Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health 1/2019

01-02-2019 | Psychological Exploration

The Impact of Spiritual Intelligence, Gender and Educational Background on Mental Health Among College Students

Authors: Naveen Pant, S. K. Srivastava

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 1/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

The present study is conducted on 300 PG-level college students in Haridwar, Uttarakhand (India). The aim of the present study is to examine the level of spiritual intelligence and mental health, to observe relationship between these two variables and also to identify the difference in spiritual intelligence and mental health across gender and educational background (arts and science). The purposive sampling technique is used to select 300 college students of both disciplines of arts and science from the four different government degree colleges/campuses in Haridwar. Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale and Mithila Mental Health Status Inventory are used to observe the level of these variables among college students. In the present study, correlational design is employed. All the statistical analyses are done with the help of computer software SPSS. To observe relationship Pearson correlation and to identify the difference t test are used. Findings of the study revealed that spiritual intelligence and mental health relate significantly among arts students, and male and female arts students separately have significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental health. Spiritual intelligence and mental health relate significantly among science students, and male and female science students separately have significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and mental health. No significant difference is found between male and female students in terms of spiritual intelligence. No significant difference is found between arts and science students in terms of spiritual intelligence. No significant difference is found between male and female students in terms of mental health. No significant difference is found between arts and science students in terms of mental health.
Literature
go back to reference Abadi, M. Z. B., Farid, A. A. A., Bahari, F., & Chami, M. (2012). The effect of Islamic fasting in Quran on spiritual intelligence and happiness of fasting persons. Quran Medicine, 1(3), 66–70. Abadi, M. Z. B., Farid, A. A. A., Bahari, F., & Chami, M. (2012). The effect of Islamic fasting in Quran on spiritual intelligence and happiness of fasting persons. Quran Medicine, 1(3), 66–70.
go back to reference Adams, T. B., Bezner, J. R., Drabbs, M. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 48(4), 165–173.PubMed Adams, T. B., Bezner, J. R., Drabbs, M. E., Zambarano, R. J., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 48(4), 165–173.PubMed
go back to reference Aggarwal, S., & Saxena, M. K. (2012). A comparative study of emotional intelligence of undergraduate students. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(2), 218–225. Aggarwal, S., & Saxena, M. K. (2012). A comparative study of emotional intelligence of undergraduate students. Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(2), 218–225.
go back to reference Alihosseini, F., Rangan, U., Alihosseini, A., & Hajmohammadi, F. (2014). A study of the relationship between spiritual intelligence and its components with happiness in youths. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2(6), 56–60. Alihosseini, F., Rangan, U., Alihosseini, A., & Hajmohammadi, F. (2014). A study of the relationship between spiritual intelligence and its components with happiness in youths. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2(6), 56–60.
go back to reference Allen, R. S., Phillips, L. L., Roff, L. L., Cavanaugh, R., & Day, L. (2008). Religiousness/spirituality and mental health among older male inmates. The Gerontologist, 48(5), 692–697.PubMed Allen, R. S., Phillips, L. L., Roff, L. L., Cavanaugh, R., & Day, L. (2008). Religiousness/spirituality and mental health among older male inmates. The Gerontologist, 48(5), 692–697.PubMed
go back to reference Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
go back to reference Amram, Y., and Dryer, D. C. (2008). The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS): Development and Preliminary Validation. Paper Presented at the 116th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association Boston, MA August 14–17. Amram, Y., and Dryer, D. C. (2008). The Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale (ISIS): Development and Preliminary Validation. Paper Presented at the 116th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association Boston, MA August 14–17.
go back to reference Ashwini, R., & Barre, V. P. (2014). Stress and adjustment among college students in relation to their academic performance. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(3), 288–292. Ashwini, R., & Barre, V. P. (2014). Stress and adjustment among college students in relation to their academic performance. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(3), 288–292.
go back to reference Bergin, A. E. (1983). Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14(2), 170–184. Bergin, A. E. (1983). Religiosity and mental health: A critical reevaluation and meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14(2), 170–184.
go back to reference Bhatia, S., & Dey, S. (2011). Gender differences in depressive symptoms: The role of daily hassles, coping styles, social support and personal mastery. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(1), 86–97. Bhatia, S., & Dey, S. (2011). Gender differences in depressive symptoms: The role of daily hassles, coping styles, social support and personal mastery. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(1), 86–97.
go back to reference Chaturvedi, M. (2010). Gender differences in emotional intelligence. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1–2), 41–43. Chaturvedi, M. (2010). Gender differences in emotional intelligence. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1–2), 41–43.
