Prenatal stress and enhanced developmental plasticity

Anderson DK, Rhees RW, Fleming DE (1985) Effects of prenatal stress on differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat brain. Brain Res 332(1):113–118CrossRef

Aye IL, Keelan JA (2013) Placental ABC transporters, cellular toxicity and stress in pregnancy. Chem Biol Interact 203(2):456–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.007 CrossRefPubMed

Babineau V, Green CG, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Minde K, Sassi R, St-André M, Carrey N, Atkinson L, Kennedy JL, Lydon J (2015) Prenatal depression and 5-HTTLPR interact to predict dysregulation from 3 to 36 months–A differential susceptibility model. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56(1):21–29CrossRef

Baibazarova E, van de Beek C, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Buitelaar J, Shelton KH, van Goozen SH (2013) Influence of prenatal maternal stress, maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol in the amniotic fluid on birth outcomes and child temperament at 3 months. Psychoneuroendocrinology 38:907–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.015 CrossRefPubMed

Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH (2015) The hidden efficacy of interventions: gene × environment experiments from a differential susceptibility perspective. Annu Rev Psychol 66:381–409CrossRef

Bateson P, Barker D, Clutton-Brock T, Deb D, D’udine B, Foley RA et al (2004) Developmental plasticity and human health. Nature 430(6998):419–421. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02725 CrossRefPubMed

Beijers R, Buitelaar JK, de Weerth C (2014) Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: beyond the HPA axis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(10):943–956CrossRef

Belsky J (1997) Variation in susceptibility to rearing influences: an evolutionary argument. Psychol Inq 8:182–186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_3 CrossRef

Belsky J (2000) Conditional and alternative reproductive strategies: individual differences in susceptibility to rearing experiences. In: Genetic influences on human fertility and sexuality. Springer, Boston, MA, pp 127–146CrossRef

Belsky J (2005) Differential susceptibility to rearing influences: an evolutionary hypothesis and some evidence. In: Ellis B, Bjorklund D (eds) Origins of the social mind: evolutionary psychology and child development. Guildford, New York, pp 139–163

Belsky J, Pluess M (2009) Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychol Bull 135:885. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376 CrossRefPubMed

Belsky J, Pluess M (2013) Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol 25:1243. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457941300059x CrossRefPubMed

Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH (2007) For better and for worse differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 16:300–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x CrossRef

Blackford JU, Avery SN, Shelton RC, Zald DH (2009) Amygdala temporal dynamics: temperamental differences in the timing of amygdala response to familiar and novel faces. BMC Neurosci 10(1):145CrossRef

Blakeley PM, Capron LE, Jensen AB, O’Donnell KJ, Glover V (2013) Maternal prenatal symptoms of depression and down regulation of placental monoamine oxidase A expression. J Psychosom Res 75:341–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.07.002 CrossRefPubMed

Bloch B, Guitteny AF, Chouham S, Mougin C, Roget A, Teoule R (1990) Topography and ontogeny of the neurons expressing vasopressin, oxytocin, and somatostatin genes in the rat brain: an analysis using radioactive and biotinylated oligonucleotides. Cell Mol Neurobiol 10:99–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00733638 CrossRefPubMed

Bogdan R, Agrawal A, Gaffrey MS, Tillman R, Luby JL (2014) Serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype and stressful life events interact to predict preschool-onset depression: a replication and developmental extension. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55:448–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12142 CrossRefPubMed

Börzsönyi B, Demendi C, Pajor A, Rigó J, Marosi K, Ágota A et al (2012) Gene expression patterns of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 enzyme in human placenta from intrauterine growth restriction: the role of impaired feto-maternal glucocorticoid metabolism. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproductive Biol 161:12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.12.013 CrossRef

Boyce WT, Ellis BJ (2005) Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Dev Psychopathol 17(2):271–301CrossRef

Boyce WT, Adams S, Tschann JM, Cohen F, Wara D, Gunnar MR (1995) Adrenocortical and behavioral predictors of immune responses to starting school. Pediatr Res 38:1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199512000-00030 CrossRefPubMed

Brody GH, Miller GE, Yu T, Beach SR, Chen E (2016) Supportive family environments ameliorate the link between racial discrimination and epigenetic aging: a replication across two longitudinal cohorts. Psychol Sci 27:530–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615626703 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Brunton PJ, Russell JA (2010) Prenatal social stress in the rat programmes neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress in the adult offspring: Sex-specific effects. J Neuroendocrinol 22:258–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01969.x CrossRefPubMed

