Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health 5/2018

01-10-2018 | Original Paper

Religious versus Conventional Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression

Authors: Bogdan Tudor Tulbure, Gerhard Andersson, Nastasia Sălăgean, Michelle Pearce, Harold G. Koenig

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 5/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

The accessibility and efficacy of two Internet-supported interventions for depression: conventional cognitive behavioral therapy (C-CBT) and religious CBT (R-CBT) were investigated. Depressed participants (N = 79) were randomly assigned to either active treatment or wait-listed control group. Self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and life quality were collected before, immediately after, and 6 months after the intervention. Significant differences among the three conditions emerged at post-intervention with medium to large effect sizes (Cohen’s d between 0.45 and 1.89), but no differences between the R-CBT and C-CBT were found. However, the addition of religious components to CBT contributed to the initial treatment appeal for religious participants, thus increasing the treatment accessibility.
Literature
go back to reference Alegría, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., et al. (2008). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 59(11), 1264–1272.CrossRefPubMed Alegría, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., et al. (2008). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 59(11), 1264–1272.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Andersson, G. (2009). Using the Internet to provide cognitive behavior therapy. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47(3), 175–180.CrossRef Andersson, G. (2009). Using the Internet to provide cognitive behavior therapy. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47(3), 175–180.CrossRef
go back to reference Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Holländare, F., Carlbring, P., Kaldo, V., & Ekselius, L. (2005). Internet-based self-help for depression: randomized controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(5), 456–461.CrossRefPubMed Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Holländare, F., Carlbring, P., Kaldo, V., & Ekselius, L. (2005). Internet-based self-help for depression: randomized controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(5), 456–461.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Riper, H., & Hedman, E. (2014). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 13, 288–295.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Riper, H., & Hedman, E. (2014). Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 13, 288–295.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., Ceresa, C., Farrell, M., et al. (2003). Neurotic disorders and the receipt of psychiatric treatment. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(1–2), 108–114.CrossRefPubMed Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., Ceresa, C., Farrell, M., et al. (2003). Neurotic disorders and the receipt of psychiatric treatment. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(1–2), 108–114.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893.CrossRefPubMed Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011). Internet-based treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing guided with unguided self-help. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 251–266.CrossRef Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011). Internet-based treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing guided with unguided self-help. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 40(4), 251–266.CrossRef
go back to reference Carlbring, P., Hägglund, M., Luthström, A., Dahlin, M., Kadowaki, Å., Vernmark, K., & Andersson, G. (2013). Internet-based behavioral activation and acceptance-based treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(2–3), 331–337.CrossRefPubMed Carlbring, P., Hägglund, M., Luthström, A., Dahlin, M., Kadowaki, Å., Vernmark, K., & Andersson, G. (2013). Internet-based behavioral activation and acceptance-based treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(2–3), 331–337.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ciarrocchi, J. W., Schechter, D., & Pearce, M. J. (2013). Conventional and religious cognitive behavioral therapy: 10-session treatment manual for depression in clients with chronic physical illness. Durham: Duke University Medical Center. Ciarrocchi, J. W., Schechter, D., & Pearce, M. J. (2013). Conventional and religious cognitive behavioral therapy: 10-session treatment manual for depression in clients with chronic physical illness. Durham: Duke University Medical Center.
go back to reference Cuijpers, P., Andersson, G., Donker, T., & vanStraten, A. (2011). Psychological treatment of depression: Results of a series of meta-analyses. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 65, 354–364.CrossRefPubMed Cuijpers, P., Andersson, G., Donker, T., & vanStraten, A. (2011). Psychological treatment of depression: Results of a series of meta-analyses. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 65, 354–364.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(2), 73–86.CrossRefPubMed Devilly, G. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(2), 73–86.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
go back to reference Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 92.CrossRef Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory. A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 92.CrossRef
go back to reference Hoge, D. R. (1972). A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11, 369–376.CrossRef Hoge, D. R. (1972). A validated intrinsic religious motivation scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11, 369–376.CrossRef
go back to reference Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive therapy and research, 4(4), 383–395.CrossRef Hollon, S. D., & Kendall, P. C. (1980). Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive therapy and research, 4(4), 383–395.CrossRef
