Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Community Mental Health Journal 1/2010

01-02-2010 | Original Paper

Postwar Winners and Losers in the Long Run: Determinants of War Related Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth

Authors: Shaul Kimhi, Yohanan Eshel, Leehu Zysberg, Shira Hantman

Published in: Community Mental Health Journal | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

The study focuses on the long-term impact of war on adolescents (N = 821) and adults (N = 870) living in a war afflicted Israeli community a year after the war. Results indicate the following: (a) stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) correlate negatively with each other. (b) Age was positively associated with stress symptoms and negatively with PTG. (c) Economic condition predicted stress symptoms as well as PTG of adults better than exposure to traumatic events, whereas for school students the best predictor of stress symptoms was exposure to traumatic events while the best predictor of PTG was age of participants.
Literature
go back to reference Agronick, G., Stueve, A., Vargo, S., & O’Donnell, L. (2007). New York City young adults’ psychological reactions to 9/11: Findings from the reach for health longitudinal study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 79–90. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9093-4.CrossRefPubMed Agronick, G., Stueve, A., Vargo, S., & O’Donnell, L. (2007). New York City young adults’ psychological reactions to 9/11: Findings from the reach for health longitudinal study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 79–90. doi:10.​1007/​s10464-007-9093-4.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
go back to reference Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Bonne, O., Denour, A. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Psychological well-being and ratings of psychiatric symptoms in bereaved Israeli adolescents: Differential effect of war vs. accident related bereavement. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 402–406. doi:10.1097/00005053-199706000-00007.CrossRefPubMed Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Bonne, O., Denour, A. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Psychological well-being and ratings of psychiatric symptoms in bereaved Israeli adolescents: Differential effect of war vs. accident related bereavement. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 402–406. doi:10.​1097/​00005053-199706000-00007.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 496–505. doi:10.1037/h0079207.CrossRefPubMed Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 496–505. doi:10.​1037/​h0079207.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bramson, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., van Esch, S. C. M., & van der Plog, H. M. (2001). Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Duch peacekeepers: Reason for optimism? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 733–740. doi:10.1023/A:1013090005246.CrossRef Bramson, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., van Esch, S. C. M., & van der Plog, H. M. (2001). Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Duch peacekeepers: Reason for optimism? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 733–740. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1013090005246.CrossRef
go back to reference Büchi, S., Mörgeli, H., & Schnyder, U. (2007). Grief and post traumatic growth in parents 2–6 years after the death of their extremely premature baby. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 106–114. doi:10.1159/000097969.CrossRefPubMed Büchi, S., Mörgeli, H., & Schnyder, U. (2007). Grief and post traumatic growth in parents 2–6 years after the death of their extremely premature baby. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 106–114. doi:10.​1159/​000097969.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Carballo, M., Smajkic, A., Damir, D. A., Dzidowsk, A. M., Gebre-Medhin, J., & Van Halem, J. (2004). Mental health and coping in a war situation: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36, 463–477. doi:10.1017/S0021932004006753.CrossRefPubMed Carballo, M., Smajkic, A., Damir, D. A., Dzidowsk, A. M., Gebre-Medhin, J., & Van Halem, J. (2004). Mental health and coping in a war situation: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36, 463–477. doi:10.​1017/​S002193200400675​3.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (2000). The SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in primary care. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (pp. 297–334). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (2000). The SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in primary care. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (pp. 297–334). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
go back to reference Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual–I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research. Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual–I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
go back to reference Edward, A. L. (1954). Statistical methods for the behavioral science. New York: Holt. Edward, A. L. (1954). Statistical methods for the behavioral science. New York: Holt.
go back to reference Ehntholt, K. A., & Yule, W. (2006). Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47, 1197–1210. Ehntholt, K. A., & Yule, W. (2006). Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 47, 1197–1210.