Bush NR, Allison AL, Miller AL, Deardorff J, Adler NE, Boyce WT (2017) Socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity risk: association with an oxytocin receptor polymorphism. JAMA Pediatr 171(1):61–67CrossRef

Canli T, Lesch KP (2007) Long story short: the serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nat Neurosci 10:1103–1109. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1964 CrossRefPubMed

Carter CS (2014) Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 65:17–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110 CrossRefPubMed

Carter CS, Grippo AJ, Pournajafi-Nazarloo H, Ruscio MG, Porges SW (2008) Oxytocin, vasopressin and sociality. Prog Brain Res 170:331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00427-5 CrossRefPubMed

Champoux M, Bennett A, Shannon C, Higley JD, Lesch KP, Suomi SJ (2002) Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Mol Psychiatry 7(10):1058. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001157 CrossRefPubMed

Charil A, Laplante DP, Vaillancourt C, King S (2010) Prenatal stress and brain development. Brain Res Rev 65(1):56–79CrossRef

Chen FR, Raine A, Rudo-Hutt AS, Glenn AL, Soyfer L, Granger DA (2015) Harsh discipline and behavior problems: the moderating effects of cortisol and alpha-amylase. Biol Psychol 104:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.005 CrossRefPubMed

Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Thibodeau EL (2012) The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes. Dev Psychopathol 24:907–928. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579612000442 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Conradt E, Measelle J, Ablow JC (2013a) Poverty, problem behavior, and promise: differential susceptibility among infants reared in poverty. Psychol Sci 24:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457381 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Conradt E, Lester BM, Appleton AA, Armstrong DA, Marsit CJ (2013b) The roles of DNA methylation of NR3C1 and 11β-HSD2 and exposure to maternal mood disorder in utero on newborn neurobehavior. Epigenetics 8(12):1321–1329. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.26634 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Conway A, Stifter CA (2012) Longitudinal antecedents of executive function in preschoolers. Child Dev 83:1022–1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01756.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Coussons-Read ME, Okun ML, Nettles CD (2007) Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun 21:343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2006.08.006 CrossRefPubMed

Cruceanu C, Matosin N, Binder EB (2017) Interactions of early-life stress with the genome and epigenome: from prenatal stress to psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Behav Sci 14:167–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.04.001 CrossRef

Das P, Kemp AH, Liddell BJ, Brown KJ, Olivieri G, Peduto A, Gordon E, Williams LM (2005) Pathways for fear perception: modulation of amygdala activity by thalamo-cortical systems. Neuroimage 26(1):141–148CrossRef

Davis M, Whalen PJ (2001) The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatry 6(1):13CrossRef

Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML, Cicchetti D (2011) Interparental aggression and children’s adrenocortical reactivity: testing an evolutionary model of allostatic load. Dev Psychopathol 23:801–814. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000319 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davis EP, Sandman CA (2010) The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development. Child Dev 81:131–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01385.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Davis EP, Snidman N, Wadhwa PD, Glynn LM, Schetter CD, Sandman CA (2004) Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predict negative behavioral reactivity in infancy. Infancy 6:319–331. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327078in0603_1 CrossRef

Davis EP, Glynn LM, Dunkel-Schetter C, Hobel C, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman CA (2005) Corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy is associated with infant temperament. Dev Neurosci 27:299–305CrossRef

Davis EP, Glynn LM, Schetter CD, Hobel C, Chicz-Demet A, Sandman CA (2007) Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:737–746. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318047b775 CrossRefPubMed

Davis EP, Glynn LM, Waffarn F, Sandman CA (2011) Prenatal maternal stress programs infant stress regulation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:119–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02314.x CrossRefPubMed

de Weerth C, van Hees Y, Buitelaar JK (2003) Prenatal maternal cortisol levels and infant behavior during the first 5 months. Early Human Dev 74:139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00088-4 CrossRef

Del Giudice M (2012) Fetal programming by maternal stress: insights from a conflict perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(10):1614–1629CrossRef

Del Giudice M, Barrett ES, Belsky J, Hartman S, Martel MM, Sangenstedt S, Kuzawa CW (2018) Individual differences in developmental plasticity: a role for early androgens? Psychoneuroendocrinology 90:165–173CrossRef

Demendi C, Börzsönyi B, Pajor A, Rigó J, Nagy ZB, Szentpéteri I, Joó JG (2012) Abnormal fetomaternal glucocorticoid metabolism in the background of premature delivery: placental expression patterns of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 gene. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 165:210–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.08.009 CrossRefPubMed

