Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Pediatric Nephrology
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 7/2016

01-07-2016 | Educational Review

Abnormalities of vascular structure and function in pediatric hypertension

Author: Elaine M. Urbina

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 7/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Hypertension is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) events in adults. Measures of vascular structure and function, including increased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and elevated arterial stiffness predict hard CV events in adulthood. Newer data suggest that abnormalities in target organ damage are occurring in adolescents and young adults with high blood pressure. In this review, we discuss the techniques for measuring vascular dysfunction in young people and the evidence linking blood pressure levels to this type of target organ damage.
Literature
1.
2.
De Simone G, Devereux RB, Daniels SR, Koren MJ, Meyer RA, Laragh JH (1995) Effect of growth on variability of left ventricular mass: assessment of allometric signals in adults and children and their capacity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:1056–1062CrossRefPubMed
3.
O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr (1999) Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 340:14–22CrossRefPubMed
4.
Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Pencina MJ, Hamburg NM, Vita JA, Levy D, Benjamin EJ (2010) Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 121:505–511CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
6.
Urbina EM, Williams RV, Alpert BS, Collins RT, Daniels SR, Hayman L, Jacobson M, Mahoney L, Mietus-Snyder M, Rocchini A, Steinberger J, McCrindle B (2009) Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 54:919–950CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Makuc DM, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, Moy CS, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Soliman EZ, Sorlie PD, Sotoodehnia N, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB (2012) Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics—2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125:188–197CrossRefPubMed
9.
Tracy RE, Newman WP 3rd, Wattigney WA, Srinivasan SR, Strong JP, Berenson GS (1995) Histologic features of atherosclerosis and hypertension from autopsies of young individuals in a defined geographic population: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 116:163–179CrossRefPubMed
10.
O’Leary D, Polack J, Kronmal R, Kittner S, Bong M, Wolfson S, Bommer W, Price T, Gardin J, Savage P (1992) Distribution and correlates of songraphically detected carotid artery disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 23:1752–1760CrossRefPubMed
11.
Peters SA, Bots ML, Lind L, Groenewegen KA, de Korte C, den Ruijter HM, METEOR study group (2013) The impact of variability in ultrasound settings on the measured echolucency of the carotid intima-media. J Hypertens 31:1861–1867CrossRefPubMed
12.
Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Duprez DA, Clement DL (2001) Interchangeability of carotid and femoral intima-media thickness in risk stratification. Int Angiol 20:38–46PubMed
13.
Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Nanto-Salonen K, Irjala K, Ronnemaa T, Hartiala JJ, Celermajer DS, Raitakari OT (2001) Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 104:2943–2947CrossRefPubMed
14.
Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Venn A, Dwyer T, Burns TL, Davis PH, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Daniels SR, Kahonen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Berenson GS, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT (2010) Influence of age on associations between childhood risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, the Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study, the Bogalusa Heart Study, and the Muscatine Study for the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. Circulation 122:2514–2520CrossRefPubMed
15.
Sanchez A, Barth JD, Zhang L (2000) The carotid artery wall thickness in teenagers is related to their diet and the typical risk factors of heart disease among young adults. Atherosclerosis 152:265–266CrossRefPubMed
16.
Jourdan C, Wuhl E, Litwin M, Fahr K, Trelewicz J, Jobs K, Schenk JP, Grenda R, Mehls O, Troger J, Schaefer F (2005) Normative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescents. J Hypertens 23:1707–1715CrossRefPubMed
17.
Urbina EM, Khoury PR, McCoy C, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM (2011) Cardiac and vascular consequences of pre-hypertension in youth. J Clin Hypertens 13:332–342CrossRef
18.
Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N (2005) Adolescent obesity is associated with high ambulatory blood pressure and increased carotid intimal-medial thickness. J Pediatr 147:651–656CrossRefPubMed
19.
Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, Turner JL, Grafe RE, Lai D, Portman RJ (2003) Carotid ultrasonography for detection of vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol 18:1020–1024CrossRefPubMed
20.
Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, Meagher CC (2006) Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness: a matched controlled study. Hypertension 48:40–44CrossRefPubMed
21.
Lee SH, Kim JH, Kang MJ, Lee YA, Won Yang S, Shin CH (2011) Implications of nocturnal hypertension in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34:2180–2185CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Kartal J, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Daniels SR (2005) Cardiac and vascular adaptation in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: role of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2796–2803CrossRefPubMed
23.
Blacher J, Pannier B, Guerin AP, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM (1998) Carotid arterial stiffness as a predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 32:570–574CrossRefPubMed
24.
Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA, Riley WA, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Heiss G (1999) Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension. The ARIC study. Hypertension 34:201–206CrossRefPubMed
25.
Nichols W, O’Rourke M, Vlachopoulos C (eds) (2005) McDonald’s blood flow in arteries: theoretical, experimental, and clinical principles. Hodder Arnold, London
26.
Litwin M, Trelewicz J, Wawer Z, Antoniewicz J, Wierzbicka A, Rajszys P, Grenda R (2004) Intima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hypertensive children: controlled study. Pediatr Nephrol 19:767–774CrossRefPubMed
27.
Mitsnefes MM, Kimball TR, Witt SA, Glascock BJ, Khoury PR, Daniels SR (2004) Abnormal carotid artery structure and function in children and adolescents with successful renal transplantation. Circulation 110:97–101CrossRefPubMed
28.
Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Donald AE, Katterhorn M, Oliver C, Cook DG, Deanfield JE (2005) Arterial distensibility in adolescents: the influence of adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, and classic risk factors. Circulation 112:1789–1797CrossRefPubMed
29.
Urbina EM, Kimball TR, Khoury PR, Daniels SR, Dolan LM (2010) Increased arterial stiffness is found in adolescents with obesity or obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 28:1692–1698CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Urbina EM, Wadwa RP, Davis C, Snively BM, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, Hamman RF, Dabelea D (2010) Prevalence of increased arterial stiffness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus differs by measurement site and sex: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. J Pediatr 156:731–737CrossRefPubMed
31.
Urbina EM, Gao Z, Khoury PR, Martin LJ, Dolan LM (2012) Insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in healthy adolescents and young adults. Diabetologia 55:625–631CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Yu M-C, Yu M-S, Yu M-K, Lee F, Huang W-H (2011) Acute reversible changes of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 26:233–239CrossRefPubMed
33.
Dursun I, Poyrazoglu HM, Gunduz Z, Ulger H, Yykylmaz A, Dusunsel R, Patyroglu T, Gurgoze M (2009) The relationship between circulating endothelial microparticles and arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis in children with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:2511–2518CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zhu H, Yan W, Ge D, Treiber FA, Harshfield GA, Kapuku G, Snieder H, Dong Y (2007) Cardiovascular characteristics in American youth with prehypertension. Am J Hypertens 20:1051–1057CrossRefPubMed
35.
Lurbe E, Torro I, Garcia-Vicent C, Alvarez J, Fernandez-Fornoso JA, Redon J (2012) Blood pressure and obesity exert independent influences on pulse wave velocity in youth. Hypertension 60:550–555CrossRefPubMed
36.
Kenny D, Polson JW, Martin RP, Caputo M, Wilson DG, Cockcroft JR, Paton JF, Wolf AR (2011) Relationship of aortic pulse wave velocity and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity to blood pressure control in patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta. Am Heart J 162:398–404CrossRefPubMed
37.
Madueme PC, Khoury PR, Urbina EM, Kimball TR (2013) Predictors of exaggerated exercise-induced systolic blood pressures in young patients after coarctation repair. Cardiol Young 23:416–422CrossRefPubMed
38.
Briese S, Claus M, Querfeld U (2008) Arterial stiffness in children after renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 23:2241–2245CrossRefPubMed
39.
Klinge A, Allen J, Murray A, O’Sullivan J (2009) Increased pulse wave velocity and blood pressure in children who have undergone cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 28:21–25CrossRefPubMed
40.
