Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling 5/2007

01-10-2007 | Original Research

Recommendations from Multi-disciplinary Focus Groups on Cascade Testing and Genetic Counseling for Fragile X-associated Disorders

Authors: Allyn McConkie-Rosell, Liane Abrams, Brenda Finucane, Amy Cronister, Louise W. Gane, Sarah M. Coffey, Stephanie Sherman, Lawrence M. Nelson, Elizabeth Berry-Kravis, David Hessl, Sufen Chiu, Natalie Street, Ajay Vatave, Randi J. Hagerman

Published in: Journal of Genetic Counseling | Issue 5/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to report the outcome of a collaborative project between the Fragile X Research and Treatment Center at the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute at the University of California at Davis, the National Fragile X Foundation (NFXF), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The objective of this collaboration was to develop and disseminate protocols for genetic counseling and cascade testing for the multiple disorders associated with the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) mutation. Over the last several years, there has been increasing insight into the phenotypic range associated with both the premutation and the full mutation of the FMR1 gene. To help develop recommendations related to screening for fragile X-associated disorders, four, two day advisory focus group meetings were conducted, each with a different theme. The four themes were: (1) fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS); (2) premature ovarian failure (POF) and reproductive endocrinology; (3) psychiatric, behavioral and psychological issues; and (4) population screening and related ethical issues.
Literature
go back to reference Anido, A., Carlson, L. M., & Sherman, S. L. (2007). Attitudes toward fragile X mutation carrier testing from women identified in a general population survey. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 16(1), 97–104.PubMedCrossRef Anido, A., Carlson, L. M., & Sherman, S. L. (2007). Attitudes toward fragile X mutation carrier testing from women identified in a general population survey. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 16(1), 97–104.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Anido, A., Carlson, L. M., Taft, L., & Sherman, S. L. (2005). Women’s attitudes toward testing for fragile X carrier status: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 14(4), 295–306.PubMedCrossRef Anido, A., Carlson, L. M., Taft, L., & Sherman, S. L. (2005). Women’s attitudes toward testing for fragile X carrier status: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 14(4), 295–306.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Aziz, M., Stathopulu, E., Callias, M., Taylor, C., Turk, J., Oostra B., et al. (2003). Clinical features of boys with fragile X premutations and intermediate alleles. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 121B(1), 119–127.CrossRefPubMed Aziz, M., Stathopulu, E., Callias, M., Taylor, C., Turk, J., Oostra B., et al. (2003). Clinical features of boys with fragile X premutations and intermediate alleles. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 121B(1), 119–127.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bacalman, S., Farzin F., Bourgeois, J., Cogswell, J., Goodlin-Jones, B.,Gane, L. W., et al. (2006). Psychiatric phenotype of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in males: Newly described fronto-subcortical dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(1), 87–94.PubMedCrossRef Bacalman, S., Farzin F., Bourgeois, J., Cogswell, J., Goodlin-Jones, B.,Gane, L. W., et al. (2006). Psychiatric phenotype of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in males: Newly described fronto-subcortical dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(1), 87–94.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Berry-Kravis, E., Potanos, K., Weinberg, D., Zhou, L. L., & Goetz, C. G. (2005). Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in sisters related to X-inactivation. Annals of Neurology, 57(1), 144–147.PubMedCrossRef Berry-Kravis, E., Potanos, K., Weinberg, D., Zhou, L. L., & Goetz, C. G. (2005). Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in sisters related to X-inactivation. Annals of Neurology, 57(1), 144–147.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brunberg, J. A., Jacquemont, S., Hagerman R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Grigsby, J., Leehey, M., et al. (2002). Fragile X premutation carriers: Characteristic MR imaging findings in adult males with progressive cerebellar and cognitive dysfunction. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 23(10), 1757–1766.PubMed Brunberg, J. A., Jacquemont, S., Hagerman R. J., Berry-Kravis, E., Grigsby, J., Leehey, M., et al. (2002). Fragile X premutation carriers: Characteristic MR imaging findings in adult males with progressive cerebellar and cognitive dysfunction. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 23(10), 1757–1766.PubMed
go back to reference Chiu, S., Hessl, D., Day, J., et al. (2007). Genetic correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in fragile X syndrome. In M. Bax (Ed.), Comorbidities in genetic syndromes. London: MacKeith (in press). Chiu, S., Hessl, D., Day, J., et al. (2007). Genetic correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in fragile X syndrome. In M. Bax (Ed.), Comorbidities in genetic syndromes. London: MacKeith (in press).