Devlin AM, Brain U, Austin J, Oberlander TF (2010) Prenatal exposure to maternal depressed mood and the MTHFR C677T variant affect SLC6A4 methylation in infants at birth. PloS One 5(8):e12201. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012201 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Devries GJ, Buijs RM, Van Leeuwen FW, Caffe AR, Swaab DF (1985) The vasopressinergic innervation of the brain in normal and castrated rats. J Comp Neurol 233:236–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902330206 CrossRefPubMed

Dich N, Doan SN, Evans GW (2015) Children’s emotionality moderates the association between maternal responsiveness and allostatic load: investigation into differential susceptibility. Child Dev 86:936–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12346 CrossRefPubMed

DiPietro JA, Novak MF, Costigan KA, Atella LD, Reusing SP (2006) Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy in relation to child development at age two. Child Dev 77(3):573–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00891.x CrossRefPubMed

Dix T, Yan N (2014) Mothers' depressive symptoms and infant negative emotionality in the prediction of child adjustment at age 3: testing the maternal reactivity and child vulnerability hypotheses. Dev Psychopathol 26(1):111–124CrossRef

Ellis BJ, Boyce WT, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van IJzendoorn MH (2011a) Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory. Dev Psychopathol 23:7–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000611 CrossRefPubMed

Ellis BJ, Shirtcliff EA, Boyce WT, Deardorff J, Essex MJ (2011b) Quality of early family relationships and the timing and tempo of puberty: effects depend on biological sensitivity to context. Dev Psychopathol 23:85–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000660 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD (2015) Prenatal stress, development, health and disease risk: a psychobiological perspective—2015 Curt Richter Award Paper. Psychoneuroendocrinology 62:366–375. doi.:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.019 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Essex MJ, Armstrong JM, Burk LR, Goldsmith HH, Boyce WT (2011) Biological sensitivity to context moderates the effects of the early teacher–child relationship on the development of mental health by adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 23:149–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000702 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Field T, Diego M, Dieter J, Hernandez-Reif M, Schanberg S, Kuhn C et al (2004) Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and the newborn. Infant Behav Dev 27:216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(04)00012-8 CrossRef

Gangestad SW, Caldwell Hooper AE, Eaton MA (2012) On the function of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone: a role in maternal-fetal conflicts over blood glucose concentrations. Biol Rev 87(4):856–873CrossRef

Gaspar P, Cases O, Maroteaux L (2003) The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(12):1002–1012. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1256 CrossRefPubMed

Gitau R, Fisk NM, Glover V (2004) Human fetal and maternal corticotrophin releasing hormone responses to acute stress. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89(1):F29–F32CrossRef

Gitau R, Adams D, Fisk NM, Glover V (2005) Fetal plasma testosterone correlates positively with cortisol. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 90(2):F166–F169CrossRef

Glover V (2011) Annual research review: prenatal stress and the origins of psychopathology: an evolutionary perspective. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52:356–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02371.x CrossRefPubMed

Glover V (2014) Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 28(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.017 CrossRefPubMed

Green BB, Armstrong DA, Lesseur C, Paquette AG, Guerin DJ, Kwan LE, Marsit CJ (2015) The role of placental 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and type 2 methylation on gene expression and infant birth weight. Biol Reprod 92(6):149–151CrossRef

Green CG, Babineau V, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Bouvette-Turcot AA, Minde K, Sassi R et al (2017) Prenatal maternal depression and child serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genotype predict negative emotionality from 3 to 36 months. Dev Psychopathol 29:901–917. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000560 CrossRefPubMed

Grossman AW, Churchill JD, McKinney BC, Kodish IM, Otte SL, Greenough WT (2003) Experience effects on brain development: Possible contributions to psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44(1):33–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.t01-1-00102 CrossRefPubMed

Grundwald NJ, Benítez DP, Brunton PJ (2016) Sex-dependent effects of prenatal stress on social memory in rats: a role for differential expression of central vasopressin-1a receptors. J Neuroendocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12343 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gueron-Sela N, Atzaba-Poria N, Meiri G, Marks K (2015) The caregiving environment and developmental outcomes of preterm infants: diathesis stress or differential susceptibility effects? Child Dev 86(4):1014–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12359 CrossRefPubMed

Gutteling BM, de Weerth C, Buitelaar JK (2005) Prenatal stress and children’s cortisol reaction to the first day of school. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.002 CrossRefPubMed

