Top

Published in:

01-06-2008

Neuropsychological Sequelae of Non-Central Nervous System Cancer and Cancer Therapy

Authors: Jeffrey S. Wefel, Mariana E. Witgert, Christina A. Meyers

Published in: Neuropsychology Review | Issue 2/2008

Abstract

Cancer patients report numerous adverse symptoms associated with their disease and treatment including cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, and affective distress. Cognitive dysfunction is ubiquitous in patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer and recent evidence has documented similar deficits in patients with non-CNS cancer as well. Both the cancer itself and treatments including chemotherapy, biological response modifiers, and hormonal therapies have been demonstrated to adversely impact cognitive and neurobehavioral function. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological investigations have likewise revealed alterations in brain function that are helping to account for the nature of these cognitive disorders. Similarly, preclinical animal research is assisting to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie treatment-related neurotoxicities. The coalescence of multidisciplinary clinical and research efforts hold promise for the development of interventions that may offer neuroprotection in addition to currently available symptomatic therapies and cognitive rehabilitation techniques.

Ahles, T. A., & Saykin, A. J. (2007). Candidate mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes. Nature Reviews Cancer, 7, 192–201.PubMed

Ahles, T. A., Saykin, A. J., McDonald, B. C., Furstenberg, C. T., Cole, B. F., Hanscom, B. S., et al. (2007). Cognitive function in breast cancer patients prior to adjuvant treatment. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment [Epub ahead of print].

Ahles, T. A., Saykin, A. J., Noll, W. W., et al. (2003). The relationship of APOE genotype to neuropsychological performance in long-term cancer survivors treated with standard dose chemotherapy. Psycho-Oncology, 12, 612–619.PubMed

Ahles, T. A., Tope, D. M., Furstenberg, C., Hann, D., & Mills, L. (1996). Psychologic and neuropsychologic impact of autologous bone marrow transplantation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 14, 1457–62.PubMed

Alcaraz, A., Rey, C., Concha, A., et al. (2002). Intrathecal vincristine: fatal myeloencephalopathy despite cerebrospinal fluid perfusion. Journal of Toxicology Clinical Toxicology, 40, 557–561.PubMed

Almeida, O. P., Waterreus, A., Spry, N., et al. (2004). One year follow-up study of the association between chemical castration, sex hormones, beta-amyloid, memory and depression in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1071–1081.PubMed

Andrykowski, M. A., Altmaier, E. M., Barnett, R. L., et al. (1999). Cognitive dysfunction in adult survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: relationship to dose of total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant, 6, 269–276.

Andrykowski, M. A., Schmitt, F. A., Gregg, M. E., et al. (1992). Neuropsychologic impairment in adult bone marrow transplant candidates. Cancer, 70, 2288–2297.PubMed

Barton, D., & Loprinzi, C. (2002). Novel approaches to preventing chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction in breast cancer: the art of the possible. Clinical Breast Cancer, 3(Suppl. 3), S121–S127.PubMed

Battaller, L., & Dalmau, J. O. (2004). Paraneoplastic disorders of the central nervous system: update on diagnostic criteria and treatment. Seminars in Neurology, 24(4), 461–471.

Bender, C. M., Yasko, J. M., Kirkwood, J. M., et al. (2000). Cognitive function and quality of life in interferon therapy for melanoma. Clinical Nursing Research, 9, 352–363.PubMed

Birgegård, G., Aapro, M. S., Bokemeyer, C., et al. (2005). Cancer-related anemia: pathogenesis, prevalence, and treatment. Oncology, 68(Suppl. 1), 3–11.PubMed

Brown, M. S., Stemmer, S. M., Simon, J. H., et al. (1998). White matter disease induced by high-dose chemotherapy: longitudinal study with MR imaging and proton spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 19, 217–221.PubMed

Capuron, L., Ravaud, A., Miller, A. H., et al. (2004). Baseline mood and psychosocial characteristics of patients developing depressive symptoms during interleukin-2 and/or interferon-alpha cancer therapy. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 18, 205–213.PubMed

Castellon, S. A., Ganz, P. A., Bower, J. E., et al. (2004). Neurocognitive performance in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26, 955–969.PubMed

Chen, Y., Lomnitski, L., Michaelson, D. M., et al. (1997). Motor and cognitive deficits in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice after closed head injury. Neuroscientist, 80, 1255–1262.