go back to reference Cornish, K. M., Kogan, C., Turk, J., Manly, T., James, N., & Dalton, A. (2005). The emerging fragile X premutation phenotype: Evidence from the domain of social cognition. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 53–60.PubMedCrossRef Cornish, K. M., Kogan, C., Turk, J., Manly, T., James, N., & Dalton, A. (2005). The emerging fragile X premutation phenotype: Evidence from the domain of social cognition. Brain and Cognition, 57(1), 53–60.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Crawford, D. C., Meadows, K. L., Newman, J. L. , Taft, L. F., Scott, E., Leslie, M., et al. (2002). Prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in African–Americans. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 110(3), 226–233.PubMedCrossRef Crawford, D. C., Meadows, K. L., Newman, J. L. , Taft, L. F., Scott, E., Leslie, M., et al. (2002). Prevalence of the fragile X syndrome in African–Americans. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 110(3), 226–233.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference de Vries, B. B., Wiegers, A. M., Smits, A. P., Mohkamsing, S., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Fryns, J. P., et al. (1996). Mental status of females with an FMR1 gene full mutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 58(5), 1025–1032. de Vries, B. B., Wiegers, A. M., Smits, A. P., Mohkamsing, S., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Fryns, J. P., et al. (1996). Mental status of females with an FMR1 gene full mutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 58(5), 1025–1032.
go back to reference Dombrowski, C., Levesque, S., Morel, M. L., Rouillard, P., Morgan, K., & Rousseau, F. (2002). Premutation and intermediate-size FMR1 alleles in 10 572 males from the general population: Loss of an AGG interruption is a late event in the generation of fragile X syndrome alleles. Human Molecular Genetics, 11(4), 371–378.PubMedCrossRef Dombrowski, C., Levesque, S., Morel, M. L., Rouillard, P., Morgan, K., & Rousseau, F. (2002). Premutation and intermediate-size FMR1 alleles in 10 572 males from the general population: Loss of an AGG interruption is a late event in the generation of fragile X syndrome alleles. Human Molecular Genetics, 11(4), 371–378.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fanos, J. H., Spangner, K. A., & Musci, T. J. (2006). Attitudes toward prenatal screening and testing for Fragile X. Genetics in Medicine, 8(2), 129–133.PubMedCrossRef Fanos, J. H., Spangner, K. A., & Musci, T. J. (2006). Attitudes toward prenatal screening and testing for Fragile X. Genetics in Medicine, 8(2), 129–133.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Farzin, F., Perry, H., Hessl, D., Loesch, D., Cohen, J., Bacalman, S., et al. (2006). Autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in boys with the fragile X premutation. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2 Suppl), S137–S144.PubMedCrossRef Farzin, F., Perry, H., Hessl, D., Loesch, D., Cohen, J., Bacalman, S., et al. (2006). Autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in boys with the fragile X premutation. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2 Suppl), S137–S144.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Franke, P., Leboyer, M., Gansicke, M., Weiffenbach, O., Biancalana, V., Cornillet-Lefebre, P., et al. (1998). Genotype–phenotype relationship in female carriers of the premutation and full mutation of FMR-1. Psychiatry Research, 80(2), 113–127.PubMedCrossRef Franke, P., Leboyer, M., Gansicke, M., Weiffenbach, O., Biancalana, V., Cornillet-Lefebre, P., et al. (1998). Genotype–phenotype relationship in female carriers of the premutation and full mutation of FMR-1. Psychiatry Research, 80(2), 113–127.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Freund, L. S., Reiss, A. L., & Abrams, M. T. (1993). Psychiatric disorders associated with fragile X in the young female. Pediatrics, 91(2), 321–329.PubMed Freund, L. S., Reiss, A. L., & Abrams, M. T. (1993). Psychiatric disorders associated with fragile X in the young female. Pediatrics, 91(2), 321–329.PubMed
go back to reference Freund, L. S., Reiss, A. L., Hagerman, R. J., & Vinogradov, S. (1992). Chromosome fragility and psychopathology in obligate female carriers of the fragile X chromosome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(1), 54–60.PubMed Freund, L. S., Reiss, A. L., Hagerman, R. J., & Vinogradov, S. (1992). Chromosome fragility and psychopathology in obligate female carriers of the fragile X chromosome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(1), 54–60.PubMed