Hankin BL, Nederhof E, Oppenheimer CW, Jenness J, Young JF, Abela JRZ et al (2011) Differential susceptibility in youth: evidence that 5-HTTLPR x positive parenting is associated with positive affect ‘for better and worse’. Transl Psychiatry 1(10):e44. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2011.44 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberger DR (2002) Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297(5580):400–403CrossRef

Hartman S, Belsky J (2018) Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity revisited—And extended. Dev Psychopathol 30(3):825–842CrossRef

Hartman S, Sung S, Simpson JA, Schlomer GL, Belsky J (2017) Decomposing environmental unpredictability in forecasting adolescent and young adult development: a two-sample study. Dev Psychopathol 30(4):1321–1332CrossRef

Hartman S, Freeman SM, Bales KL, Belsky J (2018) Prenatal stress as a risk—and an opportunity—factor. Psychol Sci 29(4):572–580CrossRef

Henry C, Kabbaj M, Simon H, Moal M, Maccari S (1994) Prenatal stress increases the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response in young and adult rats. J Neuroendocrinol 6(3):341–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00591.x CrossRefPubMed

Herman JP, Cullinan WE (1997) Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci 20(2):78–84CrossRef

Hertzman C, Power C (2004) Child development as a determinant of health across the life course. Curr Paediatr 14(5):438–443CrossRef

Hompes T, Izzi B, Gellens E, Morreels M, Fieuws S, Pexsters A et al (2013) Investigating the influence of maternal cortisol and emotional state during pregnancy on the DNA methylation status of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter region in cord blood. J Psychiatr Res 47(7):880–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.009 CrossRefPubMed

Howland MA, Sandman CA, Glynn LM, Crippen C, Davis EP (2016) Fetal exposure to placental corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with child self-reported internalizing symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 67:10–17CrossRef

Huizink AC, De Medina PGR, Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Buitelaar JK (2002) Psychological measures of prenatal stress as predictors of infant temperament. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(9):1078–1085CrossRef

Jaffee SR, Price TS (2007) Gene–environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry 12:432–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001950 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Jansson T, Powell TL (2007) Role of the placenta in fetal programming: Underlying mechanisms and potential interventional approaches. Clin Sci 113(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20060339 CrossRefPubMed

Johansson A, Bergman H, Corander J, Waldman ID, Karrani N, Salo B et al (2012) Alcohol and aggressive behavior in men–moderating effects of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms. Genes Brain Behavior 11(2):214–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00744.x CrossRef

Kagan J, Snidman N (2004) The long shadow of temperament. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, US

Kertes DA, Kamin HS, Hughes DA, Rodney NC, Bhatt S, Mulligan CJ (2016) Prenatal maternal stress predicts methylation of genes regulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system in mothers and newborns in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Child Dev 87(1):61–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12487 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Khashan AS, Abel KM, McNamee R, Pedersen MG, Webb RT, Baker PN et al (2008) Higher risk of offspring schizophrenia following antenatal maternal exposure to severe adverse life events. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(2):146–152. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.20 CrossRefPubMed

Kim S, Kochanska G (2012) Child temperament moderates effects of parent–child mutuality on self-regulation: a relationship-based path for emotionally negative infants. Child Dev 83:1275–1289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01778.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kim SJ, Young LJ, Gonen D, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Courchesne R, Courchesne E et al (2002) Transmission disequilibrium testing of arginine vasopressin receptor 1A (AVPR1A) polymorphisms in autism. Mol Psychiatry 7(5):503. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001125 CrossRefPubMed

Kochanska G, Kim S, Barry RA, Philibert RA (2011) Children’s genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children’s competence: diathesis–stress or differential susceptibility? Dev Psychopathol 23:605–616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000071 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kofman O (2002) The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 26(4):457–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00015-5 CrossRefPubMed

Kraszpulski M, Dickerson PA, Salm AK (2006) Prenatal stress affects the developmental trajectory of the rat amygdala. Stress 9(2):85–95CrossRef

Lakatos K, Nemoda Z, Birkas E, Ronai Z, Kovacs E, Ney K et al (2003) Association of D4 dopamine receptor gene and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms with infants’ response to novelty. Mol Psychiatry 8:90–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001212 CrossRefPubMed

Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR, Assel MA, Vellet S (2001) Does early responsive parenting have a special importance for children’s development or is consistency across early childhood necessary? Dev Psychol 37:387. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.387 CrossRefPubMed

Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR (2006) Responsive parenting: establishing early foundations for social, communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Dev Psychol 42(4):627. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627 CrossRefPubMed

