Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health 3/2014

01-06-2014 | Original Paper

Closeness to God Among Those Doing God’s Work: A Spiritual Well-Being Measure for Clergy

Authors: Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell, Chongming Yang, Matthew Toth, Monica Corbitt Rivers, Kenneth Carder

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 3/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Measuring spiritual well-being among clergy is particularly important given the high relevance of God to their lives, and yet its measurement is prone to problems such as ceiling effects and conflating religious behaviors with spiritual well-being. To create a measure of closeness to God for Christian clergy, we tested survey items at two time points with 1,513 United Methodist Church clergy. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated support for two, six-item factors: Presence and Power of God in Daily Life, and Presence and Power of God in Ministry. The data supported the predictive and concurrent validity of the two factors and evidenced high reliabilities without ceiling effects. This Clergy Spiritual Well-being Scale may be useful to elucidate the relationship among dimensions of health and well-being in clergy populations.
Literature
go back to reference Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & Harrington, D. (2001). The Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Families in Society-the Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(4), 363–371.CrossRef Adams, K. B., Matto, H. C., & Harrington, D. (2001). The Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Families in Society-the Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 82(4), 363–371.CrossRef
go back to reference Benson, P., Donahue, M., & Erickson, J. (Eds.). (1993). The Faith Maturity Scale: Conceptualization, measurement, and empirical validation (Vol. 5). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Benson, P., Donahue, M., & Erickson, J. (Eds.). (1993). The Faith Maturity Scale: Conceptualization, measurement, and empirical validation (Vol. 5). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
go back to reference Berry, D. M., Bass, C. P., Forawi, W., Neuman, M., & Abdallah, N. (2011). Measuring religiosity/spirituality in diverse religious groups: A consideration of methods. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 841–851.PubMedCrossRef Berry, D. M., Bass, C. P., Forawi, W., Neuman, M., & Abdallah, N. (2011). Measuring religiosity/spirituality in diverse religious groups: A consideration of methods. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 841–851.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775.CrossRef Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759–775.CrossRef
go back to reference Brissette, I., Cohen, S., & Seeman, T. (2000). Measuring social integration and social networks. In S. Cohen, G. Underwood, & S. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and interventions: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29–52). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Brissette, I., Cohen, S., & Seeman, T. (2000). Measuring social integration and social networks. In S. Cohen, G. Underwood, & S. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and interventions: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29–52). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Bufford, R. K., Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Norms for the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 56–70. Bufford, R. K., Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Norms for the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 56–70.
go back to reference Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456–466.CrossRef Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 456–466.CrossRef
go back to reference Carroll, J. W. (2006). God’s potters: Pastoral leadership and the shaping of congregations. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Carroll, J. W. (2006). God’s potters: Pastoral leadership and the shaping of congregations. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub.
go back to reference Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.PubMedCrossRef Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference de Jager Meezenbroek, E., Garssen, B., van den Berg, M., van Dierendonck, D., Visser, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Measuring spirituality as a universal human experience: A review of spirituality questionnaires. Journal of Religion and Health, 51, 336–354.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef de Jager Meezenbroek, E., Garssen, B., van den Berg, M., van Dierendonck, D., Visser, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Measuring spirituality as a universal human experience: A review of spirituality questionnaires. Journal of Religion and Health, 51, 336–354.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Doolittle, B. R. (2007). Burnout and coping among parish-based clergy. Mental Health Religion and Culture, 10, 31–38.CrossRef Doolittle, B. R. (2007). Burnout and coping among parish-based clergy. Mental Health Religion and Culture, 10, 31–38.CrossRef
go back to reference Ellison, C. G. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340. Ellison, C. G. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340.
go back to reference Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being among US adults. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 247–271.CrossRef Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being among US adults. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 247–271.CrossRef
go back to reference Ellison, C. G., & Mattila, W. (1983). The needs of evangelical Christian leaders in the United States. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(1), 28–35. Ellison, C. G., & Mattila, W. (1983). The needs of evangelical Christian leaders in the United States. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(1), 28–35.