go back to reference Hollon, S. D., Thase, M. E., & Markowitz, J. C. (2002). Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science in the public interest, 3(2), 39–77.CrossRefPubMed Hollon, S. D., Thase, M. E., & Markowitz, J. C. (2002). Treatment and prevention of depression. Psychological Science in the public interest, 3(2), 39–77.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 46–72.PubMed Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., Jennings, D. J., Gartner, A. L., & Hook, J. P. (2010). Empirically supported religious and spiritual therapies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 46–72.PubMed
go back to reference IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
go back to reference Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19.CrossRefPubMed Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 12–19.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Bruce, M. L., Koch, J. R., Laska, E. M., Leaf, P. J., et al. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research, 36(6Pt1), 987.PubMedPubMedCentral Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Bruce, M. L., Koch, J. R., Laska, E. M., Leaf, P. J., et al. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Services Research, 36(6Pt1), 987.PubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Koenig, H. G., Parkerson, G. R., & Meador, K. G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 885–886.PubMed Koenig, H. G., Parkerson, G. R., & Meador, K. G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 885–886.PubMed
go back to reference Koenig, H. G., Pearce, M. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Robins, C. J., Daher, N. S., et al. (2015). Religious vs. conventional cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression in persons with chronic medical illness: A pilot randomized trial. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(4), 243–251.CrossRefPubMed Koenig, H. G., Pearce, M. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Robins, C. J., Daher, N. S., et al. (2015). Religious vs. conventional cognitive behavioral therapy for major depression in persons with chronic medical illness: A pilot randomized trial. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(4), 243–251.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lindgren, K. N., & Coursey, R. D. (1995). Spirituality and serious mental illness: A two-part study. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(3), 93–111.CrossRef Lindgren, K. N., & Coursey, R. D. (1995). Spirituality and serious mental illness: A two-part study. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 18(3), 93–111.CrossRef
go back to reference Luppa, M., Heinrich, S., Angermeyer, M. C., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2007). Cost-of-illness studies of depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98(1–2), 29–43.CrossRefPubMed Luppa, M., Heinrich, S., Angermeyer, M. C., König, H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2007). Cost-of-illness studies of depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98(1–2), 29–43.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Marks, I. M., Cavanagh, K., & Gega, L. (2007). Hands-on help: Computer-aided psychotherapy. New York: Psychology Press. Marks, I. M., Cavanagh, K., & Gega, L. (2007). Hands-on help: Computer-aided psychotherapy. New York: Psychology Press.
go back to reference McCullough, M. E. (1999). Research on religion-accommodative counseling: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 92–98.CrossRef McCullough, M. E. (1999). Research on religion-accommodative counseling: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(1), 92–98.CrossRef
go back to reference Meyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009). Effectiveness of a novel integrative online treatment for depression (Deprexis): Randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 11(2), e15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Meyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009). Effectiveness of a novel integrative online treatment for depression (Deprexis): Randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 11(2), e15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Mojtabai, R. (2009). Unmet need for treatment of major depression in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 60(3), 297–305.CrossRefPubMed Mojtabai, R. (2009). Unmet need for treatment of major depression in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 60(3), 297–305.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference O’Mahen, H. A., Richards, D. A., Woodford, J., Wilkinson, E., McGinley, J., Taylor, R. S., et al. (2014). Netmums: A phase II randomized controlled trial of a guided Internet behavioural activation treatment for postpartum depression. Psychological Medicine, 44, 1675–1689. doi:10.1017/s0033291713002092.CrossRefPubMed O’Mahen, H. A., Richards, D. A., Woodford, J., Wilkinson, E., McGinley, J., Taylor, R. S., et al. (2014). Netmums: A phase II randomized controlled trial of a guided Internet behavioural activation treatment for postpartum depression. Psychological Medicine, 44, 1675–1689. doi:10.​1017/​s003329171300209​2.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Paukert, A., Phillips, L., Cully, J., Romero, C., & Stanley, M. (2011). Systematic review of the effects of religion-accommodative psychotherapy for depression and anxiety. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 99–108. doi:10.1007/s10879-010-9154-0.CrossRef Paukert, A., Phillips, L., Cully, J., Romero, C., & Stanley, M. (2011). Systematic review of the effects of religion-accommodative psychotherapy for depression and anxiety. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 99–108. doi:10.​1007/​s10879-010-9154-0.CrossRef