go back to reference Eshel, Y., Kimhi, S., Zysberg, L., & Hantman, S. (2009). Post traumatic stress symptoms, psychological growth and coping of Israelis, one year after the Lebanon War. (submitted). Eshel, Y., Kimhi, S., Zysberg, L., & Hantman, S. (2009). Post traumatic stress symptoms, psychological growth and coping of Israelis, one year after the Lebanon War. (submitted).
go back to reference Farwell, N. (1999). After liberation: Psychosocial well-being of Eritrean youth. Dissertation Abstracts International. Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59(8-A), 3208. Farwell, N. (1999). After liberation: Psychosocial well-being of Eritrean youth. Dissertation Abstracts International. Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 59(8-A), 3208.
go back to reference Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982–987. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa013404.CrossRefPubMed Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., et al. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 982–987. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMsa013404.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., Hoover, D. R., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Hispanic ethnicity and post traumatic stress disorder after a disaster: evidence from a general population survey after September 11, 2001. Annals of Epidemiology, 14, 520–531. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.01.006.CrossRefPubMed Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Tracy, M., Hoover, D. R., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Hispanic ethnicity and post traumatic stress disorder after a disaster: evidence from a general population survey after September 11, 2001. Annals of Epidemiology, 14, 520–531. doi:10.​1016/​j.​annepidem.​2004.​01.​006.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Cancer and the family caregiver: Distress and coping. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher. Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Cancer and the family caregiver: Distress and coping. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
go back to reference Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf War-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 653–662. doi:10.1002/jts.20153.CrossRefPubMed Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf War-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 653–662. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20153.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E. (1998). Stress, culture and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress. New York: Plenum Press. Hobfoll, S. E. (1998). Stress, culture and community: The psychology and philosophy of stress. New York: Plenum Press.
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062.CrossRef Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. doi:10.​1111/​1464-0597.​00062.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006a). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 207–218. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.2.207.CrossRef Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006a). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 207–218. doi:10.​1037/​0022-006X.​74.​2.​207.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., Johnson, R. J., Varley, J., Palmieri, P., & Galea, S. (2007a). The association of exposure, risk and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 9–21. doi:10.1002/jts.20307.CrossRef Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., Johnson, R. J., Varley, J., Palmieri, P., & Galea, S. (2007a). The association of exposure, risk and resiliency factors with PTSD among Jews and Arabs exposed to repeated acts of terrorism in Israel. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 9–21. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20307.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007b). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345–366. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00292.x.CrossRef Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007b). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345–366. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1464-0597.​2007.​00292.​x.CrossRef
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006b). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 867–878. doi:10.1002/jts.20166.CrossRefPubMed Hobfoll, S. E., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006b). The impact of resource loss and traumatic growth on probable PTSD and depression following terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 867–878. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20166.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., et al. (2007c). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70, 283–315. doi:10.1521/psyc.2007.70.4.283.CrossRef Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., et al. (2007c). Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70, 283–315. doi:10.​1521/​psyc.​2007.​70.​4.​283.CrossRef
go back to reference Jacoby, R., & Keinan, G. (2003). Between stress and hope: From a disease-centered to a health-centered perspective. Westport, CT: Prager Publishers. Jacoby, R., & Keinan, G. (2003). Between stress and hope: From a disease-centered to a health-centered perspective. Westport, CT: Prager Publishers.
go back to reference Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press.
