Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-09-2019 | Disturbance of the Social Behaviour | Original contribution

Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Authors: Annabeth P. Groenman, Lizanne J. S. Schweren, Wouter Weeda, Marjolein Luman, Siri D. S. Noordermeer, Dirk J. Heslenfeld, Barbara Franke, Stephen V. Faraone, Nanda Rommelse, Catharina A. Hartman, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Jan Buitelaar, Jaap Oosterlaan

Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Issue 9/2019

Abstract

Adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs) and nicotine dependence (ND). It remains unclear whether and how stimulant treatment may affect this risk. We aimed to investigate how stimulant use profiles influence the risk of SUDs and ND, using a novel data-driven community detection analysis to construct different stimulant use profiles. Comprehensive lifetime stimulant prescription data and data on SUDs and ND were available for 303 subjects with ADHD and 219 controls, with a mean age 16.3 years. Community detection was used to define subgroups based on multiple indicators of treatment history, start age, treatment duration, total dose, maximum dose, variability, stop age. In stimulant-treated participants, three subgroups with distinct medication trajectories were distinguished (late-and-moderately dosed, n = 91; early-and-moderately dosed, n = 51; early-and-intensely dosed, n = 103). Compared to stimulant-naïve participants (n = 58), the early-and-intense treatment group had a significantly lower risk of SUDs and ND (HR = 0.28, and HR = 0.29, respectively), while the early-and-moderate group had a significantly lower risk of ND only (HR = 0.30). The late-and-moderate group was at a significantly higher risk of ND compared to the other two treatment groups (HR = 2.66 for early-and-moderate, HR = 2.78 for early-and-intense). Our findings show that in stimulant-treated adolescents with ADHD, long-term outcomes are associated with treatment characteristics, something that is often ignored when treated individuals are compared to untreated individuals.

Available only for authorised users

Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K (2011) Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 31(3):328–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2000) Guidance on the use of methylphenidate (Ritalin, Equasym) for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Childhood, vol 13. NICE

Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rigau D, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Vidal X, Casas M (2011) Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs 25(2):157–169. https://doi.org/10.2165/11539440-000000000-00000 CrossRefPubMed

Faraone SV, Buitelaar J (2010) Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19(4):353–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0054-3 CrossRefPubMed

Schoenfelder EN, Faraone SV, Kollins SH (2014) Stimulant treatment of ADHD and cigarette smoking: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 133(6):1070–1080. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0179 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Humphreys KL, Eng T, Lee SS (2013) Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 70(7):740–749. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1273 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Truong NL, Moulton JL 3rd, Roizen ER, Howell KH, Castellanos FX (2008) Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am J Psychiatry 165(5):604–609. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07091465 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse N, Franke B, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV (2013) Substance use disorders in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a four-year follow-up study. Addiction (Abingdon, England). https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12188 CrossRef

Dalsgaard S, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH (2014) ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood—a naturalistic long-term follow-up study. Addict Behav 39(1):325–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.002 CrossRefPubMed

10.

Steinhausen HC, Bisgaard C (2014) Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24(2):232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.003 CrossRefPubMed

11.

Wilens TE, Adamson J, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV, Schillinger M, Westerberg D, Biederman J (2008) Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162(10):916–921CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Molina BS, Hinshaw SP, Eugene Arnold L, Swanson JM, Pelham WE, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Epstein JN, Wigal T, Abikoff HB, Greenhill LL, Jensen PS, Wells KC, Vitiello B, Gibbons RD, Howard A, Houck PR, Hur K, Lu B, Marcus S (2013) Adolescent substance use in the multimodal treatment study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (MTA) as a function of childhood ADHD, random assignment to childhood treatments, and subsequent medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 52(3):250–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.014 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Marco EM, Adriani W, Ruocco LA, Canese R, Sadile AG, Laviola G (2011) Neurobehavioral adaptations to methylphenidate: the issue of early adolescent exposure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(8):1722–1739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.011 CrossRefPubMed

14.