Chen, D., Wu, C. F., Shi, B., & Xu, Y. M. (2002). Tamoxifen and toremifene impair retrieval, but not acquisition, of spatial information processing in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72, 417–421.

Cherrier, M. M., Rose, A. L., & Higano, C. (2003). The effects of combined androgen blockade on cognitive function during the first cycle of intermittent androgen suppression in patients with prostate cancer. Journal of Urology, 170, 1808–1811.PubMed

Clark, J. W. (1996). Biological response modifiers. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biological Response Modifiers Annual, 16, 239–273.

Cleeland, C. S., Bennett, G. J., Dantzer, R., Dougherty, P. M., Dunn, A. J., Meyers, C. A., Miller, A. H., Payne, R., Reuben, J. M., Wang, X. S., Lee, B.-N. (2003). Are the symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment due to a shared biologic mechanism? A cytokine-immunologic model of cancer symptoms. Cancer, 97(11), 2919–2925.PubMed

Crandall, J., Sakai, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2004). 13-cis-retinoic acid suppresses hippocampal cell division and hippocampal-dependent learning in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 5111–5116.PubMed

Cunningham, R. S. (2003). Anemia in the oncology patient: cognitive function and cancer. Cancer Nursing, 26, 38S–42S.PubMed

Delattre, J. Y., & Posner, J. B. (1995). Neurological complications of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In M. J. Aminoff (Ed.) Neurology and general medicine 2nd edn (pp. 421–445). New York: Churchill Livingstone.

Dieperink, E., Willenbring, M., & Ho, S. B. (2000). Neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with hepatitis C and interferon alpha: a review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 867–876.PubMed

Dietrich, J., Han, R., Yan, Y., Mayer-Pröschel, M., & Noble, M. (2006). CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biology, 5, 22.PubMed

Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., et al. (2001). Effect of COMT Val108/158 met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 6917–6922.PubMed

Egan, M. F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J. H., et al. (2003). The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell, 112, 257–269.PubMed

Fann, J. R., Roth-Roemer, S., & Burington, B. E. (2002). Delirium in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer, 95, 1971–1981.PubMed

Garcia-Tena, J., Lopez-Andreu, J. A., Ferris, J., et al. (1995). Intrathecal chemotherapy related myeloencephalopathy in a young child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 12, 377–385.PubMed

Gilbert, M. R., & Armstrong, T. S. (1996). Neurotoxicities. In J. Kirkwood, M. Lotze, & J. Yasko (Eds.) Current Cancer Therapeutics 2nd edn (pp. 364–371). Philadelphia: Current Medicine.

Green, H. J., Pakenham, K. I., Headley, B. C., Yaxley, J., Nicol, D. L., Mactaggart, P. N., et al. (2002). Altered cognitive function in men treated for prostate cancer with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues and cyproterone acetate: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Urology, 90, 427–432.

Groopman, J. E., & Itri, L. M. (1999). Chemotherapy-induced anemia in adults: incidence and treatment. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, 1616–1634.PubMed

Harder, H., Cornelissen, J. J., Van Gool, A. R., et al. (2002). Cognitive functioning and quality of life in long-term adult survivors of bone marrow transplantation. Cancer, 95, 183–192.PubMed

Harder, H., van Gool, A. R., Cornelissen, J. J., et al. (2005). Assessment of pre-treatment cognitive performance in adult bone marrow or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: A comparative study. European Journal of Cancer, 41, 1007–1016.PubMed

Haykin, M. E., Gorman, M., van Hoff, J., et al. (2006). Diffusion-weighted MRI correlates of subacute methotrexate-related neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuro-oncology, 76, 153–157.

