What we do and do not know about women and kidney diseases: Questions unanswered and answers unquestioned

go back to reference (2016) GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388(10053):1545–602 (2016) GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388(10053):1545–602

go back to reference von Dadelszen P, Payne B, Li J, Ansermino JM, Broughton Pipkin F, Côté A-M, Douglas MJ, Gruslin A, Hutcheon JA, Joseph KS, Kyle PM, Lee T, Loughna P, Menzies JM, Merialdi M, Millman AL, Moore MP, Moutquin JM, Ouellet AB, Smith GN, Walker JJ, Walley KR, Walters BN, Widmer M, Lee SK, Russell JA, Magee LA, PIERS Study Group (2011) Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in pre-eclampsia: development and validation of the fullPIERS model. Lancet 377(9761):219–227CrossRef von Dadelszen P, Payne B, Li J, Ansermino JM, Broughton Pipkin F, Côté A-M, Douglas MJ, Gruslin A, Hutcheon JA, Joseph KS, Kyle PM, Lee T, Loughna P, Menzies JM, Merialdi M, Millman AL, Moore MP, Moutquin JM, Ouellet AB, Smith GN, Walker JJ, Walley KR, Walters BN, Widmer M, Lee SK, Russell JA, Magee LA, PIERS Study Group (2011) Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in pre-eclampsia: development and validation of the fullPIERS model. Lancet 377(9761):219–227CrossRef

go back to reference Mol BWJ, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJM, Hofmeyr GJ (2016) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 387(10022):999–101PubMedCrossRef Mol BWJ, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJM, Hofmeyr GJ (2016) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 387(10022):999–101PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, Skjaerven R, Iversen BM (2008) Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 359(8):800–809PubMedCrossRef Vikse BE, Irgens LM, Leivestad T, Skjaerven R, Iversen BM (2008) Preeclampsia and the risk of end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 359(8):800–809PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Theilen LH, Fraser A, Hollingshaus MS, Schliep KC, Varner MW, Smith KR, Esplin MS (2016) All-cause and cause-specific mortality after hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 128(2):238–244PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Theilen LH, Fraser A, Hollingshaus MS, Schliep KC, Varner MW, Smith KR, Esplin MS (2016) All-cause and cause-specific mortality after hypertensive disease of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 128(2):238–244PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Maxia S, Lepori N, Tuveri M, Massidda M, Marchi C, Mura S, Coscia BM, Gaglioti P, Nichelatti M, Pibiri L, Chessa G, Pani A, Todros T (2015) Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(8):2011–2022PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Maxia S, Lepori N, Tuveri M, Massidda M, Marchi C, Mura S, Coscia BM, Gaglioti P, Nichelatti M, Pibiri L, Chessa G, Pani A, Todros T (2015) Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(8):2011–2022PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Zhang J-J, Ma X-X, Hao L, Liu L-J, Lv J-C, Zhang H (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes of pregnancy in CKD and CKD outcomes in pregnancy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10(11):1964–1978PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang J-J, Ma X-X, Hao L, Liu L-J, Lv J-C, Zhang H (2015) A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes of pregnancy in CKD and CKD outcomes in pregnancy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10(11):1964–1978PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Alkhunaizi A, Melamed N, Hladunewich MA (2015) Pregnancy in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 24(3):252–259PubMedCrossRef Alkhunaizi A, Melamed N, Hladunewich MA (2015) Pregnancy in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 24(3):252–259PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Castellino S, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Moroni G, Spotti D, Giacchino F, Attini R, Limardo M, Maxia S, Fois A, Gammaro L, Todros T, Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of Italian Society of Nephrology (2017) A best practice position statement on the role of the nephrologist in the prevention and follow-up of preeclampsia: the Italian study group on kidney and pregnancy. J Nephrol 30(3):307–317PubMedCrossRef Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Castellino S, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Moroni G, Spotti D, Giacchino F, Attini R, Limardo M, Maxia S, Fois A, Gammaro L, Todros T, Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of Italian Society of Nephrology (2017) A best practice position statement on the role of the nephrologist in the prevention and follow-up of preeclampsia: the Italian study group on kidney and pregnancy. J Nephrol 30(3):307–317PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Liu Y, Ma X, Zheng J, Liu X, Yan T (2017) Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 17(1):235PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Liu Y, Ma X, Zheng J, Liu X, Yan T (2017) Pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute kidney injury during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 17(1):235PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Jim B, Garovic VD (2017) Acute kidney injury in pregnancy. Semin Nephrol 37(4):378–385PubMedCrossRef Jim B, Garovic VD (2017) Acute kidney injury in pregnancy. Semin Nephrol 37(4):378–385PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Acharya A (2016) Management of Acute Kidney Injury in pregnancy for the obstetrician. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 243(4):747–765CrossRef Acharya A (2016) Management of Acute Kidney Injury in pregnancy for the obstetrician. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 243(4):747–765CrossRef

