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Clinical Autonomic Research
Published in: Clinical Autonomic Research 6/2014

01-12-2014 | Research Article

The circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation and obesity in adolescents

Authors: Sol Rodríguez-Colón, Fan He, Edward O. Bixler, Julio Fernandez-Mendoza, Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Arthur Berg, Yuka Imamura Kawasawa, Duanping Liao

Published in: Clinical Autonomic Research | Issue 6/2014

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Abstract

Purpose

To assess the impact of obesity and population attributes on the circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) in a population-based sample of adolescents.

Methods

We used data from 421 adolescents who completed the follow-up exam in the Penn State Children Cohort study. CAM was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of beat-to-beat, normal R–R intervals from a 24-hour ECG, on a 30-minute basis. The HRV indices included frequency-domain (HF, LF, and LF/HF ratio) and time-domain (SDNN, RMSSD, and HR) variables. Nonlinear mixed-effect models were used to calculate a cosine periodic curve, each having three parameters quantifying its circadian period: M (mean levels of the HRV variables), Â (amplitude of the oscillation), and θ (the time of the highest oscillation).

Results

The mean (SD) age was 16.9 (2.2) years, with 54 % male and 77 % white. The mean BMI percentile was 66, with 16 % obese (BMI percentile ≥ 95). Overall, HF (a marker of parasympathetic modulation) gradually increased from the late afternoon, reached peak amplitude around 3 a.m., and then decreased throughout the daytime until late afternoon. In contrast, obesity had adverse effects on all circadian parameters. The age, sex and race showed varying differences on the CAM circadian parameters. The adjusted means (95 %Cls) of M, Â, and θ for HF were 5.99 (5.79–6.19), 0.77 (0.66–0.89), 3:15 (2:15–4:15) a.m., and 6.21 (6.13–6.29), 0.66 (0.61–0.70), 2:45 (2:30–3:15) a.m. for obese and non-obese subjects, respectively.

Conclusion

The circadian pattern of CAM can be quantified by the three cosine parameters. Obesity is associated with lower HRV even in young individuals like children/adolescents.
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Metadata
Title
The circadian pattern of cardiac autonomic modulation and obesity in adolescents
Authors
Sol Rodríguez-Colón
Fan He
Edward O. Bixler
Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
Alexandros N. Vgontzas
Arthur Berg
Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
Duanping Liao
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Clinical Autonomic Research / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 0959-9851
Electronic ISSN: 1619-1560
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-014-0257-7

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