Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Neural Transmission 4/2013

Open Access 01-04-2013 | Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Review Article

Treatment of Parkinson’s disease in the advanced stage

Authors: C. Ossig, H. Reichmann

Published in: Journal of Neural Transmission | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Levodopa/Carbidopa, respectively, Levodopa/Benserazide is the most effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease and during the progress of the disease, patients will inevitably need to be treated with it. Nonetheless, after a certain time period most of the patients experience side effects. Mainly disturbing are motor and non-motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Numerous options from changing the medication regimen, to continuos dopaminergic drug delivery via apomorphine or Duodopa pumps and stereotactical interventions are available. The physician’s responsibility is to choose the right therapeutic procedure for each timepoint of the patient’s disease. In this review, we provide an up to date overview of the available strategies.
Literature
go back to reference Antonini A, Mancini F, Canesi M, Zangaglia R, Isaias IU, Manfredi L, Pacchetti C, Zibetti M, Natuzzi F, Lopiano L, Nappi G, Pezzoli G (2008b) Duodenal levodopa infusion improves quality of life in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis 5(3–4):244–246. doi:10.1159/000113714 PubMedCrossRef Antonini A, Mancini F, Canesi M, Zangaglia R, Isaias IU, Manfredi L, Pacchetti C, Zibetti M, Natuzzi F, Lopiano L, Nappi G, Pezzoli G (2008b) Duodenal levodopa infusion improves quality of life in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegener Dis 5(3–4):244–246. doi:10.​1159/​000113714 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Baizabal Carvallo JF, Mostile G, Almaguer M, Davidson A, Simpson R, Jankovic J (2012) Deep brain stimulation hardware complications in patients with movement disorders: risk factors and clinical correlations. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 90(5):300–306. doi:10.1159/000338222 PubMedCrossRef Baizabal Carvallo JF, Mostile G, Almaguer M, Davidson A, Simpson R, Jankovic J (2012) Deep brain stimulation hardware complications in patients with movement disorders: risk factors and clinical correlations. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 90(5):300–306. doi:10.​1159/​000338222 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Avarello TP, Bottacchi E, Cannas A, Ceravolo G, Ceravolo R, Cicarelli G, Gaglio RM, Giglia RM, Iemolo F, Manfredi M, Meco G, Nicoletti A, Pederzoli M, Petrone A, Pisani A, Pontieri FE, Quatrale R, Ramat S, Scala R, Volpe G, Zappulla S, Bentivoglio AR, Stocchi F, Trianni G, Dotto PD (2009) The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24(11):1641–1649. doi:10.1002/mds.22643 PubMedCrossRef Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Avarello TP, Bottacchi E, Cannas A, Ceravolo G, Ceravolo R, Cicarelli G, Gaglio RM, Giglia RM, Iemolo F, Manfredi M, Meco G, Nicoletti A, Pederzoli M, Petrone A, Pisani A, Pontieri FE, Quatrale R, Ramat S, Scala R, Volpe G, Zappulla S, Bentivoglio AR, Stocchi F, Trianni G, Dotto PD (2009) The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24(11):1641–1649. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​22643 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gross C, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Gao DM, Laurent A, Gentil M, Perret J (1994) Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62(1–4):76–84PubMedCrossRef Benabid AL, Pollak P, Gross C, Hoffmann D, Benazzouz A, Gao DM, Laurent A, Gentil M, Perret J (1994) Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62(1–4):76–84PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Bowron A (2004) Practical considerations in the use of apomorphine injectable. Neurology 62(6 Suppl 4):S32–S36PubMedCrossRef Bowron A (2004) Practical considerations in the use of apomorphine injectable. Neurology 62(6 Suppl 4):S32–S36PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Charles PD, Van Blercom N, Krack P, Lee SL, Xie J, Besson G, Benabid AL, Pollak P (2002) Predictors of effective bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for PD. Neurology 59(6):932–934PubMedCrossRef Charles PD, Van Blercom N, Krack P, Lee SL, Xie J, Besson G, Benabid AL, Pollak P (2002) Predictors of effective bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for PD. Neurology 59(6):932–934PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Deleu D, Hanssens Y, Northway MG (2004) Subcutaneous apomorphine : an evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging 21(11):687–709PubMedCrossRef Deleu D, Hanssens Y, Northway MG (2004) Subcutaneous apomorphine : an evidence-based review of its use in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs Aging 21(11):687–709PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Deuschl G, Herzog J, Kleiner-Fisman G, Kubu C, Lozano AM, Lyons KE, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Tamma F, Troster AI, Vitek JL, Volkmann J, Voon V (2006) Deep brain stimulation: postoperative issues. Mov Disord 21(Suppl 14):S219–S237. doi:10.1002/mds.20957 PubMedCrossRef Deuschl G, Herzog J, Kleiner-Fisman G, Kubu C, Lozano AM, Lyons KE, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Tamma F, Troster AI, Vitek JL, Volkmann J, Voon V (2006) Deep brain stimulation: postoperative issues. Mov Disord 21(Suppl 14):S219–S237. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​20957 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Eggert K, Schrader C, Hahn M, Stamelou M, Russmann A, Dengler R, Oertel W, Odin P (2008) Continuous jejunal levodopa infusion in patients with advanced parkinson disease: practical aspects and outcome of motor and non-motor complications. Clin Neuropharmacol 31(3):151–166. doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e31814b113e PubMedCrossRef Eggert K, Schrader C, Hahn M, Stamelou M, Russmann A, Dengler R, Oertel W, Odin P (2008) Continuous jejunal levodopa infusion in patients with advanced parkinson disease: practical aspects and outcome of motor and non-motor complications. Clin Neuropharmacol 31(3):151–166. doi:10.​1097/​wnf.​0b013e31814b113e​ PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM (1990) Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(2):96–101PubMedCrossRef Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM (1990) Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(2):96–101PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grace AA, Bunney BS (1984) The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing. J Neurosci 4(11):2866–2876PubMed Grace AA, Bunney BS (1984) The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing. J Neurosci 4(11):2866–2876PubMed
go back to reference Hauser RA, Lew MF, Hurtig HI, Ondo WG, Wojcieszek J, Fitzer-Attas CJ (2009) Long-term outcome of early versus delayed rasagiline treatment in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24(4):564–573. doi:10.1002/mds.22402 PubMedCrossRef Hauser RA, Lew MF, Hurtig HI, Ondo WG, Wojcieszek J, Fitzer-Attas CJ (2009) Long-term outcome of early versus delayed rasagiline treatment in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24(4):564–573. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​22402 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Heikkila RE, Manzino L, Cabbat FS, Duvoisin RC (1984) Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 311(5985):467–469PubMedCrossRef Heikkila RE, Manzino L, Cabbat FS, Duvoisin RC (1984) Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 311(5985):467–469PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hilker R, Antonini A, Odin P (2011) What is the best treatment for fluctuating Parkinson’s disease: continuous drug delivery or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus? J Neural Transm 118(6):907–914. doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0555-8 PubMedCrossRef Hilker R, Antonini A, Odin P (2011) What is the best treatment for fluctuating Parkinson’s disease: continuous drug delivery or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus? J Neural Transm 118(6):907–914. doi:10.​1007/​s00702-010-0555-8 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Holloway RG, Shoulson I, Fahn S, Kieburtz K, Lang A, Marek K, McDermott M, Seibyl J, Weiner W, Musch B, Kamp C, Welsh M, Shinaman A, Pahwa R, Barclay L, Hubble J, LeWitt P, Miyasaki J, Suchowersky O, Stacy M, Russell DS, Ford B, Hammerstad J, Riley D, Standaert D, Wooten F, Factor S, Jankovic J, Atassi F, Kurlan R, Panisset M, Rajput A, Rodnitzky R, Shults C, Petsinger G, Waters C, Pfeiffer R, Biglan K, Borchert L, Montgomery A, Sutherland L, Weeks C, DeAngelis M, Sime E, Wood S, Pantella C, Harrigan M, Fussell B, Dillon S, Alexander-Brown B, Rainey P, Tennis M, Rost-Ruffner E, Brown D, Evans S, Berry D, Hall J, Shirley T, Dobson J, Fontaine D, Pfeiffer B, Brocht A, Bennett S, Daigneault S, Hodgeman K, O’Connell C, Ross T, Richard K, Watts A (2004) Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 61(7):1044–1053. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.7.1044 PubMedCrossRef Holloway RG, Shoulson I, Fahn S, Kieburtz K, Lang A, Marek K, McDermott M, Seibyl J, Weiner W, Musch B, Kamp C, Welsh M, Shinaman A, Pahwa R, Barclay L, Hubble J, LeWitt P, Miyasaki J, Suchowersky O, Stacy M, Russell DS, Ford B, Hammerstad J, Riley D, Standaert D, Wooten F, Factor S, Jankovic J, Atassi F, Kurlan R, Panisset M, Rajput A, Rodnitzky R, Shults C, Petsinger G, Waters C, Pfeiffer R, Biglan K, Borchert L, Montgomery A, Sutherland L, Weeks C, DeAngelis M, Sime E, Wood S, Pantella C, Harrigan M, Fussell B, Dillon S, Alexander-Brown B, Rainey P, Tennis M, Rost-Ruffner E, Brown D, Evans S, Berry D, Hall J, Shirley T, Dobson J, Fontaine D, Pfeiffer B, Brocht A, Bennett S, Daigneault S, Hodgeman K, O’Connell C, Ross T, Richard K, Watts A (2004) Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 61(7):1044–1053. doi:10.​1001/​archneur.​61.​7.