go back to reference Iseki K (2008) Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 74(4):415–417PubMedCrossRef Iseki K (2008) Gender differences in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 74(4):415–417PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, Black C, Cirillo M, Djurdjev O, Iseki K, Jassal SK, Kimm H, Kronenberg F, Oien CM, Levey AS, Levin A, Woodward M, Hemmelgarn BR, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium (2013) Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with mortality and renal failure by sex: a meta-analysis. BMJ 346:f324PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, Black C, Cirillo M, Djurdjev O, Iseki K, Jassal SK, Kimm H, Kronenberg F, Oien CM, Levey AS, Levin A, Woodward M, Hemmelgarn BR, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium (2013) Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with mortality and renal failure by sex: a meta-analysis. BMJ 346:f324PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Levin A, Djurdjev O, Beaulieu M, Er L (2008) Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 52(4):661–671PubMedCrossRef Levin A, Djurdjev O, Beaulieu M, Er L (2008) Variability and risk factors for kidney disease progression and death following attainment of stage 4 CKD in a referred cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 52(4):661–671PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Elsayed EF, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ (2007) The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(3):217–224PubMedCrossRef Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Elsayed EF, Griffith JL, Salem DN, Levey AS, Sarnak MJ (2007) The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(3):217–224PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Oladapo OT, Adetoro OO, Ekele BA, Chama C, Etuk SJ, Aboyeji AP, Onah HE, Abasiattai AM, Adamu AN, Adegbola O, Adeniran AS, Aimakhu CO, Akinsanya O, Aliyu LD, AB A, Ashimi A, Bwala M, Fabamwo A, Geidam AD, Ikechebelu JI, Imaralu JO, Kuti O, Nwachukwu D, Omo-Aghoja L, Tunau K, Tukur J, Umeora O, Umezulike AC, Dada OA, Tunçalp Ӧ, Vogel JP, Gülmezoglu AM, Near-miss N, Network MDS (2016) When getting there is not enough: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 998 maternal deaths and 1451 near-misses in public tertiary hospitals in a low-income country. BJOG 123(6):928–938PubMedCrossRef Oladapo OT, Adetoro OO, Ekele BA, Chama C, Etuk SJ, Aboyeji AP, Onah HE, Abasiattai AM, Adamu AN, Adegbola O, Adeniran AS, Aimakhu CO, Akinsanya O, Aliyu LD, AB A, Ashimi A, Bwala M, Fabamwo A, Geidam AD, Ikechebelu JI, Imaralu JO, Kuti O, Nwachukwu D, Omo-Aghoja L, Tunau K, Tukur J, Umeora O, Umezulike AC, Dada OA, Tunçalp Ӧ, Vogel JP, Gülmezoglu AM, Near-miss N, Network MDS (2016) When getting there is not enough: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 998 maternal deaths and 1451 near-misses in public tertiary hospitals in a low-income country. BJOG 123(6):928–938PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, Roberts J, Sibai BM, Steyn W, Zeeman GG, Brown MA (2014) The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens 4(2):97–104PubMedCrossRef Tranquilli AL, Dekker G, Magee L, Roberts J, Sibai BM, Steyn W, Zeeman GG, Brown MA (2014) The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens 4(2):97–104PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Liu Y, Bao H, Jiang Z, Huang Y, Wang N (2015) Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury and a review of the literature in China. Intern Med 54(14):1695–1703PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Bao H, Jiang Z, Huang Y, Wang N (2015) Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury and a review of the literature in China. Intern Med 54(14):1695–1703PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Prakash J, Pant P, Prakash S, Sivasankar M, Vohra R, Doley PK, PandeyLK SU (2016) Changing picture of acute kidney injury in pregnancy: study of 259 cases over a period of 33 years. Indian J Nephrol 26(4):262–267PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prakash J, Pant P, Prakash S, Sivasankar M, Vohra R, Doley PK, PandeyLK SU (2016) Changing picture of acute kidney injury in pregnancy: study of 259 cases over a period of 33 years. Indian J Nephrol 26(4):262–267PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Ibarra-Hernández M, Orozco-Guillén OA, de la Alcantar-Vallín ML, Garrido-Roldan R, Jiménez-Alvarado MP, Castro KB, Villa-Villagrana F, Borbolla M, Gallardo-Gaona JM, García-García G, Reyes-Paredes N, Piccoli GB (2017) Acute kidney injury in pregnancy and the role of underlying CKD: a point of view from México. J Nephrol 30(6):773-780 Ibarra-Hernández M, Orozco-Guillén OA, de la Alcantar-Vallín ML, Garrido-Roldan R, Jiménez-Alvarado MP, Castro KB, Villa-Villagrana F, Borbolla M, Gallardo-Gaona JM, García-García G, Reyes-Paredes N, Piccoli GB (2017) Acute kidney injury in pregnancy and the role of underlying CKD: a point of view from México. J Nephrol 30(6):773-780

go back to reference Blázquez A, García D, Rodríguez A, Vassena R, Figueras F, Vernaeve V (2016) Is oocyte donation a risk factor for preeclampsia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 33(7):855–863PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Blázquez A, García D, Rodríguez A, Vassena R, Figueras F, Vernaeve V (2016) Is oocyte donation a risk factor for preeclampsia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet 33(7):855–863PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference O’Gorman N, Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, de Alvarado M, Carbone IF, Dutemeyer V, Fiolna M, Frick A, Karagiotis N, Mastrodima S, de Paco Matallana C, Papaioannou G, Pazos A, Plasencia W, Nicolaides KH (2017) Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11-13 weeks’ gestation: comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 49(6):756–760PubMedCrossRef O’Gorman N, Wright D, Poon LC, Rolnik DL, Syngelaki A, de Alvarado M, Carbone IF, Dutemeyer V, Fiolna M, Frick A, Karagiotis N, Mastrodima S, de Paco Matallana C, Papaioannou G, Pazos A, Plasencia W, Nicolaides KH (2017) Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11-13 weeks’ gestation: comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 49(6):756–760PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, Sennström M, Olovsson M, Brennecke SP, Stepan H, Allegranza D, Dilba P, Schoedl M, Hund M, Verlohren S (2016) Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 374(1):13–22PubMedCrossRef Zeisler H, Llurba E, Chantraine F, Vatish M, Staff AC, Sennström M, Sennström M, Olovsson M, Brennecke SP, Stepan H, Allegranza D, Dilba P, Schoedl M, Hund M, Verlohren S (2016) Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 374(1):13–22PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Garovic VD (2014) The role of the podocyte in preeclampsia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(8):1337–1340PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Garovic VD (2014) The role of the podocyte in preeclampsia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(8):1337–1340PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Wide-Swensson D, Strevens H, Willner J (2007) Antepartum percutaneous renal biopsy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 98(2):88–92PubMedCrossRef Wide-Swensson D, Strevens H, Willner J (2007) Antepartum percutaneous renal biopsy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 98(2):88–92PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Shiiki H, Dohi K, Hanatani M, Fujii Y, Sanai H, Ichijo M, Shimamoto I, Ishikawa H, Watanabe T (1990) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in preeclamptic patients with nephrotic syndrome. Am J Nephrol 10(3):205–212PubMedCrossRef Shiiki H, Dohi K, Hanatani M, Fujii Y, Sanai H, Ichijo M, Shimamoto I, Ishikawa H, Watanabe T (1990) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in preeclamptic patients with nephrotic syndrome. Am J Nephrol 10(3):205–212PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Linsell L, Malouf R, Morris J, Kurinczuk JJ, Marlow N (2017) Risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review of methodology and reporting. Am J Epidemiol 185(7):601–612PubMedCrossRef Linsell L, Malouf R, Morris J, Kurinczuk JJ, Marlow N (2017) Risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight: a systematic review of methodology and reporting. Am J Epidemiol 185(7):601–612PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Guellec I, Lapillonne A, Marret S, Picaud J-C, Mitanchez D, Charkaluk M-L, Fresson J, Arnaud C, Flamand C, Cambonie G, Kaminski M, Roze JC, Ancel PY, Étude Épidémiologique sur les Petits Âges Gestationnels (EPIPAGE; [Epidemiological Study on Small Gestational Ages]) Study Group (2016) Effect of Intra- and Extrauterine Growth on Long-Term Neurologic Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants. J Pediatr 175:93–99.e1PubMedCrossRef Guellec I, Lapillonne A, Marret S, Picaud J-C, Mitanchez D, Charkaluk M-L, Fresson J, Arnaud C, Flamand C, Cambonie G, Kaminski M, Roze JC, Ancel PY, Étude Épidémiologique sur les Petits Âges Gestationnels (EPIPAGE; [Epidemiological Study on Small Gestational Ages]) Study Group (2016) Effect of Intra- and Extrauterine Growth on Long-Term Neurologic Outcomes of Very Preterm Infants. J Pediatr 175:93–99.e1PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Moore T, Hennessy EM, Myles J, Johnson SJ, Draper ES, Costeloe KL, Marlow N (2006) Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies. BMJ 345:e7961CrossRef Moore T, Hennessy EM, Myles J, Johnson SJ, Draper ES, Costeloe KL, Marlow N (2006) Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies. BMJ 345:e7961CrossRef

