Skip to main content
Top
Published in: The Journal of Headache and Pain 2/2011

Open Access 01-04-2011 | Original

Effects of anandamide in migraine: data from an animal model

Authors: Rosaria Greco, Antonina Stefania Mangione, Giorgio Sandrini, Mauro Maccarrone, Giuseppe Nappi, Cristina Tassorelli

Published in: The Journal of Headache and Pain | Issue 2/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Systemic nitroglycerin (NTG) produces spontaneous-like migraine attacks in migraine sufferers and induces a condition of hyperalgesia in the rat 4 h after its administration. Endocannabinoid system seems to be involved in the modulation of NTG-induced hyperalgesia, and probably, in the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine. In this study, the analgesic effect of anandamide (AEA) was evaluated by means of the formalin test, performed in baseline conditions and following NTG-induced hyperalgesia in male Sprague–Dawley rats. AEA was administered 30 min before the formalin injection. In addition, the effect of AEA (administered 30 min before NTG injection) was investigated on NTG-induced Fos expression and evaluated 4 h following NTG injection. AEA induced a significant decrease in the nociceptive behavior during both phases of the formalin test in the animals treated with vehicle, while it abolished NTG-induced hyperalgesia during the phase II. Pre-treatment with AEA significantly reduced the NTG-induced neuronal activation in nucleus trigeminalis caudalis, confirming the results obtained in our previous study, and in area postrema, while the same treatment induced an increase of Fos expression in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, parabrachial nucleus, and periaqueductal grey. The study confirms that a dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the development of migraine attacks and that a pharmacological modulation of CB receptors can be useful for the treatment of migraine pain.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Di Marzo V, Petrosino S (2007) Endocannabinoids and the regulation of their levels in health and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:129–140, 17353660, 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32803dbdec, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXislaitr8%3DCrossRefPubMed Di Marzo V, Petrosino S (2007) Endocannabinoids and the regulation of their levels in health and disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 18:129–140, 17353660, 10.1097/MOL.0b013e32803dbdec, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXislaitr8%3DCrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Centonze D, Rossi S, Finazzi-Agrò A, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M (2007) The (endo)cannabinoid system in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol 82:171–186, 17678961, 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82009-5, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVWqs77OCrossRefPubMed Centonze D, Rossi S, Finazzi-Agrò A, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M (2007) The (endo)cannabinoid system in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int Rev Neurobiol 82:171–186, 17678961, 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82009-5, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVWqs77OCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Pertwee RG (2001) Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Prog Neurobiol 63:569–611, 11164622, 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00031-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlOksA%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Pertwee RG (2001) Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Prog Neurobiol 63:569–611, 11164622, 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00031-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlOksA%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G (1987) Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature 328:632–634, 3112583, 10.1038/328632a0, 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFWqtrY%3DCrossRefPubMed Hunt SP, Pini A, Evan G (1987) Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature 328:632–634, 3112583, 10.1038/328632a0, 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlsFWqtrY%3DCrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Nackley AG, Suplita RL, Hohmann AG (2003) A peripheral cannabinoid mechanism suppresses spinal fos protein expression and pain behavior in a rat model of inflammation. Neuroscience 117:659–670, 12617970, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00870-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1Khsrw%3DCrossRefPubMed Nackley AG, Suplita RL, Hohmann AG (2003) A peripheral cannabinoid mechanism suppresses spinal fos protein expression and pain behavior in a rat model of inflammation. Neuroscience 117:659–670, 12617970, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00870-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1Khsrw%3DCrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Tsou K, Brown S, Sanudo-Pena MC, Mackie K, Walker JM (1998) Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 83:393–411, 9460749, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00436-3, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjslSltQ%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Tsou K, Brown S, Sanudo-Pena MC, Mackie K, Walker JM (1998) Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 83:393–411, 9460749, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00436-3, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjslSltQ%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Myers DE (1999) Potential neurogenic and vascular roles of nitric oxide in migraine headache and aura. Headache 39(2):118–124, 15613204, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3902118.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cnjslCkug%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Myers DE (1999) Potential neurogenic and vascular roles of nitric oxide in migraine headache and aura. Headache 39(2):118–124, 15613204, 10.1046/j.1526-4610.1999.3902118.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cnjslCkug%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Kingman T, McCulloch J (1985) Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci Lett 62(1):131–136, 2415882, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90296-4, 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XivFamsQ%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Uddman R, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Kingman T, McCulloch J (1985) Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci Lett 62(1):131–136, 2415882, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90296-4, 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XivFamsQ%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Russo EB (2004) Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 25:31–39, 15159679, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsFCjtbs%3DPubMed Russo EB (2004) Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD): can this concept explain therapeutic benefits of cannabis in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome and other treatment-resistant conditions? Neuro Endocrinol Lett 25:31–39, 15159679, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlsFCjtbs%3DPubMed
10.