go back to reference Pearce, M. J., Koenig, H. G., Robins, C. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Cohen, H. J., et al. (2014). Religiously integrated cognitive behavioral therapy: A new method of treatment for major depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Psychotherapy, 52(1), 56–66. doi:10.1037/a0036448.CrossRefPubMed Pearce, M. J., Koenig, H. G., Robins, C. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Cohen, H. J., et al. (2014). Religiously integrated cognitive behavioral therapy: A new method of treatment for major depression in patients with chronic medical illness. Psychotherapy, 52(1), 56–66. doi:10.​1037/​a0036448.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Perini, S., Titov, N., & Andrews, G. (2009). Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for depression: Randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(6), 571–578.CrossRefPubMed Perini, S., Titov, N., & Andrews, G. (2009). Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for depression: Randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(6), 571–578.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Propst, L. R., Ostrom, R., Watkins, P., Dean, T., & Mashburn, D. (1992). Comparative efficacy of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of clinical depression in religious individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 94–103. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.94.CrossRefPubMed Propst, L. R., Ostrom, R., Watkins, P., Dean, T., & Mashburn, D. (1992). Comparative efficacy of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of clinical depression in religious individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 94–103. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​60.​1.​94.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Puchalski, C. M., Larson, D. B., & Lu, F. G. (2001). Spirituality in psychiatry residency training programs. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 131–138.CrossRef Puchalski, C. M., Larson, D. B., & Lu, F. G. (2001). Spirituality in psychiatry residency training programs. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 131–138.CrossRef
go back to reference Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., Pirutinsky, S., & Mahoney, A. (2010). A randomized controlled evaluation of a spiritually integrated treatment for subclinical anxiety in the Jewish community delivered via the internet. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 799–808. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.014.CrossRefPubMed Rosmarin, D. H., Pargament, K. I., Pirutinsky, S., & Mahoney, A. (2010). A randomized controlled evaluation of a spiritually integrated treatment for subclinical anxiety in the Jewish community delivered via the internet. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 799–808. doi:10.​1016/​j.​janxdis.​2010.​05.​014.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., et al. (2003). The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573–583.CrossRefPubMed Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., et al. (2003). The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573–583.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Smith, T. B., Bartz, J., & Richards, S. P. (2007). Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy research, 17(6), 643–655.CrossRef Smith, T. B., Bartz, J., & Richards, S. P. (2007). Outcomes of religious and spiritual adaptations to psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy research, 17(6), 643–655.CrossRef
go back to reference Sobocki, P., Jonsson, B., Angst, J., & Rehnberg, C. (2006). Cost of depression in Europe. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 9, 87–98.PubMed Sobocki, P., Jonsson, B., Angst, J., & Rehnberg, C. (2006). Cost of depression in Europe. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 9, 87–98.PubMed
go back to reference Stanley, M. A., Bush, A. L., Camp, M. E., Jameson, J. P., Phillips, L. L., Barber, C. R., Zeno, D., Lomax, J. W., Cully, J. A. (2011). Older adults’ preferences for religion/spirituality in treatment for anxiety and depression. Aging & Mental Health, 15(3), 334-343. doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.519326.CrossRef Stanley, M. A., Bush, A. L., Camp, M. E., Jameson, J. P., Phillips, L. L., Barber, C. R., Zeno, D., Lomax, J. W., Cully, J. A. (2011). Older adults’ preferences for religion/spirituality in treatment for anxiety and depression. Aging & Mental Health, 15(3), 334-343. doi:10.​1080/​13607863.​2010.​519326.CrossRef
go back to reference Titov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010). Internet treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e10939.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Titov, N., Andrews, G., Davies, M., McIntyre, K., Robinson, E., & Solley, K. (2010). Internet treatment for depression: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e10939.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Warren, P., Van Eck, K., Townley, G., & Kloos, B. (2015). Relationships among religious coping, optimism, and outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 91–99. doi:10.1037/a0038346.CrossRef Warren, P., Van Eck, K., Townley, G., & Kloos, B. (2015). Relationships among religious coping, optimism, and outcomes for persons with psychiatric disabilities. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(2), 91–99. doi:10.​1037/​a0038346.CrossRef
go back to reference Wayman, J. C. (2003). Multiple imputations for missing data: What is it and how can I use it? In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois. Wayman, J. C. (2003). Multiple imputations for missing data: What is it and how can I use it? In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois.
go back to reference World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO Press. World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO Press.
go back to reference World Health Organization. (2012). Depression: A global crisis. World Mental Health Day, October 10 2012. World Health Organization. (2012). Depression: A global crisis. World Mental Health Day, October 10 2012.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L., Jr., Johnson, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Aten, J. B. (2013). Evidence-based practices for Christian counseling and psychotherapy. Madison: Inter Varsity Press. Worthington, E. L., Jr., Johnson, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Aten, J. B. (2013). Evidence-based practices for Christian counseling and psychotherapy. Madison: Inter Varsity Press.
Metadata
Title
Religious versus Conventional Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
Authors
Bogdan Tudor Tulbure
Gerhard Andersson
Nastasia Sălăgean
Michelle Pearce
Harold G. Koenig
Publication date
01-10-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 5/2018
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0503-0

Other articles of this Issue 5/2018

Journal of Religion and Health 5/2018 Go to the issue