go back to reference Ellison, C. G., Roalson, L. A., Guillory, J. M., Flannelly, K. J., & Marcum, J. P. (2009). Religious resources, spiritual struggles, and mental health in a nationwide sample of PCUSA clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 59(3), 287–304. doi:10.1007/s11089-009-0239-1.CrossRef Ellison, C. G., Roalson, L. A., Guillory, J. M., Flannelly, K. J., & Marcum, J. P. (2009). Religious resources, spiritual struggles, and mental health in a nationwide sample of PCUSA clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 59(3), 287–304. doi:10.​1007/​s11089-009-0239-1.CrossRef
go back to reference Evers, W., & Tomic, W. (2003). Burnout among Dutch reformed pastors. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 329–338. Evers, W., & Tomic, W. (2003). Burnout among Dutch reformed pastors. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 31(4), 329–338.
go back to reference Frame, M. W., & Shehan, C. L. (1994). Work and well-being in the two-person career: Relocation stress and coping among clergy husbands and wives. Family Relations, 43(2), 196–205. doi:10.2307/585323.CrossRef Frame, M. W., & Shehan, C. L. (1994). Work and well-being in the two-person career: Relocation stress and coping among clergy husbands and wives. Family Relations, 43(2), 196–205. doi:10.​2307/​585323.CrossRef
go back to reference Frisch, M. (1992). Quality of Life Inventory: Manual and treatment guide. San Antonio, TX: Pearson. Frisch, M. (1992). Quality of Life Inventory: Manual and treatment guide. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
go back to reference Frisch, M. B., Clark, M. P., Rouse, S. V., Rudd, M. D., Paweleck, J. K., Greenstone, A., et al. (2005). Predictive and treatment validity of life satisfaction and the Quality of Life Inventory. Assessment, 12(1), 66–78. doi:10.1177/1073191104268006.PubMedCrossRef Frisch, M. B., Clark, M. P., Rouse, S. V., Rudd, M. D., Paweleck, J. K., Greenstone, A., et al. (2005). Predictive and treatment validity of life satisfaction and the Quality of Life Inventory. Assessment, 12(1), 66–78. doi:10.​1177/​1073191104268006​.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory: A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 92–101.CrossRef Frisch, M. B., Cornell, J., Villanueva, M., & Retzlaff, P. J. (1992). Clinical validation of the Quality of Life Inventory: A measure of life satisfaction for use in treatment planning and outcome assessment. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 92–101.CrossRef
go back to reference Gioiella, M. E., Berkman, B., & Robinson, M. (1998). Spirituality and quality of life in gynecologic oncology patients. Cancer Practice, 6(6), 333–338.PubMedCrossRef Gioiella, M. E., Berkman, B., & Robinson, M. (1998). Spirituality and quality of life in gynecologic oncology patients. Cancer Practice, 6(6), 333–338.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gleason, J. J. (1977). Perception of stress among clergy and their spouses. The Journal of Pastoral Care, 31, 448–452. Gleason, J. J. (1977). Perception of stress among clergy and their spouses. The Journal of Pastoral Care, 31, 448–452.
go back to reference Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G. (2010). Episcopal measure of faith tradition: A context-specific approach to measuring religiousness. Journal of Religion and Health, 49, 164–178.PubMedCrossRef Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G. (2010). Episcopal measure of faith tradition: A context-specific approach to measuring religiousness. Journal of Religion and Health, 49, 164–178.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hall, D. E., Meador, K. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2008). Measuring religiousness in health research: Review and critique. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(2), 134–163.PubMedCrossRef Hall, D. E., Meador, K. G., & Koenig, H. G. (2008). Measuring religiousness in health research: Review and critique. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(2), 134–163.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, W., et al. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16, 120–125.PubMedCrossRef Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, W., et al. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16, 120–125.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hill, P. C., & Maltby, L. (2009). Measuring religiousness and spirituality: Issues, existing measures, and the implications for education and wellbeing. In M. de Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O'Higgins-Norman, and D. Scott (Eds.), International Handbook of Education for Spirituality, Care, and Wellbeing (pp. 33–50). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. Hill, P. C., & Maltby, L. (2009). Measuring religiousness and spirituality: Issues, existing measures, and the implications for education and wellbeing. In M. de Souza, L. J. Francis, J. O'Higgins-Norman, and D. Scott (Eds.), International Handbook of Education for Spirituality, Care, and Wellbeing (pp. 33–50). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
go back to reference Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.PubMedCrossRef Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144.PubMedCrossRef Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., Zuttermeister, P. C., & Benson, H. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 203–211.CrossRef Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., Zuttermeister, P. C., & Benson, H. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience. Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(2), 203–211.CrossRef
go back to reference Kay, W. K. (2000). Role conflict and British Pentecostal ministers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 119–124. Kay, W. K. (2000). Role conflict and British Pentecostal ministers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28, 119–124.