go back to reference Cotton, S. M., Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 790–796.PubMed Cotton, S. M., Wright, A., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & McGorry, P. D. (2006). Influence of gender on mental health literacy in young Australians. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(9), 790–796.PubMed
go back to reference Deaux, K., & Taynor, J. (1973). Evaluation of male and female ability: Bias works two ways. Psychological Reports, 32(1), 261–262. Deaux, K., & Taynor, J. (1973). Evaluation of male and female ability: Bias works two ways. Psychological Reports, 32(1), 261–262.
go back to reference Edmondson, K. A., Lawler, K. A., Jobe, R. L., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., & Jones, W. H. (2005). Spirituality predicts health and cardiovascular responses to stress in young adult women. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(2), 161–171. Edmondson, K. A., Lawler, K. A., Jobe, R. L., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., & Jones, W. H. (2005). Spirituality predicts health and cardiovascular responses to stress in young adult women. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(2), 161–171.
go back to reference Faribors, B., Fatemeh, A., & Hamidreza, H. (2010). The relationship between nurses’ spiritual intelligence and happiness in Iran. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1556–1561. Faribors, B., Fatemeh, A., & Hamidreza, H. (2010). The relationship between nurses’ spiritual intelligence and happiness in Iran. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1556–1561.
go back to reference Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. New York: American Book Company. Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. New York: American Book Company.
go back to reference Gupta, G. (2012). Spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence in relation to self-efficacy and self-regulation among college students. International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research, 1(2), 60–69. Gupta, G. (2012). Spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence in relation to self-efficacy and self-regulation among college students. International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research, 1(2), 60–69.
go back to reference Gupta, G., & Kumar, S. (2010). Mental health in relation to emotional intelligence and self efficacy among college students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 61–67. Gupta, G., & Kumar, S. (2010). Mental health in relation to emotional intelligence and self efficacy among college students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 61–67.
go back to reference Isfahani, A. N., & Nobakht, M. (2013). Impact of spiritual intelligence on the staff happiness (case study: Golpayegan petrochemical company). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(7), 253–266. Isfahani, A. N., & Nobakht, M. (2013). Impact of spiritual intelligence on the staff happiness (case study: Golpayegan petrochemical company). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(7), 253–266.
go back to reference Jafari, E., Dehshiri, G. R., Eskandari, H., Najafi, M., Heshmati, R., & Hoseinifar, J. (2010). Spiritual well-being and mental health in university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1477–1481. Jafari, E., Dehshiri, G. R., Eskandari, H., Najafi, M., Heshmati, R., & Hoseinifar, J. (2010). Spiritual well-being and mental health in university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1477–1481.
go back to reference Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books. Jahoda, M. (1958). Current concepts of positive mental health. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Joshi, R., & Garg, J. M. (2013). Mental health in reference to length of service among males and females academicians. International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 4(11), 38–40. Joshi, R., & Garg, J. M. (2013). Mental health in reference to length of service among males and females academicians. International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, 4(11), 38–40.
go back to reference Katyal, S., & Awasthi, E. (2005). Gender differences in emotional intelligence among adolescents of Chandigarh. Journal Human Ecology, 17(2), 153–155. Katyal, S., & Awasthi, E. (2005). Gender differences in emotional intelligence among adolescents of Chandigarh. Journal Human Ecology, 17(2), 153–155.
go back to reference Kaur, M. (2013). Spiritual intelligence of secondary school teachers in relation to their job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 4(3), 104–109. Kaur, M. (2013). Spiritual intelligence of secondary school teachers in relation to their job satisfaction. International Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 4(3), 104–109.
go back to reference Kaur, H., Singh, V., & Singh, P. (2012). Emotional intelligence: Significance of psychology and spirituality. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 32–36. Kaur, H., Singh, V., & Singh, P. (2012). Emotional intelligence: Significance of psychology and spirituality. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 32–36.
go back to reference Khan, I., & Singh, N. (2013). A study on gender differences on gratitude, spirituality and forgiveness among school teachers. International Journal of Applied Sciences & Engineering, 1(1), 9–14. Khan, I., & Singh, N. (2013). A study on gender differences on gratitude, spirituality and forgiveness among school teachers. International Journal of Applied Sciences & Engineering, 1(1), 9–14.