go back to reference Guillén Ú, DeMauro S, Ma L, Zupancic J, Roberts R, Schmidt B, Kirpalani H (2012) Relationship between attrition and neurodevelopmental impairment rates in extremely preterm infants at 18 to 24 months: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 166(2):178–184PubMedCrossRef Guillén Ú, DeMauro S, Ma L, Zupancic J, Roberts R, Schmidt B, Kirpalani H (2012) Relationship between attrition and neurodevelopmental impairment rates in extremely preterm infants at 18 to 24 months: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 166(2):178–184PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ranke MB, Schweizer R, Rodemann SM, Bevot A, Martin DD, Goelz R, Wollmann HA, Krägeloh-Mann I, Binder G (2015) Schoolchildren born VLBW or VLGA show height-related changes in body composition and muscle function but no evidence of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Results from the NEOLONG study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 29(2):163–172 Ranke MB, Schweizer R, Rodemann SM, Bevot A, Martin DD, Goelz R, Wollmann HA, Krägeloh-Mann I, Binder G (2015) Schoolchildren born VLBW or VLGA show height-related changes in body composition and muscle function but no evidence of metabolic syndrome risk factors. Results from the NEOLONG study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 29(2):163–172

go back to reference Castanys-Muñoz E, Kennedy K, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Forsyth S, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B, Ozanne SE, Rueda R, Schoemaker M, van der Beek EM, van Buuren S, Ong KK (2017) Systematic review indicates postnatal growth in term infants born small-for-gestational-age being associated with later neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes. Acta Paediatr 106(8):1230–1238PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Castanys-Muñoz E, Kennedy K, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Forsyth S, Godfrey KM, Koletzko B, Ozanne SE, Rueda R, Schoemaker M, van der Beek EM, van Buuren S, Ong KK (2017) Systematic review indicates postnatal growth in term infants born small-for-gestational-age being associated with later neurocognitive and metabolic outcomes. Acta Paediatr 106(8):1230–1238PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Ong KK, Kennedy K, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Forsyth S, Godfrey M, Koletzko B, ME L, Ozanne SE, Rueda R, Schoemaker MH, van der Beek EM, van Buuren S, Fewtrell M (2015) Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr 104(10):974–986PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ong KK, Kennedy K, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Forsyth S, Godfrey M, Koletzko B, ME L, Ozanne SE, Rueda R, Schoemaker MH, van der Beek EM, van Buuren S, Fewtrell M (2015) Postnatal growth in preterm infants and later health outcomes: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr 104(10):974–986PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Low Birth Weight and Nephron Number Working Group (2017) The impact of kidney development on the life course: a consensus document for action. Nephron 136(1):3–49CrossRef Low Birth Weight and Nephron Number Working Group (2017) The impact of kidney development on the life course: a consensus document for action. Nephron 136(1):3–49CrossRef

go back to reference Luyckx VA, Bertram JF, Brenner BM, Fall C, Hoy WE, Ozanne SE, Vikse BE (2013) Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease. Lancet 382(9888):273–283PubMedCrossRef Luyckx VA, Bertram JF, Brenner BM, Fall C, Hoy WE, Ozanne SE, Vikse BE (2013) Effect of fetal and child health on kidney development and long-term risk of hypertension and kidney disease. Lancet 382(9888):273–283PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Luyckx VA, Brenner BM (2015) Birth weight, malnutrition and kidney-associated outcomes--a global concern. Nat Rev Nephrol 11(3):135–149PubMedCrossRef Luyckx VA, Brenner BM (2015) Birth weight, malnutrition and kidney-associated outcomes--a global concern. Nat Rev Nephrol 11(3):135–149PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Davison JM, Lindheimer MD (2011) Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 1(1):86–99CrossRef Davison JM, Lindheimer MD (2011) Pregnancy and chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 1(1):86–99CrossRef

go back to reference Hall M (2016) Pregnancy in women with CKD: a success story. Am J Kidney Dis 68(4):633–639PubMedCrossRef Hall M (2016) Pregnancy in women with CKD: a success story. Am J Kidney Dis 68(4):633–639PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Nevis IF, Reitsma A, Dominic A, McDonald S, Thabane L, Akl EA, Hladunewich M, Akbari A, Joseph G, Sia W, Iansavichus AV, Garg AX (2011) Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(11):2587–2598PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nevis IF, Reitsma A, Dominic A, McDonald S, Thabane L, Akl EA, Hladunewich M, Akbari A, Joseph G, Sia W, Iansavichus AV, Garg AX (2011) Pregnancy outcomes in women with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6(11):2587–2598PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Cabiddu G, Castellino S, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Giannattasio M, Gregorini G, Giacchino F, Attini R, Loi V, Limardo M, Gammaro L, Todros T, Piccoli GB (2016) A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the Italian study group on kidney and pregnancy. J Nephrol 29(3):277–303PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cabiddu G, Castellino S, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Giannattasio M, Gregorini G, Giacchino F, Attini R, Loi V, Limardo M, Gammaro L, Todros T, Piccoli GB (2016) A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the Italian study group on kidney and pregnancy. J Nephrol 29(3):277–303PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, Sontrop JM, Koval JJ, Lam NN, Hildebrand AM, Reese PP, Storsley L, Gill JS, Segev DL, Habbous S, Bugeja A, Knoll GA, Dipchand C, Monroy-Cuadros M, Lentine KL, Network DONOR (2015) Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. N Engl J Med 372(2):124–133PubMedCrossRef Garg AX, Nevis IF, McArthur E, Sontrop JM, Koval JJ, Lam NN, Hildebrand AM, Reese PP, Storsley L, Gill JS, Segev DL, Habbous S, Bugeja A, Knoll GA, Dipchand C, Monroy-Cuadros M, Lentine KL, Network DONOR (2015) Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in living kidney donors. N Engl J Med 372(2):124–133PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Josephson MA (2009) Transplantation: pregnancy after kidney donation: more questions than answers. Nat Rev Nephrol 5(9):495–497PubMedCrossRef Josephson MA (2009) Transplantation: pregnancy after kidney donation: more questions than answers. Nat Rev Nephrol 5(9):495–497PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gianfreda D, Quaglini S, Frontini G, Raffiotta F, Messa P, Moroni G (2017) Does pregnancy have any impact on long term damage accrual and on the outcome of lupus nephritis? J Autoimmun 84:46–54PubMedCrossRef Gianfreda D, Quaglini S, Frontini G, Raffiotta F, Messa P, Moroni G (2017) Does pregnancy have any impact on long term damage accrual and on the outcome of lupus nephritis? J Autoimmun 84:46–54PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Blom K, Odutayo A, Bramham K, Hladunewich MA (2017) Pregnancy and glomerular disease: a systematic review of the literature with management guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00130117 Blom K, Odutayo A, Bramham K, Hladunewich MA (2017) Pregnancy and glomerular disease: a systematic review of the literature with management guidelines. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2215/​CJN.​00130117

