Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Community Health
Published in: Journal of Community Health 4/2010

01-08-2010 | Original Paper

Impact of Neighborhood Racial Composition and Metropolitan Residential Segregation on Disparities in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis and Survival Between Black and White Women in California

Authors: Erica T. Warner, Scarlett Lin Gomez

Published in: Journal of Community Health | Issue 4/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

We examined the impact of metropolitan racial residential segregation on stage at diagnosis and all-cause and breast cancer-specific survival between and within black and white women diagnosed with breast cancer in California between 1996 and 2004. We merged data from the California Cancer Registry with Census indices of five dimensions of racial residential segregation, quantifying segregation among Blacks relative to Whites; block group (“neighborhood”) measures of the percentage of Blacks and a composite measure of socioeconomic status. We also examined simultaneous segregation on at least two measures (“hypersegregation”). Using logistic regression we examined effects of these measures on stage at diagnosis and Cox proportional hazards regression for survival. For all-cause and breast-cancer specific mortality, living in neighborhoods with more Blacks was associated with lower mortality among black women, but higher mortality among Whites. However, neighborhood racial composition and metropolitan segregation did not explain differences in stage or survival between Black and White women. Future research should identify mechanisms by which these measures impact breast cancer diagnosis and outcomes among Black women.
Literature
1.
Curtis, E., Quale, C., Haggstrom, D., & Smith-Bindman, R. (2008). Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer survival: How much is explained by screening, tumor severity, biology, treatment, comorbidities, and demographics? Cancer, 112, 171–180.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Li, C. I. (2005). Racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer stage, treatment, and survival in the United States. Ethnicity and Disease, 15, S5–S9.PubMed
3.
Li, C. I., Malone, K. E., & Daling, J. R. (2003). Differences in breast cancer stage, treatment, and survival by race and ethnicity. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 49–56.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Smigal, C., Jemal, A., Ward, E., et al. (2006). Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: Update 2006. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 56, 168–183.CrossRef
5.
American Hospital Association. (1996). AHA Guide to the Health Care Field, 1995–96. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Association.
6.
Eley, J. W., Hill, H. A., Chen, V. W., et al. (1994). Racial differences in survival from breast cancer. Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 947–954.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Ansell, D., Whitman, S., Lipton, R., & Cooper, R. (1993). Race, income, and survival from breast cancer at two public hospitals. Cancer, 72, 2974–2978.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Bassett, M. T., & Krieger, N. (1986). Social class and black-white differences in breast cancer survival. American Journal of Public Health, 76, 1400–1403.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Boyer-Chammard, A., Taylor, T. H., & Anton-Culver, H. (1999). Survival differences in breast cancer among racial/ethnic groups: A population-based study. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 23, 463–473.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Williams, D. R., & Rucker, T. D. (2000). Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care. Health Care Financing Review, 21, 75–90.PubMed
11.
Lantz, P. M., Mujahid, M., Schwartz, K., et al. (2006). The influence of race, ethnicity, and individual socioeconomic factors on breast cancer stage at diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2173–2178.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Jones, C. (2002). The impact of racism on health. Ethnicity and Disease, 12: S2-10–13.
13.
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 404–416.PubMed
14.
Wen, M., Browning, C. R., & Cagney, K. A. (2003). Poverty, affluence, and income inequality: neighborhood economic structure and its implications for health. Social Science Medicine, 57, 843–860.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Acevedo-Garcia, D., Lochner, K. A., Osypuk, T. L., & Subramanian, S. V. (2003). Future directions in residential segregation and health research: A multilevel approach. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 215–221.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Krivo, L. J., & Kaufman, R. L. (2004). Housing and wealth inequality: Racial-ethnic differences in home equity in the United States. Demography, 41, 585–605.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Schulz, A., Israel, B., Williams, D., Parker, E., Becker, A., & James, S. (2000). Social inequalities, stressors and self reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit metropolitan area. Social Science Medicine, 51, 1639–1653.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Jones, C. P. (2000). Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener’s tale. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1212–1215.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Fischer, M. J. (2003). The relative importance of income, race in determining residential outcomes in U.S. urban areas, 1970–2000. Urban Affairs Review, 38, 669–696.CrossRef