go back to reference Joseph, S., Andrews, L., Harris, G., Howle, B., Woodward, C., & Shelvin, M. (2005). Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of trauma: Psychometric evaluation of changes in outlook questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 17, 70–80. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.1.70.CrossRefPubMed Joseph, S., Andrews, L., Harris, G., Howle, B., Woodward, C., & Shelvin, M. (2005). Assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of trauma: Psychometric evaluation of changes in outlook questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 17, 70–80. doi:10.​1037/​1040-3590.​17.​1.​70.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kelly, T. A. (2007). The role of religion, spirituality, and faith-based community in coping with acts of terrorism. In B. Bongar, L. M. Brown, L. E. Beutler, J. N. Breckenridge, & P. G. Zimbardo (Eds.), Psychology of terrorism (pp. 137–152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Kelly, T. A. (2007). The role of religion, spirituality, and faith-based community in coping with acts of terrorism. In B. Bongar, L. M. Brown, L. E. Beutler, J. N. Breckenridge, & P. G. Zimbardo (Eds.), Psychology of terrorism (pp. 137–152). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
go back to reference Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2004). Community resilience and the impact of stress: Adult response to Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 439–451. doi:10.1002/jcop.20012.CrossRef Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2004). Community resilience and the impact of stress: Adult response to Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 439–451. doi:10.​1002/​jcop.​20012.CrossRef
go back to reference Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2006). Are women at higher risk than man? Gender differences among teenagers and adults in their response to threat of war and terror. Women and Health, 43, 1–19. doi:10.1300/J013v43n03_01. Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2006). Are women at higher risk than man? Gender differences among teenagers and adults in their response to threat of war and terror. Women and Health, 43, 1–19. doi:10.​1300/​J013v43n03_​01.
go back to reference Kimhi, S., Zysberg, L., Hantman, S., & Eshel, Y. (2009). The aftermath of war: Personal growth and distress among adolescents one year after the Second Lebanon War. (submitted). Kimhi, S., Zysberg, L., Hantman, S., & Eshel, Y. (2009). The aftermath of war: Personal growth and distress among adolescents one year after the Second Lebanon War. (submitted).
go back to reference Lee, I., Hah, Y. S., Kim, K. J., Kim, J. H., Kwon, Y. H., Park, J. K., et al. (2003). A field study of post traumatic stress disorder in a community after Typhoon. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 33, 829–838.PubMed Lee, I., Hah, Y. S., Kim, K. J., Kim, J. H., Kwon, Y. H., Park, J. K., et al. (2003). A field study of post traumatic stress disorder in a community after Typhoon. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 33, 829–838.PubMed
go back to reference Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experience and psychosocial growth of children in Lebanon. Child Growth, 67, 70–88. Macksoud, M. S., & Aber, J. L. (1996). The war experience and psychosocial growth of children in Lebanon. Child Growth, 67, 70–88.
go back to reference Maguen, S., Vogt, D., King, L., King, D., & Litz, B. (2006). Posttraumatic growth among Gulf War I veterans: The predictive role of deployment-related experiences and background characteristics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 373–388. doi:10.1080/15325020600672004.CrossRef Maguen, S., Vogt, D., King, L., King, D., & Litz, B. (2006). Posttraumatic growth among Gulf War I veterans: The predictive role of deployment-related experiences and background characteristics. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 11, 373–388. doi:10.​1080/​1532502060067200​4.CrossRef
go back to reference Meewisse, M. L., Nijdam, M. J., de Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., et al. (2005). Disaster-related post traumatic stress symptoms and sustained attention: Evaluation of depressive symptomatology and sleep disturbances as mediators. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 299–302. doi:10.1002/jts.20037.CrossRefPubMed Meewisse, M. L., Nijdam, M. J., de Vries, G. J., Gersons, B. P. R., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., et al. (2005). Disaster-related post traumatic stress symptoms and sustained attention: Evaluation of depressive symptomatology and sleep disturbances as mediators. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 299–302. doi:10.​1002/​jts.​20037.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Palmieri, P. A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2008). The psychological impact of the Israel–Hezbollah War on Jews and Arabs in Israel: The impact of risk and resilience factors. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 1208–1216. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.030.CrossRefPubMed Palmieri, P. A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2008). The psychological impact of the Israel–Hezbollah War on Jews and Arabs in Israel: The impact of risk and resilience factors. Social Science and Medicine, 67, 1208–1216. doi:10.​1016/​j.​socscimed.​2008.​06.​030.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Paragament, K. I., Desai, K. M., & McConnell, K. M. (2006). Spirituality: A pathway to posttraumatic growth or decline? In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 121–137). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Paragament, K. I., Desai, K. M., & McConnell, K. M. (2006). Spirituality: A pathway to posttraumatic growth or decline? In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 121–137). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