Laplante DP, Barr RG, Brunet A, Du Fort GG, Meaney ML, Saucier JF et al (2004) Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers. Pediatr Res 56(3):400–410. https://doi.org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000136281.34035.44 CrossRefPubMed

Laplante DP, Brunet A, Schmitz N, Ciampi A, King S (2008) Project ice storm: prenatal maternal stress affects cognitive and linguistic functioning in 5½-year-old children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47(9):1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eec80 CrossRefPubMed

Laplante DP, Brunet A, King S (2015) The effects of maternal stress and illness during pregnancy on infant temperament: project ice storm. Pediatr Res 79:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.177 CrossRefPubMed

Laurent HK, Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Harold GT, Reiss D (2013) Effects of prenatal and postnatal parent depressive symptoms on adopted child HPA regulation: independent and moderated influences. Dev Psychol 49(5):876. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028800 CrossRefPubMed

Lee PR, Brady DL, Shapiro RA, Dorsa DM, Koenig JI (2007) Prenatal stress generates deficits in rat social behavior: reversal by oxytocin. Brain Res 1156:152–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.042 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lilliecreutz C, Larén J, Sydsjö G, Josefsson A (2016) Effect of maternal stress during pregnancy on the risk for preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 16:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0775-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lin Y, Xu J, Huang J, Jia Y, Zhang J, Yan C, Zhang J (2017) Effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal emotional stress on toddlers’ cognitive and temperamental development. J Affect Disord 207:9–17CrossRef

Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10(6):434–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2639 CrossRefPubMed

Maccari S, Krugers HJ, Morley-Fletcher S, Szyf M, Brunton PJ (2014) The consequences of early-life adversity: neurobiological, behavioural and epigenetic adaptations. J Neuroendocrinol 26:707–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12175 CrossRefPubMed

Makino S, Gold PW, Schulkin J (1994) Corticosterone effects on corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 640(1–2):105–112CrossRef

Martin RP, Noyes J, Wisenbaker J, Huttenen MO (1999) Prediction of early childhood negative emotionality and inhibition from maternal distress during pregnancy. Merrill Palmer Q 45:370–391. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2008.0013 CrossRef

Mason WA, Mendoza SP (1998) Generic aspects of primate attachments: parents, offspring and mates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23(8):765–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00054-7 CrossRefPubMed

Mastorakos G, Ilias I (2003) Maternal and fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes during pregnancy and postpartum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 997(1):136–149CrossRef

McGowan PO, Suderman M, Sasaki A, Huang TC, Hallett M, Meaney MJ, Szyf M (2011) Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats. PloS One 6(2):e14739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014739 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Merlot E, Couret D, Otten W (2008) Prenatal stress, fetal imprinting and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 22:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.007 CrossRefPubMed

Mesiano S (2014) The endocrinology of human pregnancy and fetal-placental neuroendocrine development. In: Strauss JF, Barbieri R (eds) Yen and Jaffe’s reproductive endocrinology: physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 243–271CrossRef

Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kolachana B, Gold B, Olsh A, Nicodemus KK, Mattay V et al (2009) Genetic variants in AVPR1A linked to autism predict amygdala activation and personality traits in healthy humans. Mol Psychiatry 14(10):968–975. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.54 CrossRefPubMed

Miyagawa K, Tsuji M, Fujimori K, Saito Y, Takeda H (2011) Prenatal stress induces anxiety-like behavior together with the disruption of central serotonin neurons in mice. Neurosci Res 70(1):111–117CrossRef

Moore SR, Depue RA (2016) Neurobehavioral foundation of environmental reactivity. Psychol Bull 142(2):107. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000028 CrossRefPubMed

Mueller BR, Bale TL (2008) Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. J Neurosci 28(36):9055–9065CrossRef

NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2005) Child Care and child development: results of the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. Guilford Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1424-08.2008 CrossRef

Nolvi S, Karlsson L, Bridgett DJ, Korja R, Huizink AC, Kataja EL, Karlsson H (2016) Maternal prenatal stress and infant emotional reactivity six months postpartum. J Affect Disord 199:163–170CrossRef

O’connor TG, Heron J, Golding J, Glover V (2003) Maternal antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems in children: a test of a programming hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44(7):1025–1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00187 CrossRefPubMed

O’donnell K, O’connor TG, Glover V (2009) Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta. Dev Neurosci 31(4):285–292CrossRef

O’Donnell KJ, Jensen AB, Freeman L, Khalife N, O’Connor TG, Glover V (2012) Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(6):818–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.014 CrossRefPubMed

Oberlander TF, Weinberg J, Papsdorf M, Grunau R, Misri S, Devlin AM (2008) Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics 3(2):97–106. https://doi.org/10.4161/epi.3.2.6034 CrossRefPubMed

Obradović J, Bush NR, Stamperdahl J, Adler NE, Boyce WT (2010) Biological sensitivity to context: the interactive effects of stress reactivity and family adversity on socioemotional behavior and school readiness. Child Dev 81:270–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01394.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Obradović J, Bush NR, Boyce WT (2011) The interactive effect of marital conflict and stress reactivity on externalizing and internalizing symptoms: the role of laboratory stressors. Dev Psychopathol 23:101–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000672 CrossRefPubMed

Obradović J, Portilla XA, Ballard PJ (2016) Biological sensitivity to family income: differential effects on early executive functioning. Child Dev 87(2):374–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12475 CrossRefPubMed

Olofsdotter S, Åslund C, Furmark T, Comasco E, Nilsson KW (2017) Differential susceptibility effects of oxytocin gene (OXT) polymorphisms and perceived parenting on social anxiety among adolescents. Dev Psychopathol. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000967 CrossRefPubMed

Parker GA, Royle NJ, Hartley IR (2002) Intrafamilial conflict and parental investment: a synthesis. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 357(1419):295–307CrossRef

Pearson J, Tarabulsy GM, Bussières EL (2015) Foetal programming and cortisol secretion in early childhood: a meta-analysis of different programming variables. Infant Behav Dev 40:204–215CrossRef

Pena CJ, Monk C, Champagne FA (2012) Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain. PloS One 7(6):e39791. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039791 CrossRef

Perkeybile AM, Griffin LL, Bales KL (2013) Natural variation in early parental care correlates with social behaviors in adolescent prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Front Behav Neurosci 7:21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00021 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pitzer M, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Laucht M (2011) Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: the role of early temperament and parenting in the development of externalizing problems. Compr Psychiatry 52:650–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.017 CrossRefPubMed

Pluess M, Belsky J (2011) Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity. Dev Psychopathol 23:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000623 CrossRefPubMed

Pluess M, Belsky J (2013) Vantage sensitivity: individual differences in response to positive experiences. Psychol Bull 139(4):901. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030196 CrossRefPubMed

Pluess M, Velders FP, Belsky J, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VW et al (2011) Serotonin transporter polymorphism moderates effects of prenatal maternal anxiety on infant negative emotionality. Biol Psychiat 69(6):520–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.10.006 CrossRefPubMed

Poehlmann J, Hane A, Burnson C, Maleck S, Hamburger E, Shah PE (2012) Preterm infants who are prone to distress: differential effects of parenting on 36-month behavioral and cognitive outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 53(10):1018–1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02564.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ponder KL, Salisbury A, McGonnigal B, Laliberte A, Lester B, Padbury JF (2011) Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with altered gene expression in the human placenta without modification by antidepressant use: implications for fetal programming. Dev Psychobiol 53(7):711–723. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20549 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Poulin MJ, Holman EA, Buffone A (2012) The neurogenetics of nice: receptor genes for oxytocin and vasopressin interact with threat to predict prosocial behavior. Psychol Sci 23(5):446–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611428471 CrossRefPubMed

Prichard ZM, Mackinnon AJ, Jorm AF, Easteal S (2007) AVPR1A and OXTR polymorphisms are associated with sexual and reproductive behavioral phenotypes in humans. Hum Mutat 28(11):1150–1150. https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.9510 CrossRefPubMed

Qiu A, Anh TT, Li Y, Chen H, Rifkin-Graboi A, Broekman BF, Kwek K, Saw SM, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV (2015) Prenatal maternal depression alters amygdala functional connectivity in 6-month-old infants. Transl Psychiatry 5(2):e508CrossRef

Radtke KM, Ruf M, Gunter HM, Dohrmann K, Schauer M, Meyer A, Elbert T (2011) Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor. Transl Psychiatry 1(7):e21. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2011.21 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti J, Komsi N, Eriksson JG et al (2009) Maternal licorice consumption and detrimental cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in children. Am J Epidemiol 170(9):1137–1146CrossRef

Räikkönen K, Seckl JR, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R, Feldt K, Jones A et al (2010) Maternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis function in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 35(10):1587–1593CrossRef

Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, O’reilly JR, Tuovinen S, Lahti M, Kajantie E et al (2015) Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, placental expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid and serotonin function and infant regulatory behaviors. Psychol Med 45(15):3217–3226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500121X CrossRefPubMed

Räikkönen K, Martikainen S, Pesonen AK, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R et al (2017) Maternal licorice consumption during pregnancy and pubertal, cognitive, and psychiatric outcomes in children. Am J Epidemiol 185(5):317–328CrossRef

Raver CC, Blair C, Willoughby M (2012) Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: new perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Dev Psychol 49:292. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028343 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, Hay DF, Van Den Bree M, Thapar A (2009) Disentangling prenatal and inherited influences in humans with an experimental design. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(7):2464–2467CrossRef

Rice F, Harold GT, Boivin J, Van den Bree M, Hay DF, Thapar A (2010) The links between prenatal stress and offspring development and psychopathology: disentangling environmental and inherited influences. Psychol Med 40(2):335–345. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709005911 CrossRefPubMed

Rifkin-Graboi A, Bai J, Chen H, Hameed WB, Sim LW, Tint MT, Leutscher-Broekman B, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ (2013). Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth. Biol Psychiatry 74(11):837–844CrossRef

Rioux C, Castellanos-Ryan N, Parent S, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Séguin JR (2016) Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use. Dev Psychopathol 28:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1019/S0954579415000437 CrossRefPubMed

Roisman GI, Newman DA, Fraley RC, Haltigan JD, Groh AM, Haydon KC (2012) Distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis–stress: recommendations for evaluating interaction effects. Dev Psychopathol 24(02):389–409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579412000065 CrossRefPubMed

Rothbart MK, Bates JE (2006) Temperament. Handb Child Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0303 CrossRef

Rubin DM, O'Reilly AL, Luan X, Localio AR (2007) The impact of placement stability on behavioral well-being for children in foster care. Pediatrics 119(2):336–344CrossRef

Saxbe DE, Margolin G, Spies Shapiro LA, Baucom BR (2012) Does dampened physiological reactivity protect youth in aggressive family environments? Child Dev 83:821–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01752.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schlomer GL, Giudice DM, Ellis BJ (2011) Parent–offspring conflict theory: an evolutionary framework for understanding conflict within human families. Psychol Rev 118(3):496CrossRef

Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2007) Mechanisms of disease: glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal ‘programming’ of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3(6):479–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0515 CrossRefPubMed

Seymour B, Dolan R (2008) Emotion, decision making, and the amygdala. Neuron 58(5):662–671CrossRef

Shackman AJ, Fox AS, Oler JA, Shelton SE, Davidson RJ, Kalin NH (2013) Neural mechanisms underlying heterogeneity in the presentation of anxious temperament. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201214364

Shapiro GD, Fraser WD, Frasch MG, Séguin JR (2013) Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and preterm birth: associations and mechanisms. J Perinat Med 41(6):631–645. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2012-0295 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sharp H, Hill J, Hellier J, Pickles A (2015) Maternal antenatal anxiety, postnatal stroking and emotional problems in children: outcomes predicted from pre-and postnatal programming hypotheses. Psychol Med 45(2):269–283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001342 CrossRefPubMed

Slagt M, Dubas JS, Deković M, van Aken MA (2016) Differences in sensitivity to parenting depending on child temperament: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 142:1068–1110. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000061 CrossRefPubMed

St-Pierre J, Laurent L, King S, Vaillancourt C (2016) Effects of prenatal maternal stress on serotonin and fetal development. Placenta 48:S66–S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2015.11.013 CrossRefPubMed

Swenson RR, Beckwith BE, Lamberty KJ, Krebs SJ, Tinius TP (1990) Prenatal exposure to AVP or caffeine but not oxytocin alters learning in female rats. Peptides 11:927–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-9781(90)90011-s CrossRefPubMed

Tabak BA, Meyer ML, Castle E, Dutcher JM, Irwin MR, Han JH et al (2015) Vasopressin, but not oxytocin, increases empathic concern among individuals who received higher levels of paternal warmth: a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51:253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.006 CrossRefPubMed

Takahashi LK, Kalin NH (1991) Early developmental and temporal characteristics of stress-induced secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones in prenatally stressed rat pups. Brain Res 558(1):75–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90715-8 CrossRefPubMed

Tarabulsy GM, Pearson J, Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Bussières EL, Madigan S, Lemelin JP et al (2014) Meta-analytic findings of the relation between maternal prenatal stress and anxiety and child cognitive outcome. J Dev Behav Pediatrics 35(1):38–43CrossRef