go back to reference Imbasciati E, Gregorini G, Cabiddu G, Gammaro L, Ambroso G, Del Giudice A, Ravani P (2007) Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 49(6):753–762PubMedCrossRef Imbasciati E, Gregorini G, Cabiddu G, Gammaro L, Ambroso G, Del Giudice A, Ravani P (2007) Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5: fetal and maternal outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 49(6):753–762PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fischer MJ (2007) Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14(2):132–145PubMedCrossRef Fischer MJ (2007) Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 14(2):132–145PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Bramham K (2017) Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Semin Nephrol 37(4):362–369PubMedCrossRef Bramham K (2017) Diabetic nephropathy and pregnancy. Semin Nephrol 37(4):362–369PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Eswarappa M, Rakesh M, Sonika P, Snigdha K, Midhun M, Kaushik K, Chennabasappa GK, Sujeeth B (2017) Spectrum of renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension: experience from a single center in India. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 28(2):279–284PubMedCrossRef Eswarappa M, Rakesh M, Sonika P, Snigdha K, Midhun M, Kaushik K, Chennabasappa GK, Sujeeth B (2017) Spectrum of renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension: experience from a single center in India. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 28(2):279–284PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Prakash J (2012) The kidney in pregnancy: a journey of three decades. Indian J Nephrol 22(3):159–167PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Prakash J (2012) The kidney in pregnancy: a journey of three decades. Indian J Nephrol 22(3):159–167PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Fassio F, Attini R, Parisi S, Biolcati M, Ferraresi M, Pagano A, Daidola G, Deagostini MC, Gaglioti P, Todros T (2012) Pregnancy in CKD: whom should we follow and why? Nephrol dial transplant 27 Suppl 3:iii111-118 Piccoli GB, Fassio F, Attini R, Parisi S, Biolcati M, Ferraresi M, Pagano A, Daidola G, Deagostini MC, Gaglioti P, Todros T (2012) Pregnancy in CKD: whom should we follow and why? Nephrol dial transplant 27 Suppl 3:iii111-118

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Daidone G, Guzzo G, Maxia S, Ciniglio I, Postorino V, Loi V, Ghiotto S, Nichelatti M, Attini R, Coscia A, Postorino M, Pani A, Italian Study Group “Kidney and Pregnancy (2014) The children of dialysis: live-born babies from on-dialysis mothers in Italy--an epidemiological perspective comparing dialysis, kidney transplantation and the overall population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29(8):1578–1586PubMedCrossRef Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Daidone G, Guzzo G, Maxia S, Ciniglio I, Postorino V, Loi V, Ghiotto S, Nichelatti M, Attini R, Coscia A, Postorino M, Pani A, Italian Study Group “Kidney and Pregnancy (2014) The children of dialysis: live-born babies from on-dialysis mothers in Italy--an epidemiological perspective comparing dialysis, kidney transplantation and the overall population. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29(8):1578–1586PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Jesudason S, Grace BS, McDonald SP (2014) Pregnancy outcomes according to dialysis commencing before or after conception in women with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(1):143–149PubMedCrossRef Jesudason S, Grace BS, McDonald SP (2014) Pregnancy outcomes according to dialysis commencing before or after conception in women with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(1):143–149PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hladunewich MA, Hou S, Odutayo A, Cornelis T, Pierratos A, Goldstein M, Tennankore K, Keunen J, Hui D, Chan CT (2014) Intensive hemodialysis associates with improved pregnancy outcomes: a Canadian and United States cohort comparison. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(5):1103–1109PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hladunewich MA, Hou S, Odutayo A, Cornelis T, Pierratos A, Goldstein M, Tennankore K, Keunen J, Hui D, Chan CT (2014) Intensive hemodialysis associates with improved pregnancy outcomes: a Canadian and United States cohort comparison. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(5):1103–1109PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Minelli F, Versino E, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Rolfo A, Giuffrida D, Colombi N, Pani A, Todros T (2016) Pregnancy in dialysis patients in the new millennium: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis correlating dialysis schedules and pregnancy outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 31(11):1915–1934PubMedCrossRef Piccoli GB, Minelli F, Versino E, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Vigotti FN, Rolfo A, Giuffrida D, Colombi N, Pani A, Todros T (2016) Pregnancy in dialysis patients in the new millennium: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis correlating dialysis schedules and pregnancy outcomes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 31(11):1915–1934PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Deshpande NA, James NT, Kucirka LM, Boyarsky BJ, Garonzik-Wang JM, Montgomery RA, Segev DL (2011) Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant 11(11):2388–2404PubMedCrossRef Deshpande NA, James NT, Kucirka LM, Boyarsky BJ, Garonzik-Wang JM, Montgomery RA, Segev DL (2011) Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant 11(11):2388–2404PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Deshpande NA, Coscia LA, Gomez-Lobo V, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT (2013) Pregnancy after solid organ transplantation: a guide for obstetric management. Rev Obstet Gynecol 6(3–4):116–125PubMedPubMedCentral Deshpande NA, Coscia LA, Gomez-Lobo V, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT (2013) Pregnancy after solid organ transplantation: a guide for obstetric management. Rev Obstet Gynecol 6(3–4):116–125PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Bramham K, Nelson-Piercy C, Gao H, Pierce M, Bush N, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M (2013) Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8(2):290–298PubMedCrossRef Bramham K, Nelson-Piercy C, Gao H, Pierce M, Bush N, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M (2013) Pregnancy in renal transplant recipients: a UK national cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8(2):290–298PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Gerbino M, Todeschini P, Perrino ML, Manzione AM, Piredda GB, Gnappi E, Caputo F, Montagnino G, Bellizzi V, Di Loreto P, Martino F, Montanaro D, Rossini M, Castellino S, Biolcati M, Fassio F, Loi V, Parisi S, Versino E, Pani A, Todros T, Italian Study group on Kidney and Pregnancy of the Italian Society of Nephrology. Working Group on Pregnancy in Renal Transplantation (2017) Outcomes of pregnancies after kidney transplantation: lessons learned from CKD. A comparison of transplanted, Nontransplanted Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Low-Risk Pregnancies: A Multicenter Nationwide Analysis. Transplantation 101(10):2536–2544PubMedCrossRef Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Gerbino M, Todeschini P, Perrino ML, Manzione AM, Piredda GB, Gnappi E, Caputo F, Montagnino G, Bellizzi V, Di Loreto P, Martino F, Montanaro D, Rossini M, Castellino S, Biolcati M, Fassio F, Loi V, Parisi S, Versino E, Pani A, Todros T, Italian Study group on Kidney and Pregnancy of the Italian Society of Nephrology. Working Group on Pregnancy in Renal Transplantation (2017) Outcomes of pregnancies after kidney transplantation: lessons learned from CKD. A comparison of transplanted, Nontransplanted Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Low-Risk Pregnancies: A Multicenter Nationwide Analysis. Transplantation 101(10):2536–2544PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Webster P, Lightstone L, McKay DB, Josephson MA (2017) Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 91(5):1047–1056PubMedCrossRef Webster P, Lightstone L, McKay DB, Josephson MA (2017) Pregnancy in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 91(5):1047–1056PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Pietrzak B, Mazanowska N, Kociszewska-Najman B, Szymusik I, Grzechocińska B, Pazik J, Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Popow A, Wielgos M (2015) Successful pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization in a kidney graft recipient: a case report and literature review. Ann Transplant 20:338–341PubMedCrossRef Pietrzak B, Mazanowska N, Kociszewska-Najman B, Szymusik I, Grzechocińska B, Pazik J, Jabiry-Zieniewicz Z, Popow A, Wielgos M (2015) Successful pregnancy outcome after in vitro fertilization in a kidney graft recipient: a case report and literature review. Ann Transplant 20:338–341PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Norrman E, Bergh C, Wennerholm U-B (2015) Pregnancy outcome and long-term follow-up after in vitro fertilization in women with renal transplantation. Hum Reprod 30(1):205–213PubMedCrossRef Norrman E, Bergh C, Wennerholm U-B (2015) Pregnancy outcome and long-term follow-up after in vitro fertilization in women with renal transplantation. Hum Reprod 30(1):205–213PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Tedeschi SK, Bermas B, Costenbader KH (2013) Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of SLE and RA. Clin Immunol 149(2):211–218PubMedCrossRef Tedeschi SK, Bermas B, Costenbader KH (2013) Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of SLE and RA. Clin Immunol 149(2):211–218PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Marder W, Vinet É, Somers EC (2015) Rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women and midlife health. Womens Midlife Health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Oct 19];1. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5444314/ Marder W, Vinet É, Somers EC (2015) Rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women and midlife health. Womens Midlife Health [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Oct 19];1. Available from: https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC5444314/​