​1044 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Honig H, Antonini A, Martinez-Martin P, Forgacs I, Faye GC, Fox T, Fox K, Mancini F, Canesi M, Odin P, Chaudhuri KR (2009) Intrajejunal levodopa infusion in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot multicenter study of effects on nonmotor symptoms and quality of life. Mov Disord 24(10):1468–1474. doi:10.1002/mds.22596 PubMedCrossRef Honig H, Antonini A, Martinez-Martin P, Forgacs I, Faye GC, Fox T, Fox K, Mancini F, Canesi M, Odin P, Chaudhuri KR (2009) Intrajejunal levodopa infusion in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot multicenter study of effects on nonmotor symptoms and quality of life. Mov Disord 24(10):1468–1474. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​22596 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Sternic N (1991) Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 41(2(Pt 1)):202–205PubMedCrossRef Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Sternic N (1991) Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 41(2(Pt 1)):202–205PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin PD, Benazzouz A, LeBas JF, Benabid AL, Pollak P (2003) Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 349(20):1925–1934. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035275 PubMedCrossRef Krack P, Batir A, Van Blercom N, Chabardes S, Fraix V, Ardouin C, Koudsie A, Limousin PD, Benazzouz A, LeBas JF, Benabid AL, Pollak P (2003) Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 349(20):1925–1934. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa035275 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, Overman J, Pahwa R (2004) Surgical and hardware complications of subthalamic stimulation: a series of 160 procedures. Neurology 63(4):612–616PubMedCrossRef Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, Overman J, Pahwa R (2004) Surgical and hardware complications of subthalamic stimulation: a series of 160 procedures. Neurology 63(4):612–616PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Manson AJ, Hanagasi H, Turner K, Patsalos PN, Carey P, Ratnaraj N, Lees AJ (2001) Intravenous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Brain 124(Pt 2):331–340PubMedCrossRef Manson AJ, Hanagasi H, Turner K, Patsalos PN, Carey P, Ratnaraj N, Lees AJ (2001) Intravenous apomorphine therapy in Parkinson’s disease: clinical and pharmacokinetic observations. Brain 124(Pt 2):331–340PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Morgante L, Basile G, Epifanio A, Spina E, Antonini A, Stocchi F, Di Rosa E, Martino G, Marconi R, La Spina P, Nicita-Mauro V, Di Rosa AE (2004) Continuous apomorphine infusion (CAI) and neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: a follow-up of two years. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl 9:291–296. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.039 PubMedCrossRef Morgante L, Basile G, Epifanio A, Spina E, Antonini A, Stocchi F, Di Rosa E, Martino G, Marconi R, La Spina P, Nicita-Mauro V, Di Rosa AE (2004) Continuous apomorphine infusion (CAI) and neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: a follow-up of two years. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl 9:291–296. doi:10.​1016/​j.​archger.​2004.​04.​039 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Neef C, van Laar T (1999) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 37(3):257–271PubMedCrossRef Neef C, van Laar T (1999) Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of apomorphine in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 37(3):257–271PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Obeso JA, Grandas F, Herrero MT, Horowski R (1994) The role of pulsatile versus continuous dopamine receptor stimulation for functional recovery in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 6(6):889–897PubMedCrossRef Obeso JA, Grandas F, Herrero MT, Horowski R (1994) The role of pulsatile versus continuous dopamine receptor stimulation for functional recovery in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 6(6):889–897PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, Beute GN, van Vugt JP, Lenders MW, Contarino MF, Mink MS, Bour LJ, van den Munckhof P, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM (2013) Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 12(1):37–44. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70264-8 PubMedCrossRef Odekerken VJ, van Laar T, Staal MJ, Mosch A, Hoffmann CF, Nijssen PC, Beute GN, van Vugt JP, Lenders MW, Contarino MF, Mink MS, Bour LJ, van den Munckhof P, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Schuurman PR, de Bie RM (2013) Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 12(1):37–44. doi:10.​1016/​S1474-4422(12)70264-8 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olanow CW, Fahn S, Muenter M, Klawans H, Hurtig H, Stern M, Shoulson I, Kurlan R, Grimes JD, Jankovic J et al (1994) A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 9(1):40–47. doi:10.1002/mds.870090107 PubMedCrossRef Olanow CW, Fahn S, Muenter M, Klawans H, Hurtig H, Stern M, Shoulson I, Kurlan R, Grimes JD, Jankovic J et al (1994) A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 9(1):40–47. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​870090107 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, Albanese A, Bonuccelli U, Damier P, De Yebenes J, Gershanik O, Guttman M, Grandas F, Hallett M, Hornykiewicz O, Jenner P, Katzenschlager R, Langston WJ, LeWitt P, Melamed E, Mena MA, Michel PP, Mytilineou C, Obeso JA, Poewe W, Quinn N, Raisman-Vozari R, Rajput AH, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stocchi F (2004) Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: current controversies. Mov Disord 19(9):997–1005. doi:10.1002/mds.20243 PubMedCrossRef Olanow CW, Agid Y, Mizuno Y, Albanese A, Bonuccelli U, Damier P, De Yebenes J, Gershanik O, Guttman M, Grandas F, Hallett M, Hornykiewicz O, Jenner P, Katzenschlager R, Langston WJ, LeWitt P, Melamed E, Mena MA, Michel PP, Mytilineou C, Obeso JA, Poewe W, Quinn N, Raisman-Vozari R, Rajput AH, Rascol O, Sampaio C, Stocchi F (2004) Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: current controversies. Mov Disord 19(9):997–1005. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​20243 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, Feigin PD, Jankovic J, Lang A, Langston W, Melamed E, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E (2009) A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 361(13):1268–1278. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0809335 PubMedCrossRef Olanow CW, Rascol O, Hauser R, Feigin PD, Jankovic J, Lang A, Langston W, Melamed E, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E (2009) A double-blind, delayed-start trial of rasagiline in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 361(13):1268–1278. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa0809335 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Parkinson Study Group (1993) Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 328(3):176–183CrossRef Parkinson Study Group (1993) Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 328(3):176–183CrossRef
go back to reference Parkinson Study Group (2005) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol 62(2):241–248CrossRef Parkinson Study Group (2005) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol 62(2):241–248CrossRef
go back to reference Pinter MM, Pogarell O, Oertel WH (1999) Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66(4):436–441PubMedCrossRef Pinter MM, Pogarell O, Oertel WH (1999) Efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the non-ergoline dopamine agonist pramipexole in the treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised, multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66(4):436–441PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Clarke CE, Lang AE (2000) A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson’s disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl J Med 342(20):1484–1491. doi:10.1056/NEJM200005183422004 PubMedCrossRef Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Korczyn AD, De Deyn PP, Clarke CE, Lang AE (2000) A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson’s disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl J Med 342(20):1484–1491. doi:10.​1056/​NEJM200005183422​004 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, Oertel W, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E (2005) Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 365(9463):947–954. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71083-7 PubMedCrossRef Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, Oertel W, Poewe W, Stocchi F, Tolosa E (2005) Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 365(9463):947–954. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(05)71083-7 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Reuter I, Ellis CM, Ray Chaudhuri K (1999) Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 100(3):163–167PubMedCrossRef Reuter I, Ellis CM, Ray Chaudhuri K (1999) Nocturnal subcutaneous apomorphine infusion in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 100(3):163–167PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schrag A, Quinn N (2000) Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. a community-based study. Brain 123(Pt 11):2297–2305PubMedCrossRef Schrag A, Quinn N (2000) Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. a community-based study. Brain 123(Pt 11):2297–2305PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stocchi F, Vacca L, De Pandis MF, Barbato L, Valente M, Ruggieri S (2001) Subcutaneous continuous apomorphine infusion in fluctuating patients with Parkinson’s disease: long-term results. Neurol Sci 22(1):93–94PubMedCrossRef Stocchi F, Vacca L, De Pandis MF, Barbato L, Valente M, Ruggieri S (2001) Subcutaneous continuous apomorphine infusion in fluctuating patients with Parkinson’s disease: long-term results. Neurol Sci 22(1):93–94PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stocchi F, Rascol O, Kieburtz K, Poewe W, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, Barone P, Lang AE, Olanow CW (2010) Initiating levodopa/carbidopa therapy with and without entacapone in early Parkinson disease: the STRIDE-PD study. Ann Neurol 68(1):18–27. doi:10.1002/ana.22060 PubMedCrossRef Stocchi F, Rascol O, Kieburtz K, Poewe W, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, Barone P, Lang AE, Olanow CW (2010) Initiating levodopa/carbidopa therapy with and without entacapone in early Parkinson disease: the STRIDE-PD study. Ann Neurol 68(1):18–27. doi:10.