go back to reference Park, J., & Nelson, C. H. (1998). The investigation of stress in resource-dependent communities: The effect of rapid socioeconomic changes on mental health service use. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 57, 432–438.PubMed Park, J., & Nelson, C. H. (1998). The investigation of stress in resource-dependent communities: The effect of rapid socioeconomic changes on mental health service use. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 57, 432–438.PubMed
go back to reference Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butoll, W., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 71–83. doi:10.1002/jclp.10117.CrossRefPubMed Powell, S., Rosner, R., Butoll, W., Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 71–83. doi:10.​1002/​jclp.​10117.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., & Sarraj, E. (1997). Models of traumatic experiences and children’s psychological adjustment: the roles of perceived parenting and the children’s own resources and activity. Child Development, 68, 718–728. doi:10.2307/1132121.CrossRefPubMed Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., & Sarraj, E. (1997). Models of traumatic experiences and children’s psychological adjustment: the roles of perceived parenting and the children’s own resources and activity. Child Development, 68, 718–728. doi:10.​2307/​1132121.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507–1512. doi:10.1056/NEJM200111153452024.CrossRefPubMed Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507–1512. doi:10.​1056/​NEJM200111153452​024.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill. Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York: McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference Sherman, A. C., & Simonton, S. (2007). Spirituality and cancer. In G. Thoma & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Spirit, science, and health: How the spiritual mind fuels physical wellness (pp. 157–175). Westport, CT: Praeger. Sherman, A. C., & Simonton, S. (2007). Spirituality and cancer. In G. Thoma & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Spirit, science, and health: How the spiritual mind fuels physical wellness (pp. 157–175). Westport, CT: Praeger.
go back to reference Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B., & Stuvland, R. (2002). War exposure among children from Bosnia–Hercegovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 147–156. doi:10.1023/A:1014812209051.CrossRefPubMed Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B., & Stuvland, R. (2002). War exposure among children from Bosnia–Hercegovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 147–156. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1014812209051.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The post traumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.CrossRefPubMed Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The post traumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Trautman, R. (2002). Effects of prior trauma and age on post traumatic stress symptoms in Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants after terrorism in the community. Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 459–474. doi:10.1023/A:1020828117698.CrossRefPubMed Trautman, R. (2002). Effects of prior trauma and age on post traumatic stress symptoms in Asian and Middle Eastern immigrants after terrorism in the community. Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 459–474. doi:10.​1023/​A:​1020828117698.CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Weissman, M. M., Neria, Y., Das, A., Feder, A., Blanco, C., Lantigua, R., et al. (2001). Gender differences in post traumatic stress disorder among primary care patients after the World Trade Center attack of September 11, 2001. Gender Medicine; Official Journal of the Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine At Columbia University, 2, 76–87. doi:10.1016/S1550-8579(05)80014-2. Weissman, M. M., Neria, Y., Das, A., Feder, A., Blanco, C., Lantigua, R., et al. (2001). Gender differences in post traumatic stress disorder among primary care patients after the World Trade Center attack of September 11, 2001. Gender Medicine; Official Journal of the Partnership for Gender-Specific Medicine At Columbia University, 2, 76–87. doi:10.​1016/​S1550-8579(05)80014-2.
Metadata
Title
Postwar Winners and Losers in the Long Run: Determinants of War Related Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth
Authors
Shaul Kimhi
Yohanan Eshel
Leehu Zysberg
Shira Hantman
Publication date
01-02-2010
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Community Mental Health Journal / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 0010-3853
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9183-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Community Mental Health Journal 1/2010 Go to the issue