go back to reference Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Veroni C, Aloisi F, Shoenfeld Y (2016) Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanita 52(2):205–212PubMed Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Veroni C, Aloisi F, Shoenfeld Y (2016) Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanita 52(2):205–212PubMed

go back to reference Petri M (2002) Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 16(5):847–858PubMedCrossRef Petri M (2002) Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 16(5):847–858PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weckerle CE, Niewold TB (2011) The unexplained female predominance of systemic lupus erythematosus: clues from genetic and cytokine studies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 40(1):42–49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weckerle CE, Niewold TB (2011) The unexplained female predominance of systemic lupus erythematosus: clues from genetic and cytokine studies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 40(1):42–49PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Alarcón GS, Vilá LM, Reid J, Harris B, Li S, Kelly JA, Harley JB (2008) Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum 58(8):2511–2517PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Reveille JD, Alarcón GS, Vilá LM, Reid J, Harris B, Li S, Kelly JA, Harley JB (2008) Klinefelter’s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum 58(8):2511–2517PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Pierdominici M, Ortona E (2013) Estrogen impact on autoimmunity onset and progression: the paradigm of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Trends Immun 1(2):24–34 Pierdominici M, Ortona E (2013) Estrogen impact on autoimmunity onset and progression: the paradigm of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Trends Immun 1(2):24–34

go back to reference Maselli A, Conti F, Alessandri C, Colasanti T, Barbati C, Vomero M, Ciarlo L, Patrizio M, Spinelli FR, Ortona E, Valesini G, Pierdominici M (2017) Low expression of estrogen receptor β in T lymphocytes and high serum levels of anti-estrogen receptor α antibodies impact disease activity in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biol Sex Differ [Internet]. 2016 Jan 12 [cited 2017 Oct 19];7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709986/ Maselli A, Conti F, Alessandri C, Colasanti T, Barbati C, Vomero M, Ciarlo L, Patrizio M, Spinelli FR, Ortona E, Valesini G, Pierdominici M (2017) Low expression of estrogen receptor β in T lymphocytes and high serum levels of anti-estrogen receptor α antibodies impact disease activity in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biol Sex Differ [Internet]. 2016 Jan 12 [cited 2017 Oct 19];7. Available from: https://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pmc/​articles/​PMC4709986/​

go back to reference Kim SJ, Schätzle S, Ahmed SS, Haap W, Jang SH, Gregersen PK, Georgiou G, Diamond B (2017) Increased cathepsin S in Prdm1(−/−) dendritic cells alters the TFH cell repertoire and contributes to lupus. Nat Immunol 18(9):1016–1024PubMedPubMedCentral Kim SJ, Schätzle S, Ahmed SS, Haap W, Jang SH, Gregersen PK, Georgiou G, Diamond B (2017) Increased cathepsin S in Prdm1(−/−) dendritic cells alters the TFH cell repertoire and contributes to lupus. Nat Immunol 18(9):1016–1024PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Langefeld CD, Ainsworth HC, Cunninghame Graham DS, Kelly JA, Comeau ME, Marion MC, Howard TD, Ramos PS, Croker JA, Morris DL, Sandling JK, Almlöf JC, Acevedo-Vásquez EM, Alarcón GS, Babini AM, Baca V, Bengtsson AA, Berbotto GA, Bijl M, Brown EE, Brunner HI, Cardiel MH, Catoggio L, Cervera R, Cucho-Venegas JM, Dahlqvist SR, D’Alfonso S, Da Silva BM, de la Rúa Figueroa I, Doria A, Edberg JC, Endreffy E, Esquivel-Valerio JA, Fortin PR, Freedman BI, Frostegård J, García MA, de la Torre IG, Gilkeson GS, Gladman DD, Gunnarsson I, Guthridge JM, Huggins JL, James JA, Kallenberg CG, Kamen DL, Karp DR, Kaufman KM, Kottyan LC, Kovács L, Laustrup H, Lauwerys BR, Li QZ, Maradiaga-Ceceña MA, Martín J, McCune JM, McWilliams DR, Merrill JT, Miranda P, Moctezuma JF, Nath SK, Niewold TB, Orozco L, Ortego-Centeno N, Petri M, Pineau CA, Pons-Estel BA, Pope J, Raj P, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Russell LP, Sabio JM, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Scherbarth HR, Scorza R, Seldin MF, Sjöwall C, Svenungsson E, Thompson SD, Toloza SMA, Truedsson L, Tusié-Luna T, Vasconcelos C, Vilá LM, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, Wither JE, Bhangale T, Oksenberg JR, Rioux JD Gregersen PK, Syvänen AC, Rönnblom L, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Sivils KL, Tsao BP, Schanberg LE, Behrens TW, Silverman ED, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Kimberly RP, Harley JB, Wakeland EK, Graham RR, Gaffney PM, Vyse T (2017) Transancestral mapping and genetic load in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16021 Langefeld CD, Ainsworth HC, Cunninghame Graham DS, Kelly JA, Comeau ME, Marion MC, Howard TD, Ramos PS, Croker JA, Morris DL, Sandling JK, Almlöf JC, Acevedo-Vásquez EM, Alarcón GS, Babini AM, Baca V, Bengtsson AA, Berbotto GA, Bijl M, Brown EE, Brunner HI, Cardiel MH, Catoggio L, Cervera R, Cucho-Venegas JM, Dahlqvist SR, D’Alfonso S, Da Silva BM, de la Rúa Figueroa I, Doria A, Edberg JC, Endreffy E, Esquivel-Valerio JA, Fortin PR, Freedman BI, Frostegård J, García MA, de la Torre IG, Gilkeson GS, Gladman DD, Gunnarsson I, Guthridge JM, Huggins JL, James JA, Kallenberg CG, Kamen DL, Karp DR, Kaufman KM, Kottyan LC, Kovács L, Laustrup H, Lauwerys BR, Li QZ, Maradiaga-Ceceña MA, Martín J, McCune JM, McWilliams DR, Merrill JT, Miranda P, Moctezuma JF, Nath SK, Niewold TB, Orozco L, Ortego-Centeno N, Petri M, Pineau CA, Pons-Estel BA, Pope J, Raj P, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Russell LP, Sabio JM, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Scherbarth HR, Scorza R, Seldin MF, Sjöwall C, Svenungsson E, Thompson SD, Toloza SMA, Truedsson L, Tusié-Luna T, Vasconcelos C, Vilá LM, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, Wither JE, Bhangale T, Oksenberg JR, Rioux JD Gregersen PK, Syvänen AC, Rönnblom L, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Sivils KL, Tsao BP, Schanberg LE, Behrens TW, Silverman ED, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Kimberly RP, Harley JB, Wakeland EK, Graham RR, Gaffney PM, Vyse T (2017) Transancestral mapping and genetic load in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Commun doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ncomms16021

go back to reference Niewold TB, Hua J, Lehman TJA, Harley JB, Crow MK (2007) High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 8(6):492–502PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Niewold TB, Hua J, Lehman TJA, Harley JB, Crow MK (2007) High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 8(6):492–502PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Tower C, Mathen S, Crocker I, Bruce IN (2013) Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 69(6):588–595PubMed Tower C, Mathen S, Crocker I, Bruce IN (2013) Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 69(6):588–595PubMed

go back to reference Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH (2017) Update on lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(5):825–835PubMedCrossRef Almaani S, Meara A, Rovin BH (2017) Update on lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(5):825–835PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, Lu S, Reeves E, Petri M, Laskin CA, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Branch DW, Porter TF, Sawitzke A, Merrill JT, Stephenson MD, Cohn E, Salmon JE (2017) Kidney outcomes and risk factors for nephritis (flare/de novo) in a multiethnic cohort of pregnant patients with lupus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(6):940–946PubMedCrossRef Buyon JP, Kim MY, Guerra MM, Lu S, Reeves E, Petri M, Laskin CA, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Branch DW, Porter TF, Sawitzke A, Merrill JT, Stephenson MD, Cohn E, Salmon JE (2017) Kidney outcomes and risk factors for nephritis (flare/de novo) in a multiethnic cohort of pregnant patients with lupus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(6):940–946PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yelin E, Yazdany J, Trupin L (2017) Relationship between process of care and a subsequent increase in damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 69(6):927–932CrossRef Yelin E, Yazdany J, Trupin L (2017) Relationship between process of care and a subsequent increase in damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 69(6):927–932CrossRef

go back to reference Kaplowitz ET, Ferguson S, Guerra M, Laskin CA, Buyon JP, Petri M, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Branch DW, Merrill JT, Katz P, Salmon JE (2017) Socioeconomic status contributes to racial/ethnic disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23263 Kaplowitz ET, Ferguson S, Guerra M, Laskin CA, Buyon JP, Petri M, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano LR, Branch DW, Merrill JT, Katz P, Salmon JE (2017) Socioeconomic status contributes to racial/ethnic disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res doi: https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​acr.​23263

go back to reference Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Therneau TM, Gabriel SE (2010) Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising?: results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955-2007. Arthritis Rheum 62(6):1576–1582PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Therneau TM, Gabriel SE (2010) Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising?: results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955-2007. Arthritis Rheum 62(6):1576–1582PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Goemaere S, Ackerman C, Goethals K, De Keyser F, Van der Straeten C, Verbruggen G, Mielants H, Veys EM (1990) Onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to age, sex and menopausal transition. J Rheumatol 17(12):1620–1622PubMed Goemaere S, Ackerman C, Goethals K, De Keyser F, Van der Straeten C, Verbruggen G, Mielants H, Veys EM (1990) Onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in relation to age, sex and menopausal transition. J Rheumatol 17(12):1620–1622PubMed

go back to reference de Man YA, Dolhain RJEM, van de Geijn FE, Willemsen SP, Hazes JMW (2008) Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 59(9):1241–1248PubMedCrossRef de Man YA, Dolhain RJEM, van de Geijn FE, Willemsen SP, Hazes JMW (2008) Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 59(9):1241–1248PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Icardi A, Araghi P, Ciabattoni M, Romano U, Lazzarini P, Bianchi G (2011) Kidney involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 55(2):76–85CrossRef Icardi A, Araghi P, Ciabattoni M, Romano U, Lazzarini P, Bianchi G (2011) Kidney involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 55(2):76–85CrossRef

go back to reference Anders H-J, Vielhauer V (2011) Renal co-morbidity in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 13:222PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Anders H-J, Vielhauer V (2011) Renal co-morbidity in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 13:222PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Chiu H-Y, Huang H-L, Li C-H, Chen H-A, Yeh C-L, Chiu S-H, Lin WC, Cheng YP, Tsai TF, Ho SY (2015) Increased risk of chronic kidney disease in rheumatoid arthritis associated with cardiovascular complications – a National Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 10(9):e0136508PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chiu H-Y, Huang H-L, Li C-H, Chen H-A, Yeh C-L, Chiu S-H, Lin WC, Cheng YP, Tsai TF, Ho SY (2015) Increased risk of chronic kidney disease in rheumatoid arthritis associated with cardiovascular complications – a National Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS One 10(9):e0136508PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Vinet É, Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Pineau CA, Baron M (2014) Effect of menopause on the modified Rodnan skin score in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 16:R130PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vinet É, Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Pineau CA, Baron M (2014) Effect of menopause on the modified Rodnan skin score in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 16:R130PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Sammaritano LR (2012) Menopause in patients with autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 11(6–7):A430–A436PubMedCrossRef Sammaritano LR (2012) Menopause in patients with autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 11(6–7):A430–A436PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Penn H, Denton CP (2008) Diagnosis, management and prevention of scleroderma renal disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20(6):692–696PubMedCrossRef Penn H, Denton CP (2008) Diagnosis, management and prevention of scleroderma renal disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20(6):692–696PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Anders HJ, Wiebecke B, Haedecke C, Sanden S, Combe C, Schlöndorff D (1999) MPO-ANCA-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis: a distinct entity of scleroderma renal disease? Am J Kidney Dis 33(4):e3PubMedCrossRef Anders HJ, Wiebecke B, Haedecke C, Sanden S, Combe C, Schlöndorff D (1999) MPO-ANCA-positive crescentic glomerulonephritis: a distinct entity of scleroderma renal disease? Am J Kidney Dis 33(4):e3PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zakharova EV, Makarova TA, Stolyarevich ES (2016)( ANCA-Associated Vasculitis in Patient with CREST-Syndrome - Case Report [Internet]. [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.peertechz.com/Clinical-Nephrology/ACN-2-115.php Zakharova EV, Makarova TA, Stolyarevich ES (2016)( ANCA-Associated Vasculitis in Patient with CREST-Syndrome - Case Report [Internet]. [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: https://​www.​peertechz.​com/​Clinical-Nephrology/​ACN-2-115.​php

go back to reference Eckardt K-U, Coresh J, Devuyst O, Johnson RJ, Köttgen A, Levey AS, Levin A (2013) Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden. Lancet 382(9887):158–169PubMedCrossRef Eckardt K-U, Coresh J, Devuyst O, Johnson RJ, Köttgen A, Levey AS, Levin A (2013) Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden. Lancet 382(9887):158–169PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Albertus P, Ayanian J, Balkrishnan R, Bragg-Gresham J, Cao J, Chen JL, Cope E, Dharmarajan S, Dietrich X, Eckard A, Eggers PW, Gaber C, Gillen D, Gipson D, Gu H, Hailpern SM, Hall YN, Han Y, He K, Hebert H, Helmuth M, Herman W, Heung M, Hutton D, Jacobsen SJ, Ji N, Jin Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kapke A, Katz R, Kovesdy CP, Kurtz V, Lavalee D, Li Y, Lu Y, McCullough K, Molnar MZ, Montez-Rath M, Morgenstern H, Mu Q, Mukhopadhyay P, Nallamothu B, Nguyen DV, Norris KC, O'Hare AM, Obi Y, Pearson J, Pisoni R, Plattner B, Port FK, Potukuchi P, Rao P, Ratkowiak K, Ravel V, Ray D, Rhee CM, Schaubel DE, Selewski DT, Shaw S, Shi J, Shieu M, Sim JJ, Song P, Soohoo M, Steffick D, Streja E, Tamura MK, Tentori F, Tilea A, Tong L, Turf M, Wang D, Wang M, Woodside K, Wyncott A, Xin X, Zang W, Zepel L, Zhang S, Zho H, Hirth RA, Shahinian V (2017) US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 69(3 Suppl 1):A7–A8PubMedCrossRef Saran R, Robinson B, Abbott KC, Agodoa LYC, Albertus P, Ayanian J, Balkrishnan R, Bragg-Gresham J, Cao J, Chen JL, Cope E, Dharmarajan S, Dietrich X, Eckard A, Eggers PW, Gaber C, Gillen D, Gipson D, Gu H, Hailpern SM, Hall YN, Han Y, He K, Hebert H, Helmuth M, Herman W, Heung M, Hutton D, Jacobsen SJ, Ji N, Jin Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kapke A, Katz R, Kovesdy CP, Kurtz V, Lavalee D, Li Y, Lu Y, McCullough K, Molnar MZ, Montez-Rath M, Morgenstern H, Mu Q, Mukhopadhyay P, Nallamothu B, Nguyen DV, Norris KC, O'Hare AM, Obi Y, Pearson J, Pisoni R, Plattner B, Port FK, Potukuchi P, Rao P, Ratkowiak K, Ravel V, Ray D, Rhee CM, Schaubel DE, Selewski DT, Shaw S, Shi J, Shieu M, Sim JJ, Song P, Soohoo M, Steffick D, Streja E, Tamura MK, Tentori F, Tilea A, Tong L, Turf M, Wang D, Wang M, Woodside K, Wyncott A, Xin X, Zang W, Zepel L, Zhang S, Zho H, Hirth RA, Shahinian V (2017) US renal data system 2016 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 69(3 Suppl 1):A7–A8PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Liyanage T, Ninomiya T, Jha V, Neal B, Patrice HM, Okpechi I, Zhao MH, Lv J, Garg AX, Knight J, Rodgers A, Gallagher M, Kotwal S, Cass A, Perkovic V (2015) Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet 385(9981):1975–1982PubMedCrossRef Liyanage T, Ninomiya T, Jha V, Neal B, Patrice HM, Okpechi I, Zhao MH, Lv J, Garg AX, Knight J, Rodgers A, Gallagher M, Kotwal S, Cass A, Perkovic V (2015) Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet 385(9981):1975–1982PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ojo A (2014) Addressing the global burden of chronic kidney disease through clinical and translational research. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 125:229–243 discussion 243-246PubMedPubMedCentral Ojo A (2014) Addressing the global burden of chronic kidney disease through clinical and translational research. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 125:229–243 discussion 243-246PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference WHO (2010) Addressing gender within primary health care reforms. In: WHO editor. Gender, women and primary health care renewal: a discussion paper [Internet]. [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44430/1/9789241564038_eng.pdf WHO (2010) Addressing gender within primary health care reforms. In: WHO editor. Gender, women and primary health care renewal: a discussion paper [Internet]. [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://​apps.​who.​int/​iris/​bitstream/​10665/​44430/​1/​9789241564038_​eng.​pdf

go back to reference Eguavoen ANT, Odiagbe SO, Obetoh GI (2007) The status of women, sex preference, decision-making and fertility control in Ekpoma Community of Nigeria. J Soc Sci 15(1):43–49 Eguavoen ANT, Odiagbe SO, Obetoh GI (2007) The status of women, sex preference, decision-making and fertility control in Ekpoma Community of Nigeria. J Soc Sci 15(1):43–49

go back to reference Halle MP, Takongue C, Kengne AP, Kaze FF, Ngu KB (2015) Epidemiological profile of patients with end stage renal disease in a referral hospital in Cameroon. BMC Nephrol 16:59PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Halle MP, Takongue C, Kengne AP, Kaze FF, Ngu KB (2015) Epidemiological profile of patients with end stage renal disease in a referral hospital in Cameroon. BMC Nephrol 16:59PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Ajayi S, Raji Y, Bello T, Jinadu L, Salako B. (2016) Unaffordability of renal replacement therapy in Nigeria. Hong Kong J Nephrol 18:15–19 Ajayi S, Raji Y, Bello T, Jinadu L, Salako B. (2016) Unaffordability of renal replacement therapy in Nigeria. Hong Kong J Nephrol 18:15–19

go back to reference Kausz AT, Obrador GT, Arora P, Ruthazer R, Levey AS, Pereira BJ (2000) Late initiation of dialysis among women and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 11(12):2351–2357PubMed Kausz AT, Obrador GT, Arora P, Ruthazer R, Levey AS, Pereira BJ (2000) Late initiation of dialysis among women and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol 11(12):2351–2357PubMed

go back to reference Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, Hostetter TH (2005) Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(1):180–188PubMedCrossRef Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, Hostetter TH (2005) Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol 16(1):180–188PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Adams SV, Rivara M, Streja E, Cheung AK, Arah OA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehrotra R (2017) Sex differences in hospitalizations with maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 28(9):2721–2728PubMedCrossRef Adams SV, Rivara M, Streja E, Cheung AK, Arah OA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehrotra R (2017) Sex differences in hospitalizations with maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 28(9):2721–2728PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Ethier J, Mendelssohn DC, Elder SJ, Hasegawa T, Akizawa T, Akiba T, Canaud BJ, Pisoni RL (2008) Vascular access use and outcomes: an international perspective from the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(10):3219–3226PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ethier J, Mendelssohn DC, Elder SJ, Hasegawa T, Akizawa T, Akiba T, Canaud BJ, Pisoni RL (2008) Vascular access use and outcomes: an international perspective from the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(10):3219–3226PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Depner TA (2003) Prescribing hemodialysis: the role of gender. Adv Ren Replace Ther 10(1):71–77PubMedCrossRef Depner TA (2003) Prescribing hemodialysis: the role of gender. Adv Ren Replace Ther 10(1):71–77PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Sehgal AR (2000) Outcomes of renal replacement therapy among blacks and women. Am J Kidney Dis 35((4):S148–S152CrossRef Sehgal AR (2000) Outcomes of renal replacement therapy among blacks and women. Am J Kidney Dis 35((4):S148–S152CrossRef

go back to reference Jindal RM, Ryan JJ, Sajjad I, Murthy MH, Baines LS (2005) Kidney transplantation and gender disparity. Am J Nephrol 25(5):474–483PubMedCrossRef Jindal RM, Ryan JJ, Sajjad I, Murthy MH, Baines LS (2005) Kidney transplantation and gender disparity. Am J Nephrol 25(5):474–483PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Couchoud C, Bayat S, Villar E, Jacquelinet C, Ecochard R, registry REIN (2012) A new approach for measuring gender disparity in access to renal transplantation waiting lists. Transplantation 94(5):513–519PubMedCrossRef Couchoud C, Bayat S, Villar E, Jacquelinet C, Ecochard R, registry REIN (2012) A new approach for measuring gender disparity in access to renal transplantation waiting lists. Transplantation 94(5):513–519PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Liu G, Li X, Liu T, Zhao X, Zhang S, Wang J, Ji C, Gan W, Guo H (2013) Gender disparity of living donor renal transplantation in East China. Clin Transpl 27(1):98–103CrossRef Liu G, Li X, Liu T, Zhao X, Zhang S, Wang J, Ji C, Gan W, Guo H (2013) Gender disparity of living donor renal transplantation in East China. Clin Transpl 27(1):98–103CrossRef

go back to reference Naghibi O, Naghibi M, Nazemian F (2008) Gender disparity in kidney transplantation. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 19(4):545–550PubMed Naghibi O, Naghibi M, Nazemian F (2008) Gender disparity in kidney transplantation. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 19(4):545–550PubMed

go back to reference Bal MM, Saikia B (2007) Gender bias in renal transplantation: are women alone donating kidneys in India? Transplant Proc 39(10):2961–2963PubMedCrossRef Bal MM, Saikia B (2007) Gender bias in renal transplantation: are women alone donating kidneys in India? Transplant Proc 39(10):2961–2963PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hogan J, Couchoud C, Bonthuis M, Groothoff JW, Jager KJ, Schaefer F, KJ VS, Registry ESPN/ERA-EDTA (2016) Gender disparities in access to pediatric renal transplantation in Europe: data from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry. Am J Transplant 6(7):2097–2105CrossRef Hogan J, Couchoud C, Bonthuis M, Groothoff JW, Jager KJ, Schaefer F, KJ VS, Registry ESPN/ERA-EDTA (2016) Gender disparities in access to pediatric renal transplantation in Europe: data from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry. Am J Transplant 6(7):2097–2105CrossRef

go back to reference Gillespie A, Hammer H, Kolenikov S, Polychronopoulou A, Ouzienko V, Obradovic Z, Urbanski MA, Browne T, Silva P (2014) Sex differences and attitudes toward living donor kidney transplantation among urban black patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(10):1764–1772PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gillespie A, Hammer H, Kolenikov S, Polychronopoulou A, Ouzienko V, Obradovic Z, Urbanski MA, Browne T, Silva P (2014) Sex differences and attitudes toward living donor kidney transplantation among urban black patients on hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9(10):1764–1772PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Salter ML, McAdams-Demarco MA, Law A, Kamil RJ, Meoni LA, Jaar BG, Sozio SM, Kao WH, Parekh RS, Segev DL (2014) Age and sex disparities in discussions about kidney transplantation in adults undergoing dialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 62(5):843–849PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Salter ML, McAdams-Demarco MA, Law A, Kamil RJ, Meoni LA, Jaar BG, Sozio SM, Kao WH, Parekh RS, Segev DL (2014) Age and sex disparities in discussions about kidney transplantation in adults undergoing dialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 62(5):843–849PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

go back to reference Piccoli GB, Attini R, Cabiddu G, Kooij I, Fassio F, Gerbino M, Maxia S, Biolcati M, Versino E, Todros T (2017) Maternal-foetal outcomes in pregnant women with glomerulonephritides. Are all glomerulonephritides alike in pregnancy? J Autoimmun 79:91–98PubMedCrossRef Piccoli GB, Attini R, Cabiddu G, Kooij I, Fassio F, Gerbino M, Maxia S, Biolcati M, Versino E, Todros T (2017) Maternal-foetal outcomes in pregnant women with glomerulonephritides. Are all glomerulonephritides alike in pregnancy? J Autoimmun 79:91–98PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Seeger H, Salfeld P, Eisel R, Wagner CA, Mohebbi N (2017) Complicated pregnancies in inherited distal renal tubular acidosis: importance of acid-base balance. J Nephrol 30(3):455–460PubMedCrossRef Seeger H, Salfeld P, Eisel R, Wagner CA, Mohebbi N (2017) Complicated pregnancies in inherited distal renal tubular acidosis: importance of acid-base balance. J Nephrol 30(3):455–460PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Yefet E, Tovbin D, Nachum Z (2016) Pregnancy outcomes in patients with Alport syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 293(4):739–747PubMedCrossRef Yefet E, Tovbin D, Nachum Z (2016) Pregnancy outcomes in patients with Alport syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 293(4):739–747PubMedCrossRef