Heflin, L. H., Meyerowitz, B. E., Hall, P., et al. (2005). Cancer as a risk factor for long-term cognitive deficits and dementia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 854–856.PubMed

Hermelink, K., Untch, M., Lux, M. P., Kreienberg, R., Beck, T., Bauerfeind, I., & Münzel, K. (2007). Cognitive function during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: results of a prospective, multicenter, longitudinal study. Cancer, 109, 1905–1913.PubMed

Hurria, A., Rosen, C., Hudis, C., Zuckerman, E., Panageas, K. S., Lachs, M. S., et al. (2006). Cognitive function of older patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a pilot prospective longitudinal study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54, 925–931.PubMed

Hurricane Voices Breast Cancer Foundation (2007). Cognitive changes related to cancer Treatment. Retrieved September 15, 2007, from http://www.hurricanevoices.org/today/cognition/hv_cognitive_results.pdf

Inagaki, M., Yoshikawa, E., Matsuoka, Y., Sugawa, Y., Nakano, T., Akechi, T., et al. (2007). Smaller regional volumes of brain gray and white matter demonstrated in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 109, 146–156.PubMed

Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.PubMed

Jansen, C., Miakowski, C., Dodd, M., et al. (2005). Potential mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced impairments in cognitive function. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32, 1151–1163.PubMed

Jenkins, V. A., Bloomfield, D. J., Shilling, V. M., et al. (2005). Does neoadjuvant hormone therapy for early prostate cancer affect cognition? Results from a pilot study. BJU International, 96, 48–53.PubMed

Jenkins, V., Shilling, V., Deutsch, G., et al. (2006). A 3-year prospective study of the effects of adjuvant treatments on cognition in women with early stage breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 828–834.PubMed

Jensen, B. V. (2006). Cardiotoxic consequences of anthracycline-containing therapy in patients with breast cancer. Seminar in Oncology, 33(Suppl. 8), S15–S21.

Johnson, S. A. (2006). Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adult hematologic malignancies. Seminar in Oncology, 33(Suppl. 8), S22–S27.

Joshi, G., Sultana, R., Tangpong, J., et al. (2005). Free radical mediated oxidative stress and toxic side effects in brain induced by the anti cancer drug adriamycin: insight into chemobrain. Free Radical Research, 39, 1147–1154.PubMed

Keime-Guibert, F., Napolitano, M., & Delattre, J. Y. (1998). Neurological complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Journal of Neurology, 245, 695–708.PubMed

Kim, Y. A., Chung, H. C., Choi, H. J., et al. (2006). Intermediate dose 5-fluorouracil-induced encephalopathy. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 36, 55–59.PubMed

Knobf, M. T. (2006). Reproductive and hormonal sequelae of chemotherapy in women. American Journal of Nursing, 106(Suppl. 3), 60–65.PubMed

Krajinovic, M., Robaey, P., Chiasson, S., et al. (2005). Polymorphisms of genes controlling homocysteine levels and IQ score following treatment for childhood ALL. Pharmacogenomics, 6, 293–302.PubMed

Kreukels, B. P. C., Hamburger, H. L., de Ruiter, M. B., van Dam, F. S. A. M., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Boogerd, W., et al. (2008). ERP amplitude and latency in breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 533–541.PubMed

Largillier, R., Etienne-Grimaldi, M. C., Formento, J. L., et al. (2006). Pharmacogenetics of capecitabine in advanced breast cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 5496–5502.PubMed

Lee, B. N., Dantzer, R., Langley, K. E., et al. (2004). A cytokine-based neuroimmunologic mechanism of cancer-related symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation, 11, 279–292.PubMed

Lien, E. A., Wester, K., Lonning, P. E., Solheim, E., & Ueland, P. M. (1991). Distribution of tamoxifen and metabolites into brain tissue and brain metastases in breast cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer, 63, 641–645.PubMed

Linnebank, M., Pels, H., Klecza, N., et al. (2005). MTX-induced white matter changes are associated with polymorphisms of methionine metabolism. Neurology, 64, 912–913.PubMed

Lipp, H. P. (1999). Neurotoxicity (including sensory toxicity) induced by cytostatics. In H. P. Lipp (Ed.) Anticancer drug toxicity: prevention, management, and clinical pharmacokinetics (pp. 431–453). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Lipshultz, S. E. (2006). Exposure to anthracyclines during childhood causes cardiac injury. Seminar in Oncology, 33(Suppl. 8), 8–14.