go back to reference King, M., & Hunt, R. A. (1972). Measuring the religious variable: Replication. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11(3), 240–251.CrossRef King, M., & Hunt, R. A. (1972). Measuring the religious variable: Replication. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11(3), 240–251.CrossRef
go back to reference Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Handbook of religion and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
go back to reference Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kuhne, G. W., & Donaldson, J. F. (1995). Balancing ministry and management: An exploratory study of pastoral work activities. Review of Religious Research, 37(2), 147–163.CrossRef Kuhne, G. W., & Donaldson, J. F. (1995). Balancing ministry and management: An exploratory study of pastoral work activities. Review of Religious Research, 37(2), 147–163.CrossRef
go back to reference Langballe, E. M., Falkum, E., Innstrand, S. T., & Aasland, O. G. (2006). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey in representative samples of eight different occupational groups. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 370–384.CrossRef Langballe, E. M., Falkum, E., Innstrand, S. T., & Aasland, O. G. (2006). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey in representative samples of eight different occupational groups. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 370–384.CrossRef
go back to reference Lee, C. (1999). Specifying intrusive demands and their outcomes in congregational ministry: A report on the Ministry Demands Inventory. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(4), 477–489.CrossRef Lee, C. (1999). Specifying intrusive demands and their outcomes in congregational ministry: A report on the Ministry Demands Inventory. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38(4), 477–489.CrossRef
go back to reference Lewis, L. M. (2008). Spiritual assessment in African-Americans: A review of measures of spirituality used in health research. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(4), 458–475.PubMedCrossRef Lewis, L. M. (2008). Spiritual assessment in African-Americans: A review of measures of spirituality used in health research. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(4), 458–475.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1986). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1986). The Maslach Burnout Inventory (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
go back to reference McCoubrie, R. C., & Davies, A. N. (2006). Is there a correlation between spirituality and anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer? Supportive Care in Cancer, 14(4), 379–385.PubMedCrossRef McCoubrie, R. C., & Davies, A. N. (2006). Is there a correlation between spirituality and anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer? Supportive Care in Cancer, 14(4), 379–385.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
go back to reference Miller, L. A., McIntire, S. A., & Lovler, R. L. (2011). Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miller, L. A., McIntire, S. A., & Lovler, R. L. (2011). Foundations of psychological testing: A practical approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
go back to reference Miner, M. H. (2007). Burnout in the first year of ministry: Personality and belief style as important predictors. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(1), 17–29.CrossRef Miner, M. H. (2007). Burnout in the first year of ministry: Personality and belief style as important predictors. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(1), 17–29.CrossRef
go back to reference Mitchell, G., & Hastings, R. P. (2001). Coping, burnout, and emotion in staff working in community services for people with challenging behaviours. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(5), 448–459.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell, G., & Hastings, R. P. (2001). Coping, burnout, and emotion in staff working in community services for people with challenging behaviours. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(5), 448–459.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Moberg, D. O. (1979). The development of social indicators for quality of life research. Sociological Analysis, 40(1), 11–26.CrossRef Moberg, D. O. (1979). The development of social indicators for quality of life research. Sociological Analysis, 40(1), 11–26.CrossRef
go back to reference Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 47–60.CrossRef Moberg, D. O. (2002). Assessing and measuring spirituality: Confronting dilemmas of universal and particular evaluative criteria. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 47–60.CrossRef
go back to reference Noller, P. (1984). Clergy marriages: A study of a uniting church sample. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 5, 187–197. Noller, P. (1984). Clergy marriages: A study of a uniting church sample. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family, 5, 187–197.
go back to reference Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well being and quality of life. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook for current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York, NY: Wiley. Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well being and quality of life. In L. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook for current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York, NY: Wiley.
go back to reference Pargament, K. (1999). Religious/Spiritual Coping. In Fezter Institute (Ed.), Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute-National Institute on Aging working group (pp. 43–56). Pargament, K. (1999). Religious/Spiritual Coping. In Fezter Institute (Ed.), Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute-National Institute on Aging working group (pp. 43–56).
go back to reference Proeschold-Bell, R. J., LeGrand, S., James, J., Wallace, A., Adams, C., & Toole, D. (2009). A theoretical model of the holistic health of United Methodist clergy. Journal of Religion and Health,. doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9250-1.PubMed Proeschold-Bell, R. J., LeGrand, S., James, J., Wallace, A., Adams, C., & Toole, D. (2009). A theoretical model of the holistic health of United Methodist clergy. Journal of Religion and Health,. doi:10.​1007/​s10943-009-9250-1.PubMed
go back to reference Rediger, G. L. (1997). Clergy killers: Guidance for pastors and congregations under attack. Louisville, KY: Westminster J. Knox Press. Rediger, G. L. (1997). Clergy killers: Guidance for pastors and congregations under attack. Louisville, KY: Westminster J. Knox Press.
go back to reference Rodgerson, T. E., & Piedmont, R. L. (1998). Assessing the incremental validity of the Religious Problem-Solving Scale in the prediction of clergy burnout. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(3), 517–527.CrossRef Rodgerson, T. E., & Piedmont, R. L. (1998). Assessing the incremental validity of the Religious Problem-Solving Scale in the prediction of clergy burnout. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(3), 517–527.CrossRef
go back to reference Seeman, T. (2000). Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 362–370.PubMedCrossRef Seeman, T. (2000). Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 14, 362–370.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Slater, W., Hall, T., & Edwards, K. (2001). Measuring religion and spirituality: Where are we and where are we going? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29, 4–21. Slater, W., Hall, T., & Edwards, K. (2001). Measuring religion and spirituality: Where are we and where are we going? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29, 4–21.
go back to reference Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA, 282(18), 1737–1744.PubMedCrossRef Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA, 282(18), 1737–1744.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stanon-Rich, H. M., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1998). Burnout and leisure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1931–1950.CrossRef Stanon-Rich, H. M., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1998). Burnout and leisure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1931–1950.CrossRef
go back to reference Stewart-Sicking, J. A. (2012). Subjective well-being among Episcopal priests: Predictors and comparisons to non-clinical norms. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(3), 180–193.CrossRef Stewart-Sicking, J. A. (2012). Subjective well-being among Episcopal priests: Predictors and comparisons to non-clinical norms. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(3), 180–193.CrossRef
go back to reference Stranahan, S. (2008). A spiritual screening tool for older adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(4), 491–503.PubMedCrossRef Stranahan, S. (2008). A spiritual screening tool for older adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 47(4), 491–503.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Trihub, B. L., McMinn, M. R., Buhrow, W. C., & Johnson, T. F. (2010). Denominational support for clergy mental health. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(2), 101–110. Trihub, B. L., McMinn, M. R., Buhrow, W. C., & Johnson, T. F. (2010). Denominational support for clergy mental health. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(2), 101–110.
go back to reference Underwood, L., & Teresi, J. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 22–33.PubMedCrossRef Underwood, L., & Teresi, J. (2002). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 22–33.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Virginia, S. (1998). Burnout and depression among Roman Catholic secular, religious, and monastic clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 47, 49–67.CrossRef Virginia, S. (1998). Burnout and depression among Roman Catholic secular, religious, and monastic clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 47, 49–67.CrossRef
go back to reference Warner, J., & Carter, J. D. (1984). Loneliness, marital adjustment, and burnout in pastoral and lay persons. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 12(2), 125–131. Warner, J., & Carter, J. D. (1984). Loneliness, marital adjustment, and burnout in pastoral and lay persons. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 12(2), 125–131.
go back to reference Worthington, E. L., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., Ripley, J. S., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. W., et al. (2003). The Religious Commitment Inventory-10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 84–96. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.50.1.84.CrossRef Worthington, E. L., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., Ripley, J. S., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. W., et al. (2003). The Religious Commitment Inventory-10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 84–96. doi:10.​1037/​/​0022-0167.​50.​1.​84.CrossRef
go back to reference Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.PubMedCrossRef Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 889–919. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00077.CrossRef Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 889–919. doi:10.​1111/​1467-6494.​00077.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Closeness to God Among Those Doing God’s Work: A Spiritual Well-Being Measure for Clergy
Authors
Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell
Chongming Yang
Matthew Toth
Monica Corbitt Rivers
Kenneth Carder
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9682-5

Other articles of this Issue 3/2014

Journal of Religion and Health 3/2014 Go to the issue

Psychological Exploration

Schizophrenia or Possession?