​1002/​ana.​22060 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Trenkwalder C, Kies B, Rudzinska M, Fine J, Nikl J, Honczarenko K, Dioszeghy P, Hill D, Anderson T, Myllyla V, Kassubek J, Steiger M, Zucconi M, Tolosa E, Poewe W, Surmann E, Whitesides J, Boroojerdi B, Chaudhuri KR (2011) Rotigotine effects on early morning motor function and sleep in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (RECOVER). Mov Disord 26(1):90–99. doi:10.1002/mds.23441 PubMedCrossRef Trenkwalder C, Kies B, Rudzinska M, Fine J, Nikl J, Honczarenko K, Dioszeghy P, Hill D, Anderson T, Myllyla V, Kassubek J, Steiger M, Zucconi M, Tolosa E, Poewe W, Surmann E, Whitesides J, Boroojerdi B, Chaudhuri KR (2011) Rotigotine effects on early morning motor function and sleep in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (RECOVER). Mov Disord 26(1):90–99. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​23441 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Venton BJ, Zhang H, Garris PA, Phillips PE, Sulzer D, Wightman RM (2003) Real-time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing. J Neurochem 87(5):1284–1295PubMedCrossRef Venton BJ, Zhang H, Garris PA, Phillips PE, Sulzer D, Wightman RM (2003) Real-time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing. J Neurochem 87(5):1284–1295PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Voges J, Hilker R, Botzel K, Kiening KL, Kloss M, Kupsch A, Schnitzler A, Schneider GH, Steude U, Deuschl G, Pinsker MO (2007) Thirty days complication rate following surgery performed for deep-brain-stimulation. Mov Disord 22(10):1486–1489. doi:10.1002/mds.21481 PubMedCrossRef Voges J, Hilker R, Botzel K, Kiening KL, Kloss M, Kupsch A, Schnitzler A, Schneider GH, Steude U, Deuschl G, Pinsker MO (2007) Thirty days complication rate following surgery performed for deep-brain-stimulation. Mov Disord 22(10):1486–1489. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​21481 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dujardin K, Schupbach M, D’Ambrosia J, Thobois S, Tamma F, Herzog J, Speelman JD, Samanta J, Kubu C, Rossignol H, Poon YY, Saint-Cyr JA, Ardouin C, Moro E (2008) A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain 131(Pt 10):2720–2728. doi:10.1093/brain/awn214 PubMedCrossRef Voon V, Krack P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dujardin K, Schupbach M, D’Ambrosia J, Thobois S, Tamma F, Herzog J, Speelman JD, Samanta J, Kubu C, Rossignol H, Poon YY, Saint-Cyr JA, Ardouin C, Moro E (2008) A multicentre study on suicide outcomes following subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Brain 131(Pt 10):2720–2728. doi:10.​1093/​brain/​awn214 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Watts RL, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Sethi K, Stern M, Hauser RA, Olanow W, Gray AM, Adams B, Earl NL (2010) Onset of dyskinesia with adjunct ropinirole prolonged-release or additional levodopa in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25(7):858–866. doi:10.1002/mds.22890 PubMedCrossRef Watts RL, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Sethi K, Stern M, Hauser RA, Olanow W, Gray AM, Adams B, Earl NL (2010) Onset of dyskinesia with adjunct ropinirole prolonged-release or additional levodopa in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 25(7):858–866. doi:10.​1002/​mds.​22890 PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, Luo P, Harris CL, Hur K, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ (2012) Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology 79(1):55–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825dcdc1 PubMedCrossRef Weaver FM, Follett KA, Stern M, Luo P, Harris CL, Hur K, Marks WJ Jr, Rothlind J, Sagher O, Moy C, Pahwa R, Burchiel K, Hogarth P, Lai EC, Duda JE, Holloway K, Samii A, Horn S, Bronstein JM, Stoner G, Starr PA, Simpson R, Baltuch G, De Salles A, Huang GD, Reda DJ (2012) Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology 79(1):55–65. doi:10.​1212/​WNL.​0b013e31825dcdc1​ PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Treatment of Parkinson’s disease in the advanced stage
Authors
C. Ossig
H. Reichmann
Publication date
01-04-2013
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Journal of Neural Transmission / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0300-9564
Electronic ISSN: 1435-1463
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-013-1008-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

Journal of Neural Transmission 4/2013 Go to the issue

Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Review Article

Sleep and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Review Article

Cognitive aspects of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a challenge for rehabilitation

Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Review Article

The epidemiology of pain in Parkinson’s disease