go back to reference Kirmani, M. N., & Suman, L. N. (2010). Gender differences in alcohol related attitudes and expectancies among college students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 19–24. Kirmani, M. N., & Suman, L. N. (2010). Gender differences in alcohol related attitudes and expectancies among college students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 36(1), 19–24.
go back to reference Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2), 116–122. Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2), 116–122.
go back to reference Kumar, S., & Bhukar, J. P. (2013). Stress level and coping strategies of college students. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 4(1), 5–11. Kumar, S., & Bhukar, J. P. (2013). Stress level and coping strategies of college students. Journal of Physical Education and Sports Management, 4(1), 5–11.
go back to reference Kumar, A., & Thakur, G. P. (1986). Mithila mental health status inventory (MMHSI). Varanasi: Ganga Saran and Grand Sons. Kumar, A., & Thakur, G. P. (1986). Mithila mental health status inventory (MMHSI). Varanasi: Ganga Saran and Grand Sons.
go back to reference Kushner, M. G., & Sher, K. J. (1993). Comorbidity of alcohol and anxiety disorders among college students: Effects of gender and family history of alcoholism. Addictive Behaviors, 18(5), 543–552.PubMed Kushner, M. G., & Sher, K. J. (1993). Comorbidity of alcohol and anxiety disorders among college students: Effects of gender and family history of alcoholism. Addictive Behaviors, 18(5), 543–552.PubMed
go back to reference Loewenthal, K. M., MacLeod, A. K., & Cinnirella, M. (2002). Are women more religious than men? Gender differences in religious activity among different religious groups in the UK. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 133–139. Loewenthal, K. M., MacLeod, A. K., & Cinnirella, M. (2002). Are women more religious than men? Gender differences in religious activity among different religious groups in the UK. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(1), 133–139.
go back to reference Lynn, R. (1994). Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: A paradox resolved. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(2), 257–271. Lynn, R. (1994). Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: A paradox resolved. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(2), 257–271.
go back to reference Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper. Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
go back to reference Meisenhelder, J. B., & Chandler, E. N. (2002). Spirituality and health outcomes in the elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(3), 243–252. Meisenhelder, J. B., & Chandler, E. N. (2002). Spirituality and health outcomes in the elderly. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(3), 243–252.
go back to reference Mishra, P., & Vashist, K. (2014). A review study of spiritual intelligence, stress and well-being of adolescents in 21st century. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 2(4), 11–24. Mishra, P., & Vashist, K. (2014). A review study of spiritual intelligence, stress and well-being of adolescents in 21st century. IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 2(4), 11–24.
go back to reference Nagel, E., & Sgoutas-Emch, S. (2007). The Relationship between spirituality, health beliefs, and health behaviors in college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(1), 141–154. Nagel, E., & Sgoutas-Emch, S. (2007). The Relationship between spirituality, health beliefs, and health behaviors in college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(1), 141–154.
go back to reference Naghavi, F., & Redzuan, M. (2011). The relationship between gender and emotional intelligence. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(4), 555–561. Naghavi, F., & Redzuan, M. (2011). The relationship between gender and emotional intelligence. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(4), 555–561.
go back to reference Nelms, L. W., Hutchins, E., Hutchins, D., & Pursley, R. J. (2007). Spirituality and the health of college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(2), 249–265. Nelms, L. W., Hutchins, E., Hutchins, D., & Pursley, R. J. (2007). Spirituality and the health of college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 46(2), 249–265.
go back to reference Nisa, M. (2013). Study of personality factors and family problems as determinant of mental health amongst college students. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 2(11), 22–32. Nisa, M. (2013). Study of personality factors and family problems as determinant of mental health amongst college students. International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, 2(11), 22–32.
go back to reference Offer, D., & Sabshin, M. (1966). Normality: Theoretical and clinical aspects of mental health. New York: Basic Books. Offer, D., & Sabshin, M. (1966). Normality: Theoretical and clinical aspects of mental health. New York: Basic Books.
go back to reference Patel, V., & Andrew, G. (2001). Gender, sexual abuse and risk behaviours in adolescents: a cross-sectional survey in schools in Goa. The National Medical Journal of India, 14(5), 263–267.PubMed Patel, V., & Andrew, G. (2001). Gender, sexual abuse and risk behaviours in adolescents: a cross-sectional survey in schools in Goa. The National Medical Journal of India, 14(5), 263–267.PubMed
go back to reference Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). Gender differences in measured and self-estimated trait emotional intelligence. Sex Roles, 42(5–6), 449–461. Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). Gender differences in measured and self-estimated trait emotional intelligence. Sex Roles, 42(5–6), 449–461.
