 489–499.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2001). What motivates participation and drop-out among low-income urban families of color in a prevention intervention? Family Relations, 50, 246–254.CrossRef Gross, D., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2001). What motivates participation and drop-out among low-income urban families of color in a prevention intervention? Family Relations, 50, 246–254.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Fogg, L., Webster-Stratton, C., Garvey, C., Julion, W., & Grady, J. (2003). Parent training with multi-ethnic families of toddlers in day care in low-income urban communities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 261–278.PubMedCrossRef Gross, D., Fogg, L., Webster-Stratton, C., Garvey, C., Julion, W., & Grady, J. (2003). Parent training with multi-ethnic families of toddlers in day care in low-income urban communities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 261–278.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Fogg, L., Young, M., Ridge, A., Cowell, J., Sivan, A., et al. (2007a). Reliability and validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with African American and Latino parents of young children. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 213–223.CrossRef Gross, D., Fogg, L., Young, M., Ridge, A., Cowell, J., Sivan, A., et al. (2007a). Reliability and validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with African American and Latino parents of young children. Research in Nursing & Health, 30, 213–223.CrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Garvey, C., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2007b). Preventive parent training with low-income, ethnic minority parents of preschoolers. In J. M. Briesmeister & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solve problem behaviors (3rd ed., pp. 5–24). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Gross, D., Garvey, C., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2007b). Preventive parent training with low-income, ethnic minority parents of preschoolers. In J. M. Briesmeister & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solve problem behaviors (3rd ed., pp. 5–24). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
go back to reference Haggerty, K. P., Fleming, C. B., Lonczak, H. S., Oxford, M. L., Harachi, T. W., & Catalano, R. (2002). Predictors of participation in parenting workshops. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 375–387.CrossRef Haggerty, K. P., Fleming, C. B., Lonczak, H. S., Oxford, M. L., Harachi, T. W., & Catalano, R. (2002). Predictors of participation in parenting workshops. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 375–387.CrossRef
go back to reference Heinrichs, N., Bertram, H., Kuschel, A., & Hahlweg, K. (2005). Parent recruitment and retention in a universal prevention program for child behavior and emotional problems: Barriers to research and program participation. Prevention Science, 6, 275–286.PubMedCrossRef Heinrichs, N., Bertram, H., Kuschel, A., & Hahlweg, K. (2005). Parent recruitment and retention in a universal prevention program for child behavior and emotional problems: Barriers to research and program participation. Prevention Science, 6, 275–286.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Horn, I. B., Cheng, T. L., & Joseph, J. (2004). Discipline in the African American community: The impact of socioeconomic status on beliefs and practices. Pediatrics, 113, 1236–1241.PubMedCrossRef Horn, I. B., Cheng, T. L., & Joseph, J. (2004). Discipline in the African American community: The impact of socioeconomic status on beliefs and practices. Pediatrics, 113, 1236–1241.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Irvine, A., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., Metzler, C., & Ary, D. (1999). The effectiveness of a parenting skills program for parents of middle school students in small communities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 811–825.PubMedCrossRef Irvine, A., Biglan, A., Smolkowski, K., Metzler, C., & Ary, D. (1999). The effectiveness of a parenting skills program for parents of middle school students in small communities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 811–825.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kazdin, A. (1997). Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1349–1356.PubMedCrossRef Kazdin, A. (1997). Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1349–1356.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Koniak-Griffin, D., & Verzemnieks, J. (1995). The relationship between parental ratings of child behaviors, interaction, and home environments. Maternal Child Nursing, 23, 44–56. Koniak-Griffin, D., & Verzemnieks, J. (1995). The relationship between parental ratings of child behaviors, interaction, and home environments. Maternal Child Nursing, 23, 44–56.
go back to reference Kenward, M. G., & Roger, J. H. (1997). Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, 53, 983–997.PubMedCrossRef Kenward, M. G., & Roger, J. H. (1997). Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, 53, 983–997.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 86–104.PubMedCrossRef Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 86–104.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McCabe, K. M., Clark, R., & Barnett, D. (1999). Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 137–150.PubMedCrossRef McCabe, K. M., Clark, R., & Barnett, D. (1999). Family protective factors among urban African American youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 137–150.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Garland, A. F., Lau, A. S., & Chavez, G. (2005). The GANA program: A tailoring approach to adapting Parent Child Interaction Therapy for Mexican Americans. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 111–129. McCabe, K. M., Yeh, M., Garland, A. F., Lau, A. S., & Chavez, G. (2005). The GANA program: A tailoring approach to adapting Parent Child Interaction Therapy for Mexican Americans. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 111–129.
go back to reference McMahon, R. (1999). Parent training. In S. Russ & T. Ollendick (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 153–180). New York: Kluwer Academic. McMahon, R. (1999). Parent training. In S. Russ & T. Ollendick (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapies with children and families (pp. 153–180). New York: Kluwer Academic.
go back to reference Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. (2006). Self-administered behavioural family intervention for parents of toddlers: Effectiveness and dissemination. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1839–1848.CrossRef Morawska, A., & Sanders, M. (2006). Self-administered behavioural family intervention for parents of toddlers: Effectiveness and dissemination. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1839–1848.CrossRef
go back to reference Myers, H., Alvy, K., Arrington, A., Richardson, M. A., Marigna, M., Huff, R., et al. (1992). The impact of a parent training program on inner-city African-American families. Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 132–147.CrossRef Myers, H., Alvy, K., Arrington, A., Richardson, M. A., Marigna, M., Huff, R., et al. (1992). The impact of a parent training program on inner-city African-American families. Journal of Community Psychology, 10, 132–147.CrossRef
go back to reference Orrell-Valente, J., Pinderhughes, E., Valente, E., Laird, R., & Conduct Problems Prevention Group (1999). If it’s offered, will they come? Influences on parents’ participation in a community-based conduct problems prevention program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 753–783.PubMedCrossRef Orrell-Valente, J., Pinderhughes, E., Valente, E., Laird, R., & Conduct Problems Prevention Group (1999). If it’s offered, will they come? Influences on parents’ participation in a community-based conduct problems prevention program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 753–783.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Patterson, G. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia. Patterson, G. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
go back to reference Perrino, T., Coatsworth, J., Briones, E., Pantin, H., & Szapocznik, J. (2001). Initial engagement in parent-centered preventive interventions: A family systems perspective. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 21–44.CrossRef Perrino, T., Coatsworth, J., Briones, E., Pantin, H., & Szapocznik, J. (2001). Initial engagement in parent-centered preventive interventions: A family systems perspective. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 21–44.CrossRef
go back to reference Rassler, S. (2002). Statistical matching: A frequentist theory, practical applications, and alternative Bayesian approaches. New York: Springer. Rassler, S. (2002). Statistical matching: A frequentist theory, practical applications, and alternative Bayesian approaches. New York: Springer.
go back to reference Reid, J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Beauchaine, T. (2001). Parent training in head start: A comparison of program response among African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic mothers. Prevention Science, 2, 209–227.PubMedCrossRef Reid, J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Beauchaine, T. (2001). Parent training in head start: A comparison of program response among African American, Asian American, Caucasian, and Hispanic mothers. Prevention Science, 2, 209–227.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reid, M. J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Baydar, N. (2004). Halting the development of conduct problems in Head Start children: The effects of parent training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 33, 279–291.CrossRef Reid, M. J., Webster-Stratton, C., & Baydar, N. (2004). Halting the development of conduct problems in Head Start children: The effects of parent training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 33, 279–291.CrossRef
go back to reference Rubin, D. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.CrossRef Rubin, D. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York: Wiley.CrossRef
go back to reference Sanders, M. (2007). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A public health approach to parenting support. In J. M. Briesmeister & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solve problem behaviors (3rd ed., pp. 203–233). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Sanders, M. (2007). The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A public health approach to parenting support. In J. M. Briesmeister & C. E. Schaefer (Eds.), Handbook of parent training: Helping parents prevent and solve problem behaviors (3rd ed., pp. 203–233). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
go back to reference Schoenwald, S. K., Carter, R. W., Chapman, J. E., & Sheidow, A. J. (2008). Therapist adherence and organizational effects on change in youth behavior problems one year after Multisystemic Therapy. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 379–394.PubMedCrossRef Schoenwald, S. K., Carter, R. W., Chapman, J. E., & Sheidow, A. J. (2008). Therapist adherence and organizational effects on change in youth behavior problems one year after Multisystemic Therapy. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 35, 379–394.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Singer, J. B., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press. Singer, J. B., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Strayhorn, J. M., & Weidman, C. S. (1991). Follow-up one year after parent–child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 138–143.PubMedCrossRef Strayhorn, J. M., & Weidman, C. S. (1991). Follow-up one year after parent–child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 138–143.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tucker, S., Gross, D., Fogg, L., Delaney, K., & Lapporte, R. (1998). The long-term efficacy of a behavioral parent training intervention for families with 2-year-olds. Research in Nursing & Health, 21, 199–210.CrossRef Tucker, S., Gross, D., Fogg, L., Delaney, K., & Lapporte, R. (1998). The long-term efficacy of a behavioral parent training intervention for families with 2-year-olds. Research in Nursing & Health, 21, 199–210.CrossRef
go back to reference Webster-Stratton, C. (1998a). Parent training with low-income families: Promoting parental engagement through a collaborative approach. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Handbook of child abuse research and treatment (pp. 183–209). New York: Plenum. Webster-Stratton, C. (1998a). Parent training with low-income families: Promoting parental engagement through a collaborative approach. In J. R. Lutzker (Ed.), Handbook of child abuse research and treatment (pp. 183–209). New York: Plenum.
go back to reference Webster-Stratton, C. (1998b). Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children: Strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 715–730.PubMedCrossRef Webster-Stratton, C. (1998b). Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children: Strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 715–730.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zambrana, R., & Logie, L. (2000). Latino child health: Need for inclusion in the US national discourse. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1827–1833.PubMedCrossRef Zambrana, R., & Logie, L. (2000). Latino child health: Need for inclusion in the US national discourse. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1827–1833.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Efficacy of the Chicago Parent Program with Low-Income African American and Latino Parents of Young Children
Authors
Deborah Gross
Christine Garvey
Wrenetha Julion
Louis Fogg
Sharon Tucker
Hartmut Mokros
Publication date
01-03-2009
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Prevention Science / Issue 1/2009
Print ISSN: 1389-4986
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6695
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-008-0116-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Prevention Science 1/2009 Go to the issue