Tottenham N, Sheridan MA (2010) A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing. Front Hum Neurosci 3:68PubMedPubMedCentral

Tribollet E, Goumaz M, Raggenbass M, Dubois-Dauphin M, Dreifuss JJ (1991) Early appearance and transient expression of vasopressin receptors in the brain of rat fetus and infant: an autoradiographical and electrophysiological study. Dev Brain Res 58(1):13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(91)90232-8 CrossRef

Trivers RL (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. Integr Comp Biol 14(1):249–264

Unternaehrer E, Bolten M, Nast I, Staehli S, Meyer AH, Dempster E et al (2016) Maternal adversities during pregnancy and cord blood oxytocin receptor (OXTR) DNA methylation. Soc Cognitive Affect Neurosci 11(9):1460–1470. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw051 CrossRef

Van IJzendoorn MH, Belsky J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ (2012) Serotonin transporter genotype 5HTTLPR as a marker of differential susceptibility? A meta-analysis of child and adolescent gene-by-environment studies. Transl Psychiatry 2(8):e147. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.73 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Van den Berg H, Bus AG (2014) Beneficial effects of BookStart in temperamentally highly reactive infants. Learn Ind Differ 36:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.008 CrossRef

Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V (2005) Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:237–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007 CrossRefPubMed

Van den Hove DLA, Lauder JM, Scheepens A, Prickaerts JHHJ, Blanco CE, Steinbusch HWM (2006) Prenatal stress in the rat alters 5-HT 1A receptor binding in the ventral hippocampus. Brain Res 1090:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.057 CrossRefPubMed

Van den Bergh BR, Van Calster B, Smits T, Van Huffel S, Lagae L (2008) Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA-axis dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: a prospective study on the fetal origins of depressed mood. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:536–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301450 CrossRefPubMed

Van den Bergh BR, van den Heuvel MI, Lahti M, Braeken M, de Rooij SR, Entringer S et al (2017) Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: the influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003 CrossRefPubMed

Wadhwa PD, Glynn L, Hobel CJ, Garite TJ, Porto M, Chicz-DeMet A et al (2002) Behavioral perinatology: biobehavioral processes in human fetal development. Regul Pept 108:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00102-7 CrossRefPubMed

Walum H, Westberg L, Henningsson S, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D, Igl W et al (2008) Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(37):14153–14156. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803081105 CrossRefPubMed

Watson ED, Cross JC (2005) Development of structures and transport functions in the mouse placenta. Physiology 20(3):180–193. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00001.2005 CrossRefPubMed

Welberg LAM, Seckl JR, Holmes MC (2001) Prenatal glucocorticoid programming of brain corticosteroid receptors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone: possible implications for behaviour. Neuroscience 104(1):71–79CrossRef

Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Druse M, Walker P, Lauder JM (1996) Serotonin as a developmental signal. Behav Brain Res 73:19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(96)00071-X CrossRefPubMed

Wigger A, Sánchez MM, Mathys KC, Ebner K, Frank E, Liu D et al (2004) Alterations in central neuropeptide expression, release, and receptor binding in rats bred for high anxiety: critical role of vasopressin. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300290 CrossRefPubMed

Wroble-Biglan MC, Dietz LJ, Pienkosky TV (2009) Prediction of infant temperament from catecholamine and self-report measures of maternal stress during pregnancy. J Reprod Infant Psychol 27(4):374–389CrossRef

Yehuda R, Engel SM, Brand SR, Seckl J, Marcus SM, Berkowitz GS (2005) Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4115–4118. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0550 CrossRefPubMed

Zijlmans MA, Korpela K, Riksen-Walraven JM, de Vos WM, de Weerth C (2015a) Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota. Psychoneuroendocrinology 53:233–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.006 CrossRefPubMed

Zijlmans MA, Riksen-Walraven JM, de Weerth C (2015b) Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations and child outcomes: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 53:1–24CrossRef

Zuckerman M (1999) Diathesis-stress models. American Psychological Association, Washington, DCCrossRef

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Prenatal stress and enhanced developmental plasticity

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2018

Emotional facedness in Parkinson’s disease

Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induces impaired Barnes maze spatial memory and reduces astrocyte branching in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal regions

Projection length stimulated by oxytocin is modulated by the inhibition of calcium signaling in U-87MG cells

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) for social cognition and social skills in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Is the dual-task cost of walking and texting unique in people with multiple sclerosis?

Effect of serum uric acid on cognition in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder