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Published in: Acta Neurochirurgica 7/2019

Open Access 01-07-2019 | Hematoma | Original Article - Brain trauma

Outcome and rational management of civilian gunshot injuries to the brain—retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Helsinki University Hospital from 2000 to 2012

Authors: Juhana Frösen, Oskari Frisk, Rahul Raj, Juha Hernesniemi, Erkki Tukiainen, Ian Barner-Rasmussen

Published in: Acta Neurochirurgica | Issue 7/2019

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Abstract

Background

Treatment of gunshot wounds of the brain (GSWB) remains controversial and there is high variation in reported survival rates (from < 10 to > 90%) depending on the etiology and country. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of a series of consecutive GSWB patients admitted alive to a level 1 trauma center in a safe high-income welfare country with a low rate of homicidal gun violence.

Methods

Patients admitted due to a GSWB to the HUS Helsinki University Hospital during 2000–2012 were identified from hospital discharge registry and log books of the emergency room and ICU. CT scans and medical records of these patients were reviewed. Univariate analysis and backward logistic regression were performed, and their results compared with that of a systematic literature review of factors related to the outcome of GSWB patients.

Results

Sixty-four patients admitted alive after GSWB were identified. Eighty percent had self-inflicted GSWB, 81% were contact shots, and 70% were caused by handguns. In-hospital mortality was 72%. Factors associated with mortality in our series were low GCS (≤ 8) at admission, transventricular bullet trajectory, and associated damage to deep brain structures, as reported before in the literature. Of the 64 patients admitted alive, 42% (27/64) were admitted to ICU, 34% (22/64) underwent surgery, and in 25% (16/64), craniotomy and hematoma evacuation was performed. Mortality in the surgically treated group was 32% but near 100% without surgery and ICU treatment. Median GOS in the surgically treated patients was 3 (range 1–5).

Conclusions

GSWB caused by contact shot from handguns has a high mortality rate, but can be survived with reasonable outcome if limited to lobar injury without significant damage to deep brain structures or brain stem. In such GSWB patients, initial aggressive resuscitation, ICU admission, and surgery seem indicated.
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Metadata
Title
Outcome and rational management of civilian gunshot injuries to the brain—retrospective analysis of patients treated at the Helsinki University Hospital from 2000 to 2012
Authors
Juhana Frösen
Oskari Frisk
Rahul Raj
Juha Hernesniemi
Erkki Tukiainen
Ian Barner-Rasmussen
Publication date
01-07-2019
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Acta Neurochirurgica / Issue 7/2019
Print ISSN: 0001-6268
Electronic ISSN: 0942-0940
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-019-03952-y

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