go back to reference Goodlin-Jones, B., Tassone, F., & Gane, L. W. (2004). Autistic spectrum disorder and the fragile X premutation. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(6), 392–398.PubMedCrossRef Goodlin-Jones, B., Tassone, F., & Gane, L. W. (2004). Autistic spectrum disorder and the fragile X premutation. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(6), 392–398.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J. (2002). Physical and behavioral phenotype. In R. J. Hagerman, & P. J. Hagerman (Eds.), Fragile X syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment and research (3rd ed., pp. 3–109). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hagerman, R. J. (2002). Physical and behavioral phenotype. In R. J. Hagerman, & P. J. Hagerman (Eds.), Fragile X syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment and research (3rd ed., pp. 3–109). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
go back to reference Hagerman, P. J., & Hagerman R. J. (2004a). The fragile-X premutation: a maturing perspective. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(5), 805–816.PubMedCrossRef Hagerman, P. J., & Hagerman R. J. (2004a). The fragile-X premutation: a maturing perspective. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(5), 805–816.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, P. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2004b). Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10(1), 25–30.PubMedCrossRef Hagerman, P. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2004b). Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10(1), 25–30.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J., Hills, J., Scharfenaker, S., et al. (1999). Fragile X syndrome and selective mutism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 83, 313–317.PubMedCrossRef Hagerman, R. J., Hills, J., Scharfenaker, S., et al. (1999). Fragile X syndrome and selective mutism. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 83, 313–317.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J., Leavitt, B. R., Farzin, F., Jacquemont, S., Greco, C. M., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2004). Fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in females with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(5), 1051–1056.PubMedCrossRef Hagerman, R. J., Leavitt, B. R., Farzin, F., Jacquemont, S., Greco, C. M., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2004). Fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) in females with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(5), 1051–1056.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M., Heinrichs, W., Tassone, F., Wilson, R., Hills, J., et al. (2001). Intention tremor, parkinsonism, and generalized brain atrophy in male carriers of fragile X. Neurology, 57, 127–130.PubMed Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M., Heinrichs, W., Tassone, F., Wilson, R., Hills, J., et al. (2001). Intention tremor, parkinsonism, and generalized brain atrophy in male carriers of fragile X. Neurology, 57, 127–130.PubMed
go back to reference Hall, D. A., Berry-Kravis, E., Jacquemont, S., Rice, C. D., Cogswell, J., Zhang, L., et al. (2005). Initial diagnoses given to persons with the fragile X associated tremor/ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Neurology, 65, 299–301.PubMedCrossRef Hall, D. A., Berry-Kravis, E., Jacquemont, S., Rice, C. D., Cogswell, J., Zhang, L., et al. (2005). Initial diagnoses given to persons with the fragile X associated tremor/ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). Neurology, 65, 299–301.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hall, D. A., Hagerman, R. J., Hagerman, P. J., Jacquemont, S., & Leehey, M. A. (2006). Prevalence of FMR1 repeat expansions in movement disorders. A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 26, 151–155.PubMedCrossRef Hall, D. A., Hagerman, R. J., Hagerman, P. J., Jacquemont, S., & Leehey, M. A. (2006). Prevalence of FMR1 repeat expansions in movement disorders. A systematic review. Neuroepidemiology, 26, 151–155.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hatton, D., Sideris, J., Skinner, M., Mankowski, J., Bailey, D. B., Jr., Roberts, J., et al. (2006). Autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome: Prevalence, stability, and the impact of FMRP. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 140(17), 1804–1813.PubMedCrossRef Hatton, D., Sideris, J., Skinner, M., Mankowski, J., Bailey, D. B., Jr., Roberts, J., et al. (2006). Autistic behavior in children with fragile X syndrome: Prevalence, stability, and the impact of FMRP. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 140(17), 1804–1813.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hessl, D., Tassone, F., Loesch, D., Berry-Kravis, E., Leehey, M., Gane, L., et al. (2005). Abnormal elevation of FMR1 mRNA is associated with psychological symptoms in individuals with the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 139(1), 115–121.CrossRef Hessl, D., Tassone, F., Loesch, D., Berry-Kravis, E., Leehey, M., Gane, L., et al. (2005). Abnormal elevation of FMR1 mRNA is associated with psychological symptoms in individuals with the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 139(1), 115–121.CrossRef
go back to reference Hundscheid, R. D., Braat, D. D., Kiemeney, L. A., Smits, A. P., & Thomas, C. M. (2001). Increased serum FSH in female fragile X premutation carriers with either regular menstrual cycles or on oral contraceptives. Human Reproduction, 16(3), 457–462.PubMedCrossRef Hundscheid, R. D., Braat, D. D., Kiemeney, L. A., Smits, A. P., & Thomas, C. M. (2001). Increased serum FSH in female fragile X premutation carriers with either regular menstrual cycles or on oral contraceptives. Human Reproduction, 16(3), 457–462.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jacquemont, S., Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M., Grigsby, J., Zhang, L., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2003). Fragile X premutation tremor/ataxia syndrome: Molecular, clinical, and neuroimaging correlates. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 869–878.PubMedCrossRef Jacquemont, S., Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M., Grigsby, J., Zhang, L., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2003). Fragile X premutation tremor/ataxia syndrome: Molecular, clinical, and neuroimaging correlates. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 869–878.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jacquemont, S., Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M. A., Hall, D. A., Levine, R. A., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2004). Penetrance of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in a premutation carrier population. JAMA, 291(4), 460–469.PubMedCrossRef Jacquemont, S., Hagerman, R. J., Leehey, M. A., Hall, D. A., Levine, R. A., Brunberg, J. A., et al. (2004). Penetrance of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome in a premutation carrier population. JAMA, 291(4), 460–469.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jacquemont, S., Leehey, M. A., Hagerman, R. J., Beckett, L. A., & Hagerman P. J. (2006). Size bias of fragile X premutation alleles in late-onset movement disorders. Journal of Medical Genetics, 43, 804–809.PubMedCrossRef Jacquemont, S., Leehey, M. A., Hagerman, R. J., Beckett, L. A., & Hagerman P. J. (2006). Size bias of fragile X premutation alleles in late-onset movement disorders. Journal of Medical Genetics, 43, 804–809.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Johnston, C., Eliez, S., Dyer-Friedman, J., Hessl, D., Glaser, B., Blasey, C., et al. (2001). Neurobehavioral phenotype in carriers of the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 103(4), 314–319.PubMedCrossRef Johnston, C., Eliez, S., Dyer-Friedman, J., Hessl, D., Glaser, B., Blasey, C., et al. (2001). Neurobehavioral phenotype in carriers of the fragile X premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 103(4), 314–319.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kamm, C., Healy, D. G., Quinn, N. P., Wullner, U., Moller, J. C., Schols, L., et al. (2005). The fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy: Data from the EMSA Study Group. Brain, 128(Pt 8), 1855–1860.PubMedCrossRef Kamm, C., Healy, D. G., Quinn, N. P., Wullner, U., Moller, J. C., Schols, L., et al. (2005). The fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy: Data from the EMSA Study Group. Brain, 128(Pt 8), 1855–1860.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kaufmann, W. E., Cortell, R., Kau, A. S., Bukelis, I., Tierney, E., Gray, R. M., et al. (2004). Autism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: Communication, social interaction, and specific behaviors. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 129A(3), 225–234.CrossRefPubMed Kaufmann, W. E., Cortell, R., Kau, A. S., Bukelis, I., Tierney, E., Gray, R. M., et al. (2004). Autism spectrum disorder in fragile X syndrome: Communication, social interaction, and specific behaviors. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 129A(3), 225–234.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lachiewicz, A. M. (1992). Abnormal behaviors of young girls with fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 43(1–2), 72–77.PubMedCrossRef Lachiewicz, A. M. (1992). Abnormal behaviors of young girls with fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 43(1–2), 72–77.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lachiewicz, A. (1995). Females with fragile X syndrome: A review of the effects of an abnormal gene. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 1, 292–297.CrossRef Lachiewicz, A. (1995). Females with fragile X syndrome: A review of the effects of an abnormal gene. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 1, 292–297.CrossRef
go back to reference Loesch, D. Z., Huggins, R. M., & Hagerman, R. J. (2004). Phenotypic variation and FMRP levels in fragile X. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10(1), 31–41.PubMedCrossRef Loesch, D. Z., Huggins, R. M., & Hagerman, R. J. (2004). Phenotypic variation and FMRP levels in fragile X. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 10(1), 31–41.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Maddalena, A., Richards, C. S., McGinniss, M. J., Brothman, A., Desnick, R. J., Grier, R. E., et al. (2001). Technical standards and guidelines for fragile X: The first of a series of disease-specific supplements to the Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetics Laboratories of the American College of Medical Genetics. Quality Assurance Subcommittee of the Laboratory Practice Committee. Genetics in Medicine, 3(3), 200–205.PubMedCrossRef Maddalena, A., Richards, C. S., McGinniss, M. J., Brothman, A., Desnick, R. J., Grier, R. E., et al. (2001). Technical standards and guidelines for fragile X: The first of a series of disease-specific supplements to the Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetics Laboratories of the American College of Medical Genetics. Quality Assurance Subcommittee of the Laboratory Practice Committee. Genetics in Medicine, 3(3), 200–205.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mazzocco, M. M., Kates, W. R., Baumgardner, T. L., Freund, L. S., & Reiss, A.L. (1997). Autistic behaviors among girls with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(4), 415–435.PubMedCrossRef Mazzocco, M. M., Kates, W. R., Baumgardner, T. L., Freund, L. S., & Reiss, A.L. (1997). Autistic behaviors among girls with fragile X syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(4), 415–435.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McConkie-Rosell, A., Finucane, B. M., Cronister, A., Abrams, L., Bennett, R. L., & Pettersen, B. J. (2005). Genetic counseling for fragile X syndrome: Updated recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 14(4), 249–270.PubMedCrossRef McConkie-Rosell, A., Finucane, B. M., Cronister, A., Abrams, L., Bennett, R. L., & Pettersen, B. J. (2005). Genetic counseling for fragile X syndrome: Updated recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Journal of Genetic Counseling, 14(4), 249–270.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Iafolla, T., Tarleton, J., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (1997). Carrier testing in the fragile X syndrome: Attitudes and opinions of obligate carriers. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 68(1), 62–69.PubMedCrossRef McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Iafolla, T., Tarleton, J., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (1997). Carrier testing in the fragile X syndrome: Attitudes and opinions of obligate carriers. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 68(1), 62–69.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Sullivan, J. A., Dawson, D. V., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (2000). Carrier testing in fragile X syndrome: Effect on self-concept. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 92(5), 336–342.PubMedCrossRef McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Sullivan, J. A., Dawson, D. V., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (2000). Carrier testing in fragile X syndrome: Effect on self-concept. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 92(5), 336–342.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Sullivan, J. A., Dawson, D. V., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (2002). Carrier testing in fragile X syndrome: When to tell and test. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 110, 36–44.PubMedCrossRef McConkie-Rosell, A., Spiridigliozzi, G. A., Sullivan, J. A., Dawson, D. V., & Lachiewicz, A. M. (2002). Carrier testing in fragile X syndrome: When to tell and test. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 110, 36–44.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Morton, J. E., Bundey, S., Webb, T. P., MacDonald, F., Rindl, P. M., & Bullock, S. (1997). Fragile X syndrome is less common than previously estimated. Journal of Medical Genetics, 34(1), 1–5.PubMedCrossRef Morton, J. E., Bundey, S., Webb, T. P., MacDonald, F., Rindl, P. M., & Bullock, S. (1997). Fragile X syndrome is less common than previously estimated. Journal of Medical Genetics, 34(1), 1–5.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Murray, J., Cuckle, H., Taylor, G., & Hewison, J. (1997). Screening for fragile X syndrome: Information needs for health planners. Journal of Medical Screening, 4, 60–94.PubMed Murray, J., Cuckle, H., Taylor, G., & Hewison, J. (1997). Screening for fragile X syndrome: Information needs for health planners. Journal of Medical Screening, 4, 60–94.PubMed
go back to reference Murray, A., Webb, J., MacSwiney, F., Shipley, E., Morton, N., & Conway, G. (1999). Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone may predict premature ovarian failure in FRAXA premutation women. Human Reproduction, 14, 1217–1218.PubMedCrossRef Murray, A., Webb, J., MacSwiney, F., Shipley, E., Morton, N., & Conway, G. (1999). Serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone may predict premature ovarian failure in FRAXA premutation women. Human Reproduction, 14, 1217–1218.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Nolin, S. L., Brown, W. T., Glicksman, A., Houck, G. E., Jr., Gargano, A. D., Sullivan, A., et al. (2003). Expansion of the fragile X CGG repeat in females with premutation or intermediate alleles. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 454–464.PubMedCrossRef Nolin, S. L., Brown, W. T., Glicksman, A., Houck, G. E., Jr., Gargano, A. D., Sullivan, A., et al. (2003). Expansion of the fragile X CGG repeat in females with premutation or intermediate alleles. American Journal of Human Genetics, 72, 454–464.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reiss, A. L., & Dant, C. C. (2003). The behavioral neurogenetics of fragile X syndrome: Analyzing gene-brain-behavior relationships in child developmental psychopathologies. Development and Psychopathology, 15(4), 927–968.PubMedCrossRef Reiss, A. L., & Dant, C. C. (2003). The behavioral neurogenetics of fragile X syndrome: Analyzing gene-brain-behavior relationships in child developmental psychopathologies. Development and Psychopathology, 15(4), 927–968.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reiss, A. L., Freund, L., Abrams, M. T., Boehm, C., & Kazazian, H. (1993). Neurobehavioral effects of the fragile X premutation in adult women: A controlled study. American Journal of Human Genetics, 52(5), 884–894.PubMed Reiss, A. L., Freund, L., Abrams, M. T., Boehm, C., & Kazazian, H. (1993). Neurobehavioral effects of the fragile X premutation in adult women: A controlled study. American Journal of Human Genetics, 52(5), 884–894.PubMed
go back to reference Ross, L. F. (2006). Screening for conditions that do not meet the Wilson and Jungner criteria: The case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. American Journal of Medical Genetics A, 140(8), 914–922.CrossRef Ross, L. F. (2006). Screening for conditions that do not meet the Wilson and Jungner criteria: The case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. American Journal of Medical Genetics A, 140(8), 914–922.CrossRef
go back to reference Rousseau, F., Rouillard, P., Morel, M. L., Khandjian, E. W., & Morgan, K. (1995). Prevalence of carriers of premutation-size alleles of the FMRI gene—And implications for the population genetics of the fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57(5), 1006–1018.PubMed Rousseau, F., Rouillard, P., Morel, M. L., Khandjian, E. W., & Morgan, K. (1995). Prevalence of carriers of premutation-size alleles of the FMRI gene—And implications for the population genetics of the fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics, 57(5), 1006–1018.PubMed
go back to reference Sherman, S., Pletcher, B. A., & Driscoll, D. A. (2005). Fragile X syndrome: Diagnostic and carrier testing. Genetics in Medicine, 7(8), 584–587.PubMedCrossRef Sherman, S., Pletcher, B. A., & Driscoll, D. A. (2005). Fragile X syndrome: Diagnostic and carrier testing. Genetics in Medicine, 7(8), 584–587.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sobesky, W. E. (1996). The treatment of emotional and behavioral problems. In R. J. Hagerman, & A. Cronister (Eds.), Fragile X syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and research (2nd ed., pp. 332–348). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Sobesky, W. E. (1996). The treatment of emotional and behavioral problems. In R. J. Hagerman, & A. Cronister (Eds.), Fragile X syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and research (2nd ed., pp. 332–348). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
go back to reference Sobesky, W. E., Taylor, A. K., Pennington, B. F., Bennetto, L., Porter, D., Riddle, J., et al. (1996). Molecular–clinical correlations in females with fragile X. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 64(2), 340–345.PubMedCrossRef Sobesky, W. E., Taylor, A. K., Pennington, B. F., Bennetto, L., Porter, D., Riddle, J., et al. (1996). Molecular–clinical correlations in females with fragile X. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 64(2), 340–345.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Sullivan, A. K., Marcus, M., Epstein, M. P. Allen, E. G., Anido, A. E., Paquin, J. J., et al. (2005). Association of FMR1 repeat size with ovarian dysfunction. Human Reproduction, 20(2), 402–412.PubMedCrossRef Sullivan, A. K., Marcus, M., Epstein, M. P. Allen, E. G., Anido, A. E., Paquin, J. J., et al. (2005). Association of FMR1 repeat size with ovarian dysfunction. Human Reproduction, 20(2), 402–412.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Gane, L. W., Taylor, A. K. (1999a). Strong similarities of the FMR1 mutation in multiple tissues: Postmortem studies of a male with the full mutation and a male carrier of a premutation. Journal of Medical Genetics, 84, 240–244.CrossRef Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Gane, L. W., Taylor, A. K. (1999a). Strong similarities of the FMR1 mutation in multiple tissues: Postmortem studies of a male with the full mutation and a male carrier of a premutation. Journal of Medical Genetics, 84, 240–244.CrossRef
