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Cancer Causes & Control
Published in: Cancer Causes & Control 3/2017

Open Access 01-03-2017 | Original paper

Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?

Authors: Isabelle Romieu, Laure Dossus, Simón Barquera, Hervé M. Blottière, Paul W. Franks, Marc Gunter, Nahla Hwalla, Stephen D. Hursting, Michael Leitzmann, Barrie Margetts, Chizuru Nishida, Nancy Potischman, Jacob Seidell, Magdalena Stepien, Youfa Wang, Klaas Westerterp, Pattanee Winichagoon, Martin Wiseman, Walter C. Willett, On behalf of the IARC working group on Energy Balance and Obesity

Published in: Cancer Causes & Control | Issue 3/2017

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to review the evidence of the association between energy balance and obesity.

Methods

In December 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France convened a Working Group of international experts to review the evidence regarding energy balance and obesity, with a focus on Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC).

Results

The global epidemic of obesity and the double burden, in LMICs, of malnutrition (coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition) are both related to poor quality diet and unbalanced energy intake. Dietary patterns consistent with a traditional Mediterranean diet and other measures of diet quality can contribute to long-term weight control. Limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has a particularly important role in weight control. Genetic factors alone cannot explain the global epidemic of obesity. However, genetic, epigenetic factors and the microbiota could influence individual responses to diet and physical activity.

Conclusion

Energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure is the main driver of weight gain. The quality of the diet may exert its effect on energy balance through complex hormonal and neurological pathways that influence satiety and possibly through other mechanisms. The food environment, marketing of unhealthy foods and urbanization, and reduction in sedentary behaviors and physical activity play important roles. Most of the evidence comes from High Income Countries and more research is needed in LMICs.
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Metadata
Title
Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?
Authors
Isabelle Romieu
Laure Dossus
Simón Barquera
Hervé M. Blottière
Paul W. Franks
Marc Gunter
Nahla Hwalla
Stephen D. Hursting
Michael Leitzmann
Barrie Margetts
Chizuru Nishida
Nancy Potischman
Jacob Seidell
Magdalena Stepien
Youfa Wang
Klaas Westerterp
Pattanee Winichagoon
Martin Wiseman
Walter C. Willett
On behalf of the IARC working group on Energy Balance and Obesity
Publication date
01-03-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Cancer Causes & Control / Issue 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0957-5243
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7225
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z

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