Canpolat N, Kasapcopur O, Caliskan S, Gokalp S, Bor M, Tasdemir M, Sever L, Arisoy N (2013) Ambulatory blood pressure and subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 28:305–313CrossRefPubMed
41.
Miyai N, Arita M, Miyashita K, Morioka I, Takeda S (2009) The influence of obesity and metabolic risk variables on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in healthy adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 23:444–450CrossRefPubMed
42.
Niboshi A, Hamaoka K, Sakata K, Inoue F (2006) Characteristics of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese children. Eur J Pediatr 165:625–629CrossRefPubMed
43.
Im JA, Lee JW, Shim JY, Lee HR, Lee DC (2007) Association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adolescents. J Pediatr 150:247–251CrossRefPubMed
44.
Edwards NM, Daniels SR, Claytor RP, Khoury PR, Dolan LM, Kimball TR, Urbina EM (2012) Physical activity is independently associated with multiple measures of arterial stiffness in adolescents and young adults. Metabolism 61:869–872CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Patange AR, Valentini RP, Du W, Pettersen MD (2012) Vitamin D deficiency and arterial wall stiffness in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Cardiol 33:122–128CrossRefPubMed
46.
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C (2010) Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 31:1865–1871CrossRefPubMed
47.
Westerhof N, Lankhaar JW, Westerhof BE (2007) Ambulatory arterial stiffness index is not a stiffness parameter but a ventriculo-arterial coupling factor. Hypertension 49:e7; author reply e8–e9CrossRefPubMed
48.
Kips JG, Vermeersch SJ, Reymond P, Boutouyrie P, Stergiopulos N, Laurent S, Van Bortel LM, Segers P (2012) Ambulatory arterial stiffness index does not accurately assess arterial stiffness. J Hypertens 30:574–580CrossRefPubMed
49.
Simonetti GD, Von Vigier RO, Wuhl E, Mohaupt MG (2008) Ambulatory arterial stiffness index is increased in hypertensive childhood disease. Pediatr Res 64:303–307CrossRefPubMed
50.
Sulakova T, Janda J, Cerna J, Janstova V, Feber J (2012) Assessment of arterial stiffness from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with diabetes mellitus type-1 (DMT1). J Hum Hypertens 26:357–364CrossRefPubMed
51.
Suzuki T, Hirata K, Elkind MSV, Jin Z, Rundek T, Miyake Y, Boden-Albala B, Di Tullio MR, Sacco R, Homma S (2008) Metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, and risk of cardiovascular events: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Am Heart J 156:405–410CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Kari JA, Donald AE, Vallance DT, Bruckdorfer KR, Leone A, Mullen MJ, Bunce T, Dorado B, Deanfield JE, Rees L (1997) Physiology and biochemistry of endothelial function in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 52:468–472CrossRefPubMed
53.
Tawadrous H, Kamran H, Salciccioli L, Schoeneman MJ, Lazar J (2012) Evaluation of arterial structure and function in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis and after renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 16:480–485CrossRefPubMed
54.
Lilien MR, Koomans HA, Schroder CH (2005) Hemodialysis acutely impairs endothelial function in children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:200–204CrossRefPubMed
55.
Kuvin J, Patel A, Sliney K, Pandian N, Sheffy J, Schnall R, Karas R, Udelson J (2003) Assessment of peripheral vascular endothelial function with finger arterial pulse wave amplitude. Am Heart J 146:168–174CrossRefPubMed
56.
Aggoun Y, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Marchand LM, Golay E, Maggio AB, Beghetti M (2008) Impaired endothelial and smooth muscle functions and arterial stiffness appear before puberty in obese children and are associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressure. Eur Heart J 29:792–799CrossRefPubMed
57.
Lindstedt IH, Edvinsson ML, Edvinsson L (2006) Reduced responsiveness of cutaneous microcirculation in essential hypertension—a pilot study. Blood Press 15:275–280CrossRefPubMed
58.
Shah AS, Gao Z, Dolan LM, Dabelea D, D’Agostino RB Jr, