Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Prevention Science 3/2006

01-09-2006 | Original Paper

Effects of Family Risk Factors on Dosage and Efficacy of a Family-centered Preventive Intervention for Rural African Americans

Authors: Gene H. Brody, Velma McBride Murry, Yi-fu Chen, Steven M. Kogan, Anita C. Brown

Published in: Prevention Science | Issue 3/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

This study was designed to test hypotheses about family risk factors and their links to dosage and efficacy of a family-centered preventive intervention. Participants were 172 families with an 11 year-old child randomly assigned to the intervention condition in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF). Two family risk factors, ratio of adults to children in the household and youth unconventionality, were negatively related to dosage, defined as number of intervention sessions attended. Dosage, in turn, was associated with changes in targeted parenting behavior across the 7 months between pretest and posttest. The effect of family risk factors on the link between program dosage and changes in parenting behavior was stronger for families experiencing more risks. The results highlight the need for engagement strategies for recruiting and retaining high-risk families in preventive interventions.
Literature
go back to reference Aber, J. L., Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., Chaudry, N., & Samples, F. (1998). Resolving conflict creatively: Evaluating the developmental effects of a school-based violence prevention program in neighborhood and classroom context. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 187–213.CrossRefPubMed Aber, J. L., Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., Chaudry, N., & Samples, F. (1998). Resolving conflict creatively: Evaluating the developmental effects of a school-based violence prevention program in neighborhood and classroom context. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 187–213.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Albee, G. W., & Gullotta, T. P. (1997). Primary prevention’s evolution. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Issues in children’s and families’ lives: Vol. 6. Primary prevention works (pp. 3–22). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Albee, G. W., & Gullotta, T. P. (1997). Primary prevention’s evolution. In G. W. Albee & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Issues in children’s and families’ lives: Vol. 6. Primary prevention works (pp. 3–22). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Anderson, K. E., Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1986). Mothers’ interactions with normal and conduct-disordered boys: who affects whom? Developmental Psychology, 22, 604–609.CrossRef Anderson, K. E., Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1986). Mothers’ interactions with normal and conduct-disordered boys: who affects whom? Developmental Psychology, 22, 604–609.CrossRef
go back to reference Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago: SmallWaters Corporation. Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user’s guide. Chicago: SmallWaters Corporation.
go back to reference August, G. J., Lee, S. S., Bloomquist, M. L., Realmuto, G. M., & Hektner, J. M. (2004). Maintenance effects of an evidence-based prevention innovation for aggressive children living in culturally diverse urban neighborhoods: the Early Risers effectiveness study. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12, 194–205.CrossRef August, G. J., Lee, S. S., Bloomquist, M. L., Realmuto, G. M., & Hektner, J. M. (2004). Maintenance effects of an evidence-based prevention innovation for aggressive children living in culturally diverse urban neighborhoods: the Early Risers effectiveness study. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12, 194–205.CrossRef
go back to reference August, G. J., Realmuto, G. M., Hektner, J. M., & Bloomquist, M. L. (2001). An integrated components preventive intervention for aggressive elementary school children: the Early Risers program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 614–626.PubMedCrossRef August, G. J., Realmuto, G. M., Hektner, J. M., & Bloomquist, M. L. (2001). An integrated components preventive intervention for aggressive elementary school children: the Early Risers program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 614–626.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baldwin, C., Baldwin, A., & Cole, R. (1990). Stress resistant families and stress resistant children. In J. Rolf, A. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 257–280). New York: Cambridge University Press. Baldwin, C., Baldwin, A., & Cole, R. (1990). Stress resistant families and stress resistant children. In J. Rolf, A. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 257–280). New York: Cambridge University Press.
go back to reference Biglan, A., & Metzler, C. W. (1998). A public health perspective for research on family-focused interventions. In R.S. Ashery, E.B. Robertson, & K.L. Kumpfer (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention through family interventions (pp. 430–458). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Biglan, A., & Metzler, C. W. (1998). A public health perspective for research on family-focused interventions. In R.S. Ashery, E.B. Robertson, & K.L. Kumpfer (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention through family interventions (pp. 430–458). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
go back to reference Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Braswell, L., & August, G. J. (1997). School-based secondary prevention for children with disruptive behavior: initial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 197–208.CrossRefPubMed Braswell, L., & August, G. J. (1997). School-based secondary prevention for children with disruptive behavior: initial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 197–208.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Flor, D. L., & Neubaum, E. (1998). Coparenting processes and child competence among rural African American families. In M. Lewis & C. Feiring (Eds.), Families, risk, and competence (pp. 227–243). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Brody, G. H., Flor, D. L., & Neubaum, E. (1998). Coparenting processes and child competence among rural African American families. In M. Lewis & C. Feiring (Eds.), Families, risk, and competence (pp. 227–243). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Conger, R., Gibbons, F. X., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., et al. (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting on African American children’s affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72, 1231–1246.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Conger, R., Gibbons, F. X., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., et al. (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting on African American children’s affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72, 1231–1246.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Kim, S. Y., Murry, V. M., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003a). Neighborhood disadvantage moderates associations of parenting and older sibling problem attitudes and behavior with conduct disorders in African American children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 211– 222.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Ge, X., Kim, S. Y., Murry, V. M., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2003a). Neighborhood disadvantage moderates associations of parenting and older sibling problem attitudes and behavior with conduct disorders in African American children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 211– 222.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Kim, S., Murry, V. M., & Brown, A. C. (2003b). Longitudinal direct and indirect pathways linking older sibling competence to the development of younger sibling competence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 618–628.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Kim, S., Murry, V. M., & Brown, A. C. (2003b). Longitudinal direct and indirect pathways linking older sibling competence to the development of younger sibling competence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 618–628.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Kim, S., Murry, V. M., & Brown, A. C. (2004a). Protective longitudinal paths linking child competence to behavioral problems among African American siblings. Child Development, 75, 455–467.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Kim, S., Murry, V. M., & Brown, A. C. (2004a). Protective longitudinal paths linking child competence to behavioral problems among African American siblings. Child Development, 75, 455–467.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., McNair, L., Brown, A. C., et al. (2006). The Strong African American Families Program: Prevention of youths’ high-risk behavior and a test of a model of change. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 1–11. Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., McNair, L., Brown, A. C., et al. (2006). The Strong African American Families Program: Prevention of youths’ high-risk behavior and a test of a model of change. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 1–11.
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Molgaard, V., McNair, L., et al. (2004b). The Strong African American Families Program: translating research into prevention programming. Child Development, 75, 900–917.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Molgaard, V., McNair, L., et al. (2004b). The Strong African American Families Program: translating research into prevention programming. Child Development, 75, 900–917.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Kim, S., & Brown, A. C. (2002). Longitudinal pathways to competence and psychological adjustment among African American children living in rural single-parent households. Child Development, 73, 1505–1516.CrossRefPubMed Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., Kim, S., & Brown, A. C. (2002). Longitudinal pathways to competence and psychological adjustment among African American children living in rural single-parent households. Child Development, 73, 1505–1516.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., McNair, L., Chen, Y., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., et al. (2005). Linking changes in parenting to parent-child relationship quality and youth self control: the Strong African American Families Program. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 47–69.CrossRef Brody, G. H., Murry, V. M., McNair, L., Chen, Y., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., et al. (2005). Linking changes in parenting to parent-child relationship quality and youth self control: the Strong African American Families Program. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 14, 47–69.CrossRef
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Neubaum, E., Boyd, G. M., & Dufour, M. (1997). Health consequences of alcohol use in rural America. In E. B. Robertson, Z. Sloboda, G. M. Boyd, L. Beatty, & N. J. Kozel (Eds.), Rural substance abuse: State of knowledge and issues (NIDA Research Monograph 168, pp. 137–174). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Brody, G. H., Neubaum, E., Boyd, G. M., & Dufour, M. (1997). Health consequences of alcohol use in rural America. In E. B. Robertson, Z. Sloboda, G. M. Boyd, L. Beatty, & N. J. Kozel (Eds.), Rural substance abuse: State of knowledge and issues (NIDA Research Monograph 168, pp. 137–174). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., & Flor, D. (1996). Parental religiosity, family processes, and youth competence in rural, two-parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 696–706.CrossRef Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., & Flor, D. (1996). Parental religiosity, family processes, and youth competence in rural, two-parent African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 696–706.CrossRef
go back to reference Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D., McCrary, C., Hastings, L., & Conyers, O. (1994). Financial resources, parent psychological functioning, parent co-caregiving, and early adolescent competence in rural two-parent African-American families. Child Development, 65, 590–605.PubMedCrossRef Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., Flor, D., McCrary, C., Hastings, L., & Conyers, O. (1994). Financial resources, parent psychological functioning, parent co-caregiving, and early adolescent competence in rural two-parent African-American families. Child Development, 65, 590–605.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Charlebois, P., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Normandeau, S., & Boudreau, J. -F. (2004). Examining dosage effects on prevention outcomes: Results from a multi-modal longitudinal preventive intervention for young disruptive boys. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 201–220.CrossRef Charlebois, P., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Normandeau, S., & Boudreau, J. -F. (2004). Examining dosage effects on prevention outcomes: Results from a multi-modal longitudinal preventive intervention for young disruptive boys. Journal of School Psychology, 42, 201–220.CrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, D. A., & Linton, K. L. (1995). Parent participation in adolescent drug abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education, 25, 159–169.PubMed Cohen, D. A., & Linton, K. L. (1995). Parent participation in adolescent drug abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education, 25, 159–169.PubMed
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.PubMedCrossRef Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63, 526–541.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Conger, R. D., Ebert-Wallace, L., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African-American families: a replication and extension of the Family Stress Model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.CrossRefPubMed Conger, R. D., Ebert-Wallace, L., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African-American families: a replication and extension of the Family Stress Model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179–193.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dishion, T. J., & Kavanagh, K. (2000). A multilevel approach to family-centered prevention in schools: process and outcome. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 899–911.CrossRefPubMed Dishion, T. J., & Kavanagh, K. (2000). A multilevel approach to family-centered prevention in schools: process and outcome. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 899–911.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Dumka, L. E., Garza, C. A., Roosa, M. W., & Stoerzinger, H. D. (1997). Recruitment and retention of high-risk families into a preventive parent training intervention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 18, 25–39.CrossRef Dumka, L. E., Garza, C. A., Roosa, M. W., & Stoerzinger, H. D. (1997). Recruitment and retention of high-risk families into a preventive parent training intervention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 18, 25–39.CrossRef
go back to reference Dunst, C. J., & Leet, H. E. (1987). Measuring the adequacy of resources in households with young children. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 13, 111–125.CrossRef Dunst, C. J., & Leet, H. E. (1987). Measuring the adequacy of resources in households with young children. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 13, 111–125.CrossRef
go back to reference Edwards, O. L. (1976). Components of academic success: a profile of achieving Black adolescents. Journal of Negro Education, 45, 408–422.CrossRef Edwards, O. L. (1976). Components of academic success: a profile of achieving Black adolescents. Journal of Negro Education, 45, 408–422.CrossRef
go back to reference Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., et al. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: a mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 574–589.CrossRef Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., et al. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: a mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 574–589.CrossRef
go back to reference Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Gano, M. (2003). Adolescents’ risk perceptions and behavioral willingness: implications for intervention. In D. Romer (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Toward an integrated approach (pp. 75–81). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., & Gano, M. (2003). Adolescents’ risk perceptions and behavioral willingness: implications for intervention. In D. Romer (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Toward an integrated approach (pp. 75–81). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1995). Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 505–517.CrossRefPubMed Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1995). Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 505–517.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Henry, D. B., Leventhal, A., Schoeny, M., Lutovsky, K., et al. (2002). Predictors of participation in a family-focused preventive intervention for substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(4S), S55–S64.PubMedCrossRef Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Henry, D. B., Leventhal, A., Schoeny, M., Lutovsky, K., et al. (2002). Predictors of participation in a family-focused preventive intervention for substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(4S), S55–S64.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gross, D., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2001). What motivates participation and dropout among low-income urban families of color in a prevention intervention? Family Relations, 50, 246–254.CrossRef Gross, D., Julion, W., & Fogg, L. (2001). What motivates participation and dropout among low-income urban families of color in a prevention intervention? Family Relations, 50, 246–254.CrossRef
go back to reference Haggerty, K. P., Fleming, C. B., Lonczak, H. S., Oxford, M. L., Harachi, T. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2002). Predictors of participation in parenting workshops. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 375–378.CrossRef Haggerty, K. P., Fleming, C. B., Lonczak, H. S., Oxford, M. L., Harachi, T. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2002). Predictors of participation in parenting workshops. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22, 375–378.CrossRef
go back to reference Hughes, D., & Johnson, D. (2001). Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 981–995.CrossRef Hughes, D., & Johnson, D. (2001). Correlates in children’s experiences of parents’ racial socialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 981–995.CrossRef
go back to reference Lee, C. C. (1984). An investigation of psychosocial variables related to academic success for rural Black adolescents. Journal of Negro Education, 53, 424–434.CrossRef Lee, C. C. (1984). An investigation of psychosocial variables related to academic success for rural Black adolescents. Journal of Negro Education, 53, 424–434.CrossRef
go back to reference Lee, C. C. (1985). Successful rural Black adolescents: a psychosocial profile. Adolescence, 20, 129–142.PubMed Lee, C. C. (1985). Successful rural Black adolescents: a psychosocial profile. Adolescence, 20, 129–142.PubMed
go back to reference Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205–220.CrossRefPubMed Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205–220.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Murry, V. M., Brody, G. H., McNair, L., Luo, Z., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., et al. (2005). Parental involvement promotes rural African American youths’ self-pride and sexual self-concepts. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 627–642. Murry, V. M., Brody, G. H., McNair, L., Luo, Z., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., et al. (2005). Parental involvement promotes rural African American youths’ self-pride and sexual self-concepts. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 627–642.
go back to reference Murry, V. M., Kotchick, B. A., Wallace, S., Ketchen, G., Eddings, K., Heller, L., et al. (2004). Race, culture, and ethnicity: implications for a community intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 81–99.CrossRef Murry, V. M., Kotchick, B. A., Wallace, S., Ketchen, G., Eddings, K., Heller, L., et al. (2004). Race, culture, and ethnicity: implications for a community intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 81–99.CrossRef
go back to reference Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (1999). Self-regulation and self-worth of Black children reared in economically stressed, rural, single mother-headed families: the contributions of risk and protective factors. Journal of Family Issues, 20, 458–484.CrossRef Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (1999). Self-regulation and self-worth of Black children reared in economically stressed, rural, single mother-headed families: the contributions of risk and protective factors. Journal of Family Issues, 20, 458–484.CrossRef
go back to reference Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2004). Partnering with community stakeholders: engaging rural African American families in basic research and the Strong African American Families preventive intervention program. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30, 271–283.PubMedCrossRef Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2004). Partnering with community stakeholders: engaging rural African American families in basic research and the Strong African American Families preventive intervention program. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30, 271–283.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2000). No place to hide: Substance abuse in mid-size cities and rural America. New York: Author. National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. (2000). No place to hide: Substance abuse in mid-size cities and rural America. New York: Author.
go back to reference O’Connor, T. G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34, 970– 981.CrossRefPubMed O’Connor, T. G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology, 34, 970– 981.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Prinz, R. J., Foster, S. L., Kent, R. N., & O’Leary, K. D. (1979). Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and nondistressed mother-adolescent dyads. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 691–700.CrossRefPubMed Prinz, R. J., Foster, S. L., Kent, R. N., & O’Leary, K. D. (1979). Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and nondistressed mother-adolescent dyads. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 691–700.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Proctor, B. D., & Dalaker, J. (2003, September). Poverty in the United States: 2002 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports Series P60-222, Consumer Income). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Proctor, B. D., & Dalaker, J. (2003, September). Poverty in the United States: 2002 (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Reports Series P60-222, Consumer Income). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
go back to reference Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.CrossRef
go back to reference Rohrbach, L. A., Hodgson, C. S., Broder, B. I., Montgomery, S. B., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., et al. (1994). Parental participation in drug abuse prevention: results from the Midwestern Prevention Project. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 295– 317.CrossRef Rohrbach, L. A., Hodgson, C. S., Broder, B. I., Montgomery, S. B., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., et al. (1994). Parental participation in drug abuse prevention: results from the Midwestern Prevention Project. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4, 295– 317.CrossRef
go back to reference Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: the influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64, 80–97.PubMedCrossRef Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., Baldwin, A., & Baldwin, C. (1993). Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: the influence of social and family risk factors. Child Development, 64, 80–97.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Santisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Murray, E. J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 35–44.CrossRef Santisteban, D. A., Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Murray, E. J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of intervention for engaging youth and families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 35–44.CrossRef
go back to reference Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Baldwin, C. P., & Baldwin, A. (1992). Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 893–903.PubMedCrossRef Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Baldwin, C. P., & Baldwin, A. (1992). Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 893–903.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2000). Research on family engagement in preventive interventions: toward improved use of scientific findings in primary prevention practice. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21, 267–284.CrossRef Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (2000). Research on family engagement in preventive interventions: toward improved use of scientific findings in primary prevention practice. Journal of Primary Prevention, 21, 267–284.CrossRef
go back to reference Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. (2002). Project Family prevention trials based in community-university partnerships: toward scaled-up preventive interventions. Prevention Science, 3, 203–221.CrossRefPubMed Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. (2002). Project Family prevention trials based in community-university partnerships: toward scaled-up preventive interventions. Prevention Science, 3, 203–221.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Haggerty, K., & Ward, T. (1995). A controlled parenting skills outcomes study examining individual differences and attendance effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 449–464.CrossRef Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Haggerty, K., & Ward, T. (1995). A controlled parenting skills outcomes study examining individual differences and attendance effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 449–464.CrossRef
go back to reference Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Hockaday, C., & Shin, C. Y. (1996). Barriers to participation in family skills preventive interventions and their evaluations: a replication and extension. Family Relations, 45, 247–254.CrossRef Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Hockaday, C., & Shin, C. Y. (1996). Barriers to participation in family skills preventive interventions and their evaluations: a replication and extension. Family Relations, 45, 247–254.CrossRef
go back to reference Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent-variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: extending a public health-oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 385–399.CrossRefPubMed Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent-variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: extending a public health-oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 385–399.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2000). Modeling factors influencing enrollment in family-focused preventive intervention research. Prevention Science, 1, 213–225.CrossRefPubMed Spoth, R., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2000). Modeling factors influencing enrollment in family-focused preventive intervention research. Prevention Science, 1, 213–225.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 627–642.PubMedCrossRef Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 627–642.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stevenson, H. C. (1997). Validation of the Scale of Racial Socialization for African American Adolescents: steps toward multidimensionality. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 445–468.CrossRef Stevenson, H. C. (1997). Validation of the Scale of Racial Socialization for African American Adolescents: steps toward multidimensionality. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 445–468.CrossRef
go back to reference Taylor, R. J., Thornton, M. C., & Chatters, L. M. (1987). Black Americans’ perception of the socio-historical role of the church. Journal of Black Studies, 18, 123–138.CrossRef Taylor, R. J., Thornton, M. C., & Chatters, L. M. (1987). Black Americans’ perception of the socio-historical role of the church. Journal of Black Studies, 18, 123–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Toomey, T. L., Williams, C. L., & Perry, C. L. (1996). An alcohol primary prevention program for parents of 7th graders: the Amazing Alternatives! Home program. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 5, 35–53.CrossRef Toomey, T. L., Williams, C. L., & Perry, C. L. (1996). An alcohol primary prevention program for parents of 7th graders: the Amazing Alternatives! Home program. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 5, 35–53.CrossRef
go back to reference U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993). Poverty in the United States, 1992 (Current Population Reports, Series P60–185, No. 185). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1993). Poverty in the United States, 1992 (Current Population Reports, Series P60–185, No. 185). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
go back to reference Weissberg, R., & Greenberg, M. T. (1998). Community and school prevention. In I. Sigel & A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 877–954). New York: Wiley. Weissberg, R., & Greenberg, M. T. (1998). Community and school prevention. In I. Sigel & A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 877–954). New York: Wiley.
go back to reference Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Brody, G. H. (2000). Protection and vulnerability processes relevant for early onset of substance use: a test among African American children. Health Psychology, 19, 253–263.CrossRefPubMed Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Brody, G. H. (2000). Protection and vulnerability processes relevant for early onset of substance use: a test among African American children. Health Psychology, 19, 253–263.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Family communication and religiosity related to substance use and sexual behavior in early adolescence: a test for pathways through self-control and prototype perceptions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 312–323.CrossRefPubMed Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Murry, V. M., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Family communication and religiosity related to substance use and sexual behavior in early adolescence: a test for pathways through self-control and prototype perceptions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 312–323.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effects of Family Risk Factors on Dosage and Efficacy of a Family-centered Preventive Intervention for Rural African Americans
Authors
Gene H. Brody
Velma McBride Murry
Yi-fu Chen
Steven M. Kogan
Anita C. Brown
Publication date
01-09-2006
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Prevention Science / Issue 3/2006
Print ISSN: 1389-4986
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6695
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-006-0032-7

Other articles of this Issue 3/2006

Prevention Science 3/2006 Go to the issue