20.
Acevedo-Garcia, D. (2000). Residential segregation and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Social Science Medicine, 51, 1143–1161.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Massey, D. S. (2000). How segregation concentrates poverty. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23, 670–691.CrossRef
22.
Polednak, A. P. (1996). Segregation, discrimination and mortality in U.S. blacks. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 99–108.PubMed
23.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1989). Hypersegregation in U.S. metropolitan areas: Black and Hispanic segregation along five dimensions. Demography, 26, 373–391.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Wilkes, R., & Iceland, J. (2004). Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century. Demography, 41, 23–36.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Kawachi, I. (2002). Income inequality and economic residential segregation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 165–166.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Din-Dzietham, R., Nembhard, W. N., Collins, R., & Davis, S. K. (2004). Perceived stress following race-based discrimination at work is associated with hypertension in African-Americans. The metro Atlanta heart disease study, 1999–2001. Social Science Medicine, 58, 449–461.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Kwate, N. O., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Guevarra, J. S., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2003). Experiences of racist events are associated with negative health consequences for African American women. Journal of the National Medicine Association, 95, 450–460.
28.
Jackson, S. A., Anderson, R. T., Johnson, N. J., & Sorlie, P. D. (2000). The relation of residential segregation to all-cause mortality: A study in black and white. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 615–617.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Polednak, A. P. (1993). Poverty, residential segregation, and black/white mortality ratios in urban areas. Journal of Health Care for the Poor Underserved, 4, 363–373.PubMed
30.
Laveist, T. A. (1993). Segregation, poverty, and empowerment: health consequences for African Americans. Milbank Quarterly, 71, 41–64.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Polednak, A. P. (1996). Trends in US urban black infant mortality, by degree of residential segregation. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 723–726.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Shihadeh, E. S., & Flynn, N. (1996). Segregation and crime: The effect of black social isolation on the rates of black urban violence. Social Forces, 74, 1325–1352.CrossRef
33.
Sucoff, C. A., & Upchurch, D. M. (1998). Neighborhood context and the risk of childbearing among metropolitan-area black adolescents. American Sociological Review, 63, 571–585.CrossRef
34.
Cooper, R. S. (2001). Social inequality, ethnicity and cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(Suppl 1), S48–S52.PubMed
35.
Acevedo-Garcia, D. (2001). Zip code-level risk factors for tuberculosis: neighborhood environment and residential segregation in New Jersey, 1985–1992. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 734–741.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Subramanian, S. V., Acevedo-Garcia, D., & Osypuk, T. L. (2005). Racial residential segregation and geographic heterogeneity in black/white disparity in poor self-rated health in the US: A multilevel statistical analysis. Social Science Medicine, 60, 1667–1679.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Lopez, R. (2002). Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 289.PubMed
38.
Morello-Frosch, R., & Jesdale, B. M. (2006). Separate and unequal: Residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 386–393.CrossRefPubMed
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Massey, D. S. (2001). Residential segregation and neighborhood conditions in US metropolitan areas. America Becoming: Racial Trends and their Consequences, 1, 391–434.
44.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67, 281–315.CrossRef
45.
Yost, K. N., Perkins, C. N., Cohen, R. N., Morris, C. N., & Wright, W. N. (2001). Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes and Control, 12, 703–711.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Eschbach, K., Mahnken, J. D., & Goodwin, J. S. (2005). Neighborhood composition and incidence of cancer among Hispanics in the United States. Cancer, 103, 1036–1044.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Barrett, R. E., Cho, Y. I., Weaver, K. E., et al. (2008). Neighborhood change and distant metastasis at diagnosis of breast cancer. Annals of Epidemiology, 18, 43–47.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Barry, J., & Breen, N. (2005). The importance of place of residence in predicting late-stage diagnosis of breast or cervical cancer. Health and Place, 11, 15–29.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Reyes-Ortiz, C. A., Eschbach, K., Zhang, D. D., & Goodwin, J. S. (2008). Neighborhood composition and cancer among Hispanics: Tumor stage and size at time of diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 17, 2931–2936.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Haas J. S., Earle, C. C., Orav J. E., et al. (2008). Racial segregation and disparities in breast cancer care and mortality. Cancer 113.
51.
Haas, J. S., Earle, C. C., Orav, J. E., Brawarsky, P., Neville, B. A., & Williams, D. R. (2008). Racial segregation and disparities in cancer stage for seniors. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 699–705.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Rosenberg, L., Wise, L. A., Palmer, J. R., Horton, N. J., & Adams-Campbell, L. L. (2005). A multilevel study of socioeconomic predictors of regular mammography use among African-American women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 2628–2633.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Datta, G. D., Colditz, G. A., Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V., Palmer, J. R., & Rosenberg, L. (2006). Individual-, neighborhood-, and state-level socioeconomic predictors of cervical carcinoma screening among U.S. black women: a multilevel analysis. Cancer, 106, 664–669.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Reynolds, P. (1994). The relationship between social ties and survival among black and white breast cancer patients. National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 3, 253–259.PubMed
55.
Weihs, K. L., Enright, T. M., & Simmens, S. J. (2008). Close relationships and emotional processing predict decreased mortality in women with breast cancer: Preliminary evidence. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 117.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Weihs, K. L., Simmens, S. J., Mizrahi, J., Enright, T. M., Hunt, M. E., & Siegel, R. S. (2005). Dependable social relationships predict overall survival in Stages II and III breast carcinoma patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 299–306.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Kroenke, C. H., Kubzansky, L. D., Schernhammer, E. S., Holmes, M. D., & Kawachi, I. (2006). Social networks, social support, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 1105.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Stainback, K., & Connotea, C. U. L. (2008). Social contacts and race/ethnic job matching. Social Forces, 87, 857.CrossRef
59.
Echenique, F., & Fryer, R. G., Jr. (2007). A measure of segregation based on social interactions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 441–485.CrossRef
60.
Smith, K. P., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Social networks and health. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 34, 405–429.CrossRef
61.
Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Zenk, S. N., et al. (2006). Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit’s eastside. Social Science Medicine, 62, 510–522.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29, 377–387.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Chida, Y., Hamer, M., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival? Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 5, 466–475.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Marchick, J., & Henson, D. E. (2005). Correlations between access to mammography and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Cancer, 103, 1571–1580.CrossRefPubMed
65.
McCarthy, E. P., Burns, R. B., Coughlin, S. S., et al. (1998). Mammography use helps to explain differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis between older black and white women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 729–736.PubMed
66.
Randolph, W. M., Goodwin, J. S., Mahnken, J. D., & Freeman, J. L. (2002). Regular mammography use is associated with elimination of age-related disparities in size and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 783–790.PubMed
67.
Smith-Bindman, R., Miglioretti, D. L., Lurie, N., et al. (2006). Does utilization of screening mammography explain racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer? Annals of Internal Medicine, 144, 541–553.PubMed
68.
Tarlov, E., Zenk, S. N., Campbell, R. T., Warnecke, R. B., & Block, R. (2009). Characteristics of mammography facility locations and stage of breast cancer at diagnosis in Chicago. Journal of Urban Health, 86, 196–213.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zenk, S. N., Tarlov, E., & Sun, J. (2006). Spatial equity in facilities providing low- or no-fee screening mammography in Chicago neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 195–210.CrossRefPubMed
70.
71.
MacKinnon, J. A., Duncan, R. C., Huang, Y., et al. (2007). Detecting an association between socioeconomic status and late stage breast cancer using spatial analysis and area-based measures. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 16, 756–762.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Impact of Neighborhood Racial Composition and Metropolitan Residential Segregation on Disparities in Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis and Survival Between Black and White Women in California
Authors
Erica T. Warner
Scarlett Lin Gomez
Publication date
01-08-2010
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Community Health / Issue 4/2010
Print ISSN: 0094-5145
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3610
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9265-2

Other articles of this Issue 4/2010

Journal of Community Health 4/2010 Go to the issue

Original Paper

In the Shadow of Academic Medical Centers: A Systematic Review of Urban Health Research in Baltimore City

Original Paper

The Benefits of Designing a Stratification System for New York City Pediatric Intensive Care Units for Use in Regional Surge Capacity Planning and Management

Original Paper

Community Based Organizations Addressing South Asian American Health

Original paper

Pediatric Obesity Community Programs: Barriers & Facilitators Toward Sustainability

Original Paper

High Prevalence of Affective Disorders among Adolescents Living in Rural Zimbabwe

Original Paper

Unique Risk and Protective Factors for Partner Aggression in a Large Scale Air Force Survey