Madhyastha, S., Somayaji, S. N., Rao, M. S., et al. (2002). Hippocampal brain amines in methotrexate-induced learning and memory deficit. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 80, 1076–1084.PubMed

Malek-Ahmadi, P., & Ghandour, E. (2004). Bupropion for treatment of interferon-induced depression. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38, 1202–1205.PubMed

Malik, U. R., Makower, D. F., & Wadler, S. (2001). Interferon-mediated fatigue. Cancer, 92(Suppl), 1664–1668.PubMed

Mayr, N., Zeitlhofer, J., Deecke, L., et al. (1999). Neurological function during long-term therapy with recombinant interferon alpha. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 343–348.

McAllister, T. W., Ahles, T. A., Saykin, A. J., et al. (2004). Cognitive effects of cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy: predisposing risk factors and potential treatments. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6, 364–371.PubMed

McKenna, S. E., Simon, N. G., & Cologer-Clifford, A. (1992). An assessment of agonist/antagonist effects of tamoxifen in the female mouse brain. Hormones and Behaviour, 26, 536–544.

Meyers, C. A., Albitar, M., & Estey, E. (2005). Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer, 104, 788–793.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., Byrne, K. S., & Komaki, R. (1995). Cognitive deficits in patients with small cell lung cancer before and after chemotherapy. Lung Cancer, 12, 231–235.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., Kudelka, A. P., Conrad, C. A., Gelke, C. K., Grove, W., & Pazdur, R. (1997). Neurotoxicity of CI-980, a novel mitotic inhibitor. Clinical Cancer Research, 3, 419–422.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., Weitzner, M. A., Valentine, A. D., & Levin, V. A. (1998). Methylphenidate therapy improves cognition, mood, and function of brain tumor patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16, 2522–2527.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., & Hess, K. R. (2003). Multifaceted end points in brain tumor clinical trials: Cognitive deterioration precedes MRI progression. Neuro-Oncology, 5, 89–95.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., Scheibel, R. S., & Forman, A. D. (1991). Persistent neurotoxicity of systemically administered interferon-alpha. Neurology, 41, 672–676.PubMed

Meyers, C. A., Weitzner, M., Byrne, K., et al. (1994). Evaluation of the neurobehavioral functioning of patients before, during, and after bone marrow transplantation. Journal Of Clinical Oncology, 12, 820–826.PubMed

Mihich, E. (2000). Historical overview of biologic response modifiers. Cancer Investigation, 18, 456–466.PubMed

Moleski, M. (2000). Neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological consequences of CNS chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 603–630.PubMed

Molina, J. R., Barton, D. L., & Loprinzi, C. L. (2005). Chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. Drug Safety, 28, 401–416.PubMed

Moore, B. D. (2005). Neurocognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 51–63.PubMed

Mulhern, R. K., Merchant, T. E., Gajjar, A., Reddick, W. E., & Kun, L. E. (2004). Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood. Lancet Oncology, 5, 399–408.PubMed

Musselman, D. L., Lawson, D. H., Gumnick, J. F., et al. (2001). Paroxetine for the prevention of depression induced by high-dose interferon alpha. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 961–966.PubMed

National Institutes of Health (2003). Biological therapy. Treatments that use your immune system to fight cancer. [Brochure]. NIH Publication No. 03-5406.

Okcu, M. F., Selvan, M., Wang, L., et al. (2004). Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and survival in primary malignant glioma. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 2618–2625.PubMed

O’Shaughnessy, J. A., Svetislava, J. V., Holmes, F. A., et al. (2005). Feasibility of quantifying the effects of epoetin alpha therapy on cognitive function in women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Breast Cancer, 5, 439–446.PubMedCrossRef

Pavol, M. A., Meyers, C. A., Rexer, J. L., et al. (1995). Pattern of neurobehavioral deficits associated with interferon alpha therapy for leukemia. Neurology, 45, 947–950.PubMed

Penson, R. T., Kronish, K., Duan, Z., et al. (2000). Cytokines IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and their relationship to treatment with paclitaxel. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 1, 33–41.

Peper, M., Steinvorth, S., Schraube, P., et al. (2000). Neurobehavioral toxicity of total body irradiation: a follow-up in long-term survivors. International Journal Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 46, 303–311.