McCabe SE, Dickinson K, West BT, Wilens TE (2016) Age of onset, duration, and type of medication therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use during adolescence: a multi-cohort national study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55(6):479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.011 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Schweren LJS, Groenman AP, von Rhein D, Weeda W, Luman M, Faraone SV, Heslenfeld D, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Oosterlaan J, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA (2017) Stimulant treatment trajectories are associated with neural reward processing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 78(7):e790–e796. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m10624 CrossRefPubMed

16.

Groenman AP, Oosterlaan J, Rommelse NN, Franke B, Greven CU, Hoekstra PJ, Hartman CA, Luman M, Roeyers H, Oades RD, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV (2013) Stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of developing substance use disorder. Br J Psychiatry 203(2):112–119. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.124784 CrossRefPubMed

17.

Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, Aneey R, Franke B, Gill M, Ebstein R (2006) The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 11(10):934–953CrossRefPubMed

18.

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders [DSM-IV-TR]. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC

19.

Hastie TJ, Tibshirani RJ (1990) Generalized additive models, vol 43. CRC Press, Boca Raton

20.

Wood S (2006) Generalized additive models: an introduction with R. CRC Press, Boca RatonCrossRef

21.

Blondel VD, Guillaume J-L, Lambiotte R (2008) Lefebvre E (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. J Stat Mech 10:P10008CrossRef

22.

Rubinov M, Sporns O (2011) Weight-conserving characterization of complex functional brain networks. Neuroimage 56(4):2068–2079CrossRefPubMed

23.

Fair DA, Bathula D, Nikolas MA, Nigg JT (2012) Distinct neuropsychological subgroups in typically developing youth inform heterogeneity in children with ADHD. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(17):6769–6774CrossRefPubMed

24.

Huber PJ (1967) The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under non-standard conditions. In: the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, pp 221–233

25.

Katusic SK, Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Leibson CL, Jacobsen SJ (2005) Psychostimulant treatment and risk for substance abuse among young adults with a history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based, birth cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15(5):764–776. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2005.15.764 CrossRefPubMed

26.

Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, Faraone SV, Weber W, Curtis S, Thornell A, Pfister K, Jetton JG, Soriano J (1997) Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(1):21–29. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199701000-00013 CrossRefPubMed

27.

Faraone SV, Biederman J, Wilens TE, Adamson J (2007) A naturalistic study of the effects of pharmacotherapy on substance use disorders among ADHD adults. Psychol Med 37(12):1743–1752. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000335 CrossRefPubMed

28.

Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, MacPherson HA, Faraone SV (2008) Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 165(5):597–603CrossRefPubMed

29.

Moshe K, Karni A, Tirosh E (2012) Anxiety and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-drug trial. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 4(3):153–158CrossRefPubMed

30.

Arnold LE, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Kahle J, Young S (2015) Effect of treatment modality on long-term outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. PLoS One 10(2):e0116407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116407 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, Arnold LE (2012) A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med 10:99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-99 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Harpin V, Mazzone L, Raynaud JP, Kahle J, Hodgkins P (2013) Long-term outcomes of ADHD: A systematic review of self-esteem and social function. J Atten Disord. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713486516 CrossRefPubMed

Title: Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Annabeth P. Groenman
Lizanne J. S. Schweren
Wouter Weeda
Marjolein Luman
Siri D. S. Noordermeer
Dirk J. Heslenfeld
Barbara Franke
Stephen V. Faraone
Nanda Rommelse
Catharina A. Hartman
Pieter J. Hoekstra
Jan Buitelaar
Jaap Oosterlaan
Publication date: 01-09-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keyword: Disturbance of the Social Behaviour
Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Issue 9/2019
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Electronic ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01283-y

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 9/2019

Genetic and environmental aetiologies of associations between dispositional mindfulness and ADHD traits: a population-based twin study

Characterisation of depressive symptoms in young children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Self-reported attachment styles in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Early warning signs in misrecognized secondary pediatric psychotic disorders: a systematic review

Association between weekday sleep duration and nonmedical use of prescription drug among adolescents: the role of academic performance

Fears and fear-related cognitions in children with selective mutism