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Cancer Causes & Control
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control 6/2017

Open Access 01-06-2017 | Review article

Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Sean Harrison, Rosie Lennon, Jeff Holly, Julian P. T. Higgins, Mike Gardner, Claire Perks, Tom Gaunt, Vanessa Tan, Cath Borwick, Pauline Emmet, Mona Jeffreys, Kate Northstone, Sabina Rinaldi, Stephen Thomas, Suzanne D. Turner, Anna Pease, Vicky Vilenchick, Richard M. Martin, Sarah J. Lewis

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 6/2017

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Abstract

Purpose

To establish whether the association between milk intake and prostate cancer operates via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway (including IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3).

Methods

Systematic review, collating data from all relevant studies examining associations of milk with IGF, and those examining associations of IGF with prostate cancer risk and progression. Data were extracted from experimental and observational studies conducted in either humans or animals, and analyzed using meta-analysis where possible, with summary data presented otherwise.

Results

One hundred and seventy-two studies met the inclusion criteria: 31 examining the milk–IGF relationship; 132 examining the IGF–prostate cancer relationship in humans; and 10 animal studies examining the IGF–prostate cancer relationship. There was moderate evidence that circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increase with milk (and dairy protein) intake (an estimated standardized effect size of 0.10 SD increase in IGF-I and 0.05 SD in IGFBP-3 per 1 SD increase in milk intake). There was moderate evidence that prostate cancer risk increased with IGF-I (Random effects meta-analysis OR per SD increase in IGF-I 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.16; n = 51 studies) and decreased with IGFBP-3 (OR 0.90; 0.83, 0.98; n = 39 studies), but not with other growth factors. The IGFBP-3 -202A/C single nucleotide polymorphism was positively associated with prostate cancer (pooled OR for A/C vs. AA = 1.22; 95% CI 0.84, 1.79; OR for C/C vs. AA = 1.51; 1.03, 2.21, n = 8 studies). No strong associations were observed for IGF-II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 with either milk intake or prostate cancer risk. There was little consistency within the data extracted from the small number of animal studies. There was additional evidence to suggest that the suppression of IGF-II can reduce tumor size, and contradictory evidence with regards to the effect of IGFBP-3 suppression on tumor progression.

Conclusion

IGF-I is a potential mechanism underlying the observed associations between milk intake and prostate cancer risk.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Sean Harrison
Rosie Lennon
Jeff Holly
Julian P. T. Higgins
Mike Gardner
Claire Perks
Tom Gaunt
Vanessa Tan
Cath Borwick
Pauline Emmet
Mona Jeffreys
Kate Northstone
Sabina Rinaldi
Stephen Thomas
Suzanne D. Turner
Anna Pease
Vicky Vilenchick
Richard M. Martin
Sarah J. Lewis
Publication date
01-06-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 6/2017
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1

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