go back to reference Quadri, S. J., & Akolkar, A. A. (2011). A study of mental health among college going students. Entire Research, 3(2), 36–40. Quadri, S. J., & Akolkar, A. A. (2011). A study of mental health among college going students. Entire Research, 3(2), 36–40.
go back to reference Rajhans, M. (2012). Study of relationship between some religious practices and mental health of young and middle aged individuals. Bombay Psychologist, 27, 74–78. Rajhans, M. (2012). Study of relationship between some religious practices and mental health of young and middle aged individuals. Bombay Psychologist, 27, 74–78.
go back to reference Rathee, I., & Kumari, N. (2014). Social intelligence of perspective teachers in relation to their gender and subject stream. International Educational E-Journal, 3(2), 134–138. Rathee, I., & Kumari, N. (2014). Social intelligence of perspective teachers in relation to their gender and subject stream. International Educational E-Journal, 3(2), 134–138.
go back to reference Rippentrop, A. E., Altmaier, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Kiffala, V. J. (2005). The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain, 116(3), 311–321. Rippentrop, A. E., Altmaier, E. M., Chen, J. J., Found, E. M., & Kiffala, V. J. (2005). The relationship between religion/spirituality and physical health, mental health, and pain in a chronic pain population. Journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain, 116(3), 311–321.
go back to reference Roothman, B., Kirsten, D., & Wissing, M. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(4), 212–218. Roothman, B., Kirsten, D., & Wissing, M. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(4), 212–218.
go back to reference Saxena, S., & Jain, R. K. (2013). Social intelligence of undergraduate students in relation to their gender and subject stream. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(1), 1–4. Saxena, S., & Jain, R. K. (2013). Social intelligence of undergraduate students in relation to their gender and subject stream. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(1), 1–4.
go back to reference Sharma, V. (2014). Effect of gender and stream on depression among adolescents. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 3(2), 46–49. Sharma, V. (2014). Effect of gender and stream on depression among adolescents. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 3(2), 46–49.
go back to reference Shirazi, M., Khan, M. A., & Ansari, M. F. A. (2012). Mental health in relation to personality characteristics among professional and non-professional students. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 3(1), 8–15. Shirazi, M., Khan, M. A., & Ansari, M. F. A. (2012). Mental health in relation to personality characteristics among professional and non-professional students. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 3(1), 8–15.
go back to reference Shojaei, K., & Ghaffari, S. (2013). The study of the relationship between workers religious beliefs and spiritual intelligence and general health (case study: Department of education of Sardasht). International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 2(11), 960–967. Shojaei, K., & Ghaffari, S. (2013). The study of the relationship between workers religious beliefs and spiritual intelligence and general health (case study: Department of education of Sardasht). International Journal of Basic Sciences & Applied Research, 2(11), 960–967.
go back to reference Siddiqui, Z. U. (2013). Effect of achievement motivation and gender on spiritual intelligence. Educationia Confab, 2(6), 36–42. Siddiqui, Z. U. (2013). Effect of achievement motivation and gender on spiritual intelligence. Educationia Confab, 2(6), 36–42.
go back to reference Singh, A., Kaur, P., & Singh, T. (2010). Spiritual intelligence, altruism, school environment and academic achievement as predictor of mental health of adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 6(1), 34–38. Singh, A., Kaur, P., & Singh, T. (2010). Spiritual intelligence, altruism, school environment and academic achievement as predictor of mental health of adolescents. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, 6(1), 34–38.
go back to reference Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence?. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–33. Vaughan, F. (2002). What is spiritual intelligence?. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), 16–33.
go back to reference Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). Spiritual intelligence: The ultimate intelligence. Great Britain: Bloomsbury. Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2000). Spiritual intelligence: The ultimate intelligence. Great Britain: Bloomsbury.
go back to reference Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2004). Spiritual capital: Wealth we can live by. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc. Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2004). Spiritual capital: Wealth we can live by. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc.
go back to reference Zuckerman, D. M. (1989). Stress, self-esteem, and mental health: how does gender make a difference? Sex Roles, 20(7–8), 429–444. Zuckerman, D. M. (1989). Stress, self-esteem, and mental health: how does gender make a difference? Sex Roles, 20(7–8), 429–444.
Metadata
Title
The Impact of Spiritual Intelligence, Gender and Educational Background on Mental Health Among College Students
Authors
Naveen Pant
S. K. Srivastava
Publication date
01-02-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0529-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2019

Journal of Religion and Health 1/2019 Go to the issue