go back to reference Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ (2004) Anandamide is able to inhibit trigeminal neurons using an in vivo model of trigeminovascular-mediated nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309(1):56–63, 14718591, 10.1124/jpet.103.059808, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFamtrg%3DCrossRefPubMed Akerman S, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ (2004) Anandamide is able to inhibit trigeminal neurons using an in vivo model of trigeminovascular-mediated nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 309(1):56–63, 14718591, 10.1124/jpet.103.059808, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXivFamtrg%3DCrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Floridi A, Gallai V (2001) Levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache patients. Neurology 57:132–134, 11445643, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzptFeisg%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Floridi A, Gallai V (2001) Levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache patients. Neurology 57:132–134, 11445643, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzptFeisg%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Gallai B, Coppola F, Baldi A, Gallai V (2002) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic daily headache: relationship with nerve growth factor and glutamate levels. J Headache Pain 3:129–135, 10.1007/s101940200030, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1aluw%3D%3DPubMedCentralCrossRef Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Gallai B, Coppola F, Baldi A, Gallai V (2002) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic daily headache: relationship with nerve growth factor and glutamate levels. J Headache Pain 3:129–135, 10.1007/s101940200030, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1aluw%3D%3DPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Buzzi MG, Tassorelli C, Nappi G (2003) Peripheral and central activation of trigeminal pain pathways in migraine: data from experimental animal models. Cephalalgia 23:1–4, 12699454, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.23.s1.1.xCrossRefPubMed Buzzi MG, Tassorelli C, Nappi G (2003) Peripheral and central activation of trigeminal pain pathways in migraine: data from experimental animal models. Cephalalgia 23:1–4, 12699454, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.23.s1.1.xCrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Tassorelli C, Greco R, Wang D, Morelli G, Nappi G (2003) Nitroglycerin induces hyperalgesia in rats: a time-course study. Eur. J. Pharm. 464:159–162, 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01421-3, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1Cks7Y%3DCrossRef Tassorelli C, Greco R, Wang D, Morelli G, Nappi G (2003) Nitroglycerin induces hyperalgesia in rats: a time-course study. Eur. J. Pharm. 464:159–162, 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)01421-3, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1Cks7Y%3DCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Tassorelli C, Greco R, Wang D, Sandrini G, Nappi G (2006) Prostaglandins, glutamate and nitric oxide synthase mediate nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia in the formalin test. Eur J Pharmacol 534:103–107, 16507304, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.01.023, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit12jsL8%3DCrossRefPubMed Tassorelli C, Greco R, Wang D, Sandrini G, Nappi G (2006) Prostaglandins, glutamate and nitric oxide synthase mediate nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia in the formalin test. Eur J Pharmacol 534:103–107, 16507304, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.01.023, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit12jsL8%3DCrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Greco R, Gasperi V, Sandrini G, Bagetta G, Nappi G, Maccarrone M, Tassorelli C (2010) Alterations of the endocannabinoid system in an animal model of migraine: evaluation in cerebral areas of rat. Cephalalgia 30(3):296–302 Greco R, Gasperi V, Sandrini G, Bagetta G, Nappi G, Maccarrone M, Tassorelli C (2010) Alterations of the endocannabinoid system in an animal model of migraine: evaluation in cerebral areas of rat. Cephalalgia 30(3):296–302
17.