Posner, J. B., & Dalmau, J. O. (2000). Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 38(2), 117–122.PubMed

Pusztai, L., Mendoza, T. R., Reuben, J. M., et al. (2004). Changes in plasma level of inflammatory cytokines in response to paclitaxel chemotherapy. Cytokine, 25, 94–102.PubMed

Quinn, C. T., & Kamen, B. A. (1996). A biochemical perspective of methotrexate neurotoxicity with insight on nonfolate rescue modalities. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 44, 522–530.PubMed

Rich, J. B., & Maki, P. (1999). Estrogen, testosterone, and the brain: a review of neuropsychological, aging, and neuroimaging studies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, iii.

Roe, C. M., Behrens, M. I., Xiong, C., et al. (2005). Alzheimer disease and cancer. Neurology, 64, 895–898.PubMed

Salminen, E., Portin, R., Korpela, J., Backman, H., Parvinen, L.-M., Helenius, H., et al. (2003). Androgen deprivation and cognition in prostate cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 89, 971–976.PubMed

Salminen, E. K., Portin, R. I., Koskinen, A., et al. (2004). Associations between serum testosterone fall and cognitive function in prostate cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 7575–7582.PubMed

Salminen, E. K., Portin, R. I., Koskinen, A. I., et al. (2005). Estradiol and cognition during androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 103, 1381–1387.PubMed

Saykin, A. J., Ahles, T. A., & McDonald, B. C. (2003). Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive disorders: neuropsychological, pathophysiological, and neuroimaging perspectives. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8, 201–216.PubMed

Schaefer, M., Engelbrecht, M. A., Gut, O., et al. (2002). Interferon alpha (IFN-a) and psychiatric syndromes: a review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 26, 731–746.PubMed

Schagen, S. B., Muller, M. J., Boogerd, W., et al. (2002). Cognitive dysfunction and chemotherapy: neuropsychological findings in perspective. Clinical Breast Cancer, 3(Suppl), S100–S108.PubMed

Schagen, S. B., Muller, M. J., Boogerd, W., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Dam, F. S. (2006). Change in cognitive function after chemotherapy: a prospective longitudinal study in breast cancer patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98, 1742–1745.PubMed

Schagen, S. B., van Dam, F. S., Muller, M. J., Boogerd, W., Lindeboom, J., & Bruning, P. F. (1999). Cognitive deficits after postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma. Cancer, 85, 640–650.PubMed

Scheibel, R. S., Valentine, A. D., O’Brien, S., et al. (2004). Cognitive dysfunction and depression during treatment with interferon alpha and chemotherapy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 16, 1–7.

Schneiderman, B. (2004). Hippocampal volumes smaller in chemotherapy patients. Lancet Oncology, 5, 202.PubMed

Shah, R. R. (2005). Mechanistic basis of adverse drug reactions: the perils of inappropriate dose schedules. Expert Opinion Drug Safety, 4, 103–128.

Shapiro, C. L., & Recht, A. (2001). Drug therapy—side effects of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1997–2008.PubMed

Sherwin, B. B. (1988). Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 13, 345–357.PubMed

Shilling, V., Jenkins, V., Fallowfield, L., & Howell, A. (2003). The effects of hormone therapy on cognition in breast cancer. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 86, 405–412.PubMed

Shilling, V., Jenkins, V., Fallowfield, L., & Howell, A. (2001). The effects of oestrogens and anti-oestrogens on cognition. Breast, 10, 484–491.PubMed

Shilling, V., Jenkins, V., Morris, R., et al. (2005). The effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on cognition in women with breast cancer—preliminary results of an observational longitudinal study. The Breast, 14, 142–150.PubMed

Shuper, A., Stark, B., Kornreich, L., et al. (2000). Methotrexate treatment protocols and the central nervous system: significant cure with significant neurotoxicity. Journal of Child Neurology, 15, 573–580.PubMed

Silverman, D. H., Dy, C. J., Castellon, S. A., et al. (2006). Altered frontocortical, cerebellar, and basal ganglia activity in adjuvant-treated breast cancer survivors 5–10 years after chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 103(3), 303–311 September 29.PubMed

Smith, A., Tyrrell, D., Coyle, K., et al. (1988). Effects of interferon alpha on performance in man: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacology, 96, 414–416.PubMed

Steinherz, L. J., & Yahalom, J. (1993). Cardiac complications of cancer therapy. In V. T. DeVita Jr., S. Hellman, & S. A. Rosenberg (Eds.) Cancer principles and practice of oncology 4th ed. (pp. 2370–2385). Philadephia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Strite, D., Valentine, A. D., & Meyers, C. A. (1997). Manic episodes in two patients treated with interferon alpha. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 9, 273–276.

Sul, J. K., & DeAngelis, L. M. (2006). Neurologic complications of cancer chemotherapy. Seminar in Oncology, 33, 324–332.

Syrjala, K. L., Dikmen, S., Langer, S. L., Roth-Roemer, S., & Abrams, J. R. (2004). Neuropsychologic changes from before transplantation to 1 year in patients receiving myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Blood, 104, 3386–3392.PubMed

Taphoorn, M. J. B., & Klein, M. (2004). Cognitive deficits in adult patients with brain tumors. Lancet Neurology, 3, 159–168.PubMed

Tsavaris, N., Kosmas, C., Vadiaka, M., et al. (2002). Immune changes in patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy with taxanes. British Journal of Cancer, 87, 21–27.PubMed

Valentine, A. D., & Meyers, C. A. (2005). Neurobehavioral effects of interferon therapy. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7, 391–395.PubMed

Valentine, A. D., Meyers, C. A., Kling, M. A., et al. (1998). Mood and cognitive side effects of interferon-a therapy. Seminar Oncology, 25, 39–47.

Valentine, A. D., Meyers, C. A., & Talpaz, M. (1995). Treatment of neurotoxic side effects of interferon-alpha with naltrexone. Cancer Investigation, 13, 561–566.PubMed

Vardy, J., Wefel, J. S., Ahles, T., Tannock, I. F., & Schagen, S. B. (2007). Cancer and cancer-therapy related cognitive dysfunction: an international perspective from the Venice cognitive workshop. Annals of Oncology, 19(4), 623–629.PubMed

Wefel, J. S., Lenzi, R., Theriault, R., et al. (2004a). “Chemobrain” in breast cancer? A prologue. Cancer, 101, 466–475.PubMed

Wefel, J. S., Lenzi, R., Theriault, R., et al. (2004b). The cognitive sequelae of standard dose adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: results of a prospective, randomized, longitudinal trial. Cancer, 100, 2292–2299.PubMed

Wefel, J. S., & Meyers, C. A. (2005). Cancer as a risk factor for dementia: a house built on shifting sand. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97, 788–789.PubMedCrossRef

Weiss, R. B., & Vogelzang, N. J. (1993). Miscellaneous toxicities. In V.T. DeVita Jr., S. Hellman, & S.A. Rosenberg (Eds.) Cancer principles and practice of oncology 4th ed. (pp. 2349–2358). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Wilking, N., Appelgren, L.-E., Carlstrom, K., Pousette, A., & Theve, N. O. (1982). The distribution and metabolism of ¹⁴C-labelled tamoxifen in spayed female mice. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica (Copenhagen), 50, 161–168.

Wood, L. J., Nail, L. M., Gilster, A., et al. (2006). Cancer chemotherapy-related symptoms: evidence to suggest a role for proinflammatory cytokines. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33, 535–542.PubMed

Yaffe, K., Sawaya, G., Lieberburg, I., et al. (1998). Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women effects of cognitive function and dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 688–695.PubMed

Yoshikawa, E., Matsuoka, Y., Inagaki, M., et al. (2005). No adverse effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on hippocampal volume in Japanese breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 92, 81–84.PubMed

Title: Neuropsychological Sequelae of Non-Central Nervous System Cancer and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jeffrey S. Wefel
Mariana E. Witgert
Christina A. Meyers
Publication date: 01-06-2008
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Neuropsychology Review / Issue 2/2008
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-008-9058-x

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Neuropsychological Sequelae of Non-Central Nervous System Cancer and Cancer Therapy

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content