go back to reference Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Ikle, D. N., Dyer, P. N., Lampe, M., Willemsen, R., et al. (1999b). FMRP expression as a potential prognostic indicator in fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 84(3), 250–261.PubMedCrossRef Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Ikle, D. N., Dyer, P. N., Lampe, M., Willemsen, R., et al. (1999b). FMRP expression as a potential prognostic indicator in fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 84(3), 250–261.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Taylor, A. K., Mills, J. B., Harris, S. W., Gane, L. W., et al. (2000). Clinical involvement and protein expression in individuals with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 91, 144–152.PubMedCrossRef Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Taylor, A. K., Mills, J. B., Harris, S. W., Gane, L. W., et al. (2000). Clinical involvement and protein expression in individuals with the FMR1 premutation. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 91, 144–152.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Turner, G., Webb, T., Wake, S., & Robinson, H. (1996). Prevalence of fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 64(1), 196–197.PubMedCrossRef Turner, G., Webb, T., Wake, S., & Robinson, H. (1996). Prevalence of fragile X syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 64(1), 196–197.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Van Dam, D., Errijgers, V., Kooy, F., Willemsen, R., Mientjes, E., Oostra, B., et al. (2005). Cognitive decline, neuromotor and behavioural disturbances in a mouse model for fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Behavioral Brain Research, 162(2), 233–239.CrossRef Van Dam, D., Errijgers, V., Kooy, F., Willemsen, R., Mientjes, E., Oostra, B., et al. (2005). Cognitive decline, neuromotor and behavioural disturbances in a mouse model for fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Behavioral Brain Research, 162(2), 233–239.CrossRef
go back to reference Van Esch, H., Dom, R., Bex, D., Salden, I., Caeckebeke, J., Wibail, A., et al. (2005). Screening for FMR-1 premutations in 122 older Flemish males presenting with ataxia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13(1), 121–123.PubMedCrossRef Van Esch, H., Dom, R., Bex, D., Salden, I., Caeckebeke, J., Wibail, A., et al. (2005). Screening for FMR-1 premutations in 122 older Flemish males presenting with ataxia. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13(1), 121–123.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Welt, C. K., Smith, P. C., & Taylor, A. E. (2004). Evidence of early ovarian aging in fragile X premutation carriers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(9), 4569–4574.PubMedCrossRef Welt, C. K., Smith, P. C., & Taylor, A. E. (2004). Evidence of early ovarian aging in fragile X premutation carriers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89(9), 4569–4574.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wittenberger, M. D., Hagerman, R. J., Sherman, S. L., McConkie-Rosell, A, Welt, C. K., Rebar, R. W., et al. (2007). The FMR1 premutation and reproduction. Fertility and Sterility, 87(3), 456–465.PubMedCrossRef Wittenberger, M. D., Hagerman, R. J., Sherman, S. L., McConkie-Rosell, A, Welt, C. K., Rebar, R. W., et al. (2007). The FMR1 premutation and reproduction. Fertility and Sterility, 87(3), 456–465.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Zuhlke, C., Budnik, A., Gehlken, U., Dalski, A., Purmann, S., Naumann, M., et al. (2004). FMR1 premutation as a rare cause of late onset ataxia—Evidence for FXTAS in female carriers. Journal de Neurologie, 251(11), 1418–1419.CrossRef Zuhlke, C., Budnik, A., Gehlken, U., Dalski, A., Purmann, S., Naumann, M., et al. (2004). FMR1 premutation as a rare cause of late onset ataxia—Evidence for FXTAS in female carriers. Journal de Neurologie, 251(11), 1418–1419.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Recommendations from Multi-disciplinary Focus Groups on Cascade Testing and Genetic Counseling for Fragile X-associated Disorders
Authors
Allyn McConkie-Rosell
Liane Abrams
Brenda Finucane
Amy Cronister
Louise W. Gane
Sarah M. Coffey
Stephanie Sherman
Lawrence M. Nelson
Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
David Hessl
Sufen Chiu
Natalie Street
Ajay Vatave
Randi J. Hagerman
Publication date
01-10-2007
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Genetic Counseling / Issue 5/2007
Print ISSN: 1059-7700
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3599
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-007-9099-y

Other articles of this Issue 5/2007

Journal of Genetic Counseling 5/2007 Go to the issue