go back to reference Tjolsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K (1992) The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 51:5–17, 1454405, 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90003-T, 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FoslSnsA%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Tjolsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, Rosland JH, Hole K (1992) The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 51:5–17, 1454405, 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90003-T, 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FoslSnsA%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Jaggar SI, Hasnie FS, Sellaturay S, Rice AS (1998) The anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic inflammatory pain. Pain 76:189–199, 9696473, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00041-4, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtVKqsL0%3DCrossRefPubMed Jaggar SI, Hasnie FS, Sellaturay S, Rice AS (1998) The anti-hyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic inflammatory pain. Pain 76:189–199, 9696473, 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00041-4, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtVKqsL0%3DCrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Costa B, Vailati S, Colleon M (1999) SR 141716A, a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, reverses the behavioural effectsof anandamide-treated rats. Behav Pharmacol 10:327–331, 10780247, 10.1097/00008877-199905000-00009, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvFSjt78%3DCrossRefPubMed Costa B, Vailati S, Colleon M (1999) SR 141716A, a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, reverses the behavioural effectsof anandamide-treated rats. Behav Pharmacol 10:327–331, 10780247, 10.1097/00008877-199905000-00009, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvFSjt78%3DCrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Tassorelli C, Joseph SA, Buzzi G, Nappi G (1999) The effect on the central nervous system of nitroglycerin—putative mechanisms and mediators. Prog Neurobiol 57:606–624, 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00071-9CrossRef Tassorelli C, Joseph SA, Buzzi G, Nappi G (1999) The effect on the central nervous system of nitroglycerin—putative mechanisms and mediators. Prog Neurobiol 57:606–624, 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00071-9CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Tassorelli C, Joseph SA, Nappi G (1997) Neurochemical mechanisms of nitroglycerin-induced neuronal activation. Neuropharmacology 10:1417–1424, 10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00122-6CrossRef Tassorelli C, Joseph SA, Nappi G (1997) Neurochemical mechanisms of nitroglycerin-induced neuronal activation. Neuropharmacology 10:1417–1424, 10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00122-6CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Tassorelli C, Greco R, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Sandrini G, Nappi G (2005) Parthenolide is the component of Tanacetum parthenium that inhibits nitroglycerin-induced Fos activation: studies in an animal model of migraine. Cephalalgia 25:612–621, 16033387, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00915.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvhtFOiuw%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Tassorelli C, Greco R, Morazzoni P, Riva A, Sandrini G, Nappi G (2005) Parthenolide is the component of Tanacetum parthenium that inhibits nitroglycerin-induced Fos activation: studies in an animal model of migraine. Cephalalgia 25:612–621, 16033387, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00915.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvhtFOiuw%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Moldrich G, Wenger T (2000) Localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the rat brain. An immunohistochemical study. Peptides 21(11):1735–1742, 11090929, 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00324-7, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1ygsLs%3DCrossRefPubMed Moldrich G, Wenger T (2000) Localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the rat brain. An immunohistochemical study. Peptides 21(11):1735–1742, 11090929, 10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00324-7, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1ygsLs%3DCrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Mailleux P, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1992) Distribution of neuronal cannabinoid receptor in the adult rat brain: A comparative receptor binding radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 48:655–668, 1376455, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90409-U, 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XktVSrsb4%3DCrossRefPubMed Mailleux P, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1992) Distribution of neuronal cannabinoid receptor in the adult rat brain: A comparative receptor binding radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 48:655–668, 1376455, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90409-U, 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XktVSrsb4%3DCrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Smith PB, Compton DR, Welch SP, Razdan RK, Mechoulam R, Martin BR (1994) The pharmacological activity of anandamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid, in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:219–227, 8035318PubMed Smith PB, Compton DR, Welch SP, Razdan RK, Mechoulam R, Martin BR (1994) The pharmacological activity of anandamide, a putative endogenous cannabinoid, in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:219–227, 8035318PubMed
26.
go back to reference Welch SP, Dunlow LD, Patrick GS, Razdan RK (1995) Characterisation of anandamide- and fluoroanandamide-induced antinociception and cross tolerance to delta-9-THC after intrathecal administration to mice: blockade of delta-9-THC-induced antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:1235–1244, 7791096, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsVCgtbs%3DPubMed Welch SP, Dunlow LD, Patrick GS, Razdan RK (1995) Characterisation of anandamide- and fluoroanandamide-induced antinociception and cross tolerance to delta-9-THC after intrathecal administration to mice: blockade of delta-9-THC-induced antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273:1235–1244, 7791096, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsVCgtbs%3DPubMed
27.
go back to reference Lichtman AH, Martin BR (1991) Spinal and supraspinal components of cannabinoid-induced antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 258:517–523, 1650831, 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsFSgsrY%3DPubMed Lichtman AH, Martin BR (1991) Spinal and supraspinal components of cannabinoid-induced antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 258:517–523, 1650831, 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsFSgsrY%3DPubMed
28.
go back to reference Martin WJ, Patrick SL, Coffin PO, Tsou K, Walker JM (1995) An examination of the central sites of action of cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the rat. Life Sci 56:2103–2109, 7776838, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00195-C, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXlsF2mtbc%3DCrossRefPubMed Martin WJ, Patrick SL, Coffin PO, Tsou K, Walker JM (1995) An examination of the central sites of action of cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the rat. Life Sci 56:2103–2109, 7776838, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00195-C, 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXlsF2mtbc%3DCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Greco R, Tassorelli C, Sandrini G, Di Bella P, Buscone S, Nappi G (2008) Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in different models of pain. Cephalalgia 28(2):114–126, 18197882, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c%2FksVaqtw%3D%3DPubMed Greco R, Tassorelli C, Sandrini G, Di Bella P, Buscone S, Nappi G (2008) Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in different models of pain. Cephalalgia 28(2):114–126, 18197882, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c%2FksVaqtw%3D%3DPubMed
30.
go back to reference Pardutz A, Multon S, Malgrange B, Parducz A, Vecsei L, Schoenen J (2002) Effect of systemic nitroglycerin on CGRP and 5-HT afferents to rat caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and its modulation by estrogen. Eur J Neurosci 15(11):1803–1809, 12081660, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02031.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zpt1alug%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed Pardutz A, Multon S, Malgrange B, Parducz A, Vecsei L, Schoenen J (2002) Effect of systemic nitroglycerin on CGRP and 5-HT afferents to rat caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and its modulation by estrogen. Eur J Neurosci 15(11):1803–1809, 12081660, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02031.x, 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zpt1alug%3D%3DCrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Di Marzo V, Deutsch DG (1998) Biochemistry of the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptor. Neurobiol Dis 5:386–404, 9974173, 10.1006/nbdi.1998.0214, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtFSqsLw%3DCrossRefPubMed Di Marzo V, Deutsch DG (1998) Biochemistry of the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptor. Neurobiol Dis 5:386–404, 9974173, 10.1006/nbdi.1998.0214, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtFSqsLw%3DCrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Malan TP Jr, Ibrahim MM, Deng H, Liu Q, Mata HP, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Makriyannis A (2001) CB2 cannabinoid receptor-mediated peripheral antinociception. Pain 93:239–245, 11514083, 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00321-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFWis7Y%3DCrossRefPubMed Malan TP Jr, Ibrahim MM, Deng H, Liu Q, Mata HP, Vanderah T, Porreca F, Makriyannis A (2001) CB2 cannabinoid receptor-mediated peripheral antinociception. Pain 93:239–245, 11514083, 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00321-9, 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFWis7Y%3DCrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Van Sickle MD, Duncan M, Kingsley PJ, Mouihate A, Urbani P, Mackie K, Stella N, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Davison JS, Marnett LJ, Di Marzo V, Pittman QJ, Patel KD, Sharkey KA (2005) Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Science 310(5746):329–332, 16224028, 10.1126/science.1115740CrossRefPubMed Van Sickle MD, Duncan M, Kingsley PJ, Mouihate A, Urbani P, Mackie K, Stella N, Makriyannis A, Piomelli D, Davison JS, Marnett LJ, Di Marzo V, Pittman QJ, Patel KD, Sharkey KA (2005) Identification and functional characterization of brainstem cannabinoid CB2 receptors. Science 310(5746):329–332, 16224028, 10.1126/science.1115740CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Patel NA, Moldow RL, Patel JA, Wu G, Chang SL (1998) Arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) activation of FOS proto-oncogene protein immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Brain Res 797(2):225–233, 9666136, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00364-3, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjvFOjsLg%3DCrossRefPubMed Patel NA, Moldow RL, Patel JA, Wu G, Chang SL (1998) Arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) activation of FOS proto-oncogene protein immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Brain Res 797(2):225–233, 9666136, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00364-3, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjvFOjsLg%3DCrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference McGregor IS, Arnold JC, Weber MF, Topple AN, Hunt GE (1998) A comparison of delta 9-THC and anandamide induced c-fos expression in the rat forebrain. Brain Res 802(1–2):19–26, 9748483, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00549-6, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvFOmsr0%3DCrossRefPubMed McGregor IS, Arnold JC, Weber MF, Topple AN, Hunt GE (1998) A comparison of delta 9-THC and anandamide induced c-fos expression in the rat forebrain. Brain Res 802(1–2):19–26, 9748483, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00549-6, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvFOmsr0%3DCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Richardson JD, Aanonsen L, Hargreaves KM (1998) Antihyperalgesic effects of spinal cannabinoids. Eur J Pharmacol 345(2):145–153, 9600630, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01621-X, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhvFGqs7o%3DCrossRefPubMed Richardson JD, Aanonsen L, Hargreaves KM (1998) Antihyperalgesic effects of spinal cannabinoids. Eur J Pharmacol 345(2):145–153, 9600630, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01621-X, 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhvFGqs7o%3DCrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Van Sickle MD, Oland LD, Mackie K, Davison JS, Sharkey KA (2003) Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol selectively acts on CB1 receptors in specific regions of dorsal vagal complex to inhibit emesis in ferrets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285(3):G566–G576, 12791597CrossRefPubMed Van Sickle MD, Oland LD, Mackie K, Davison JS, Sharkey KA (2003) Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol selectively acts on CB1 receptors in specific regions of dorsal vagal complex to inhibit emesis in ferrets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285(3):G566–G576, 12791597CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effects of anandamide in migraine: data from an animal model
Authors
Rosaria Greco
Antonina Stefania Mangione
Giorgio Sandrini
Mauro Maccarrone
Giuseppe Nappi
Cristina Tassorelli
Publication date
01-04-2011
Publisher
Springer Milan
Published in
The Journal of Headache and Pain / Issue 2/2011
Print ISSN: 1129-2369
Electronic ISSN: 1129-2377
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-010-0274-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2011

The Journal of Headache and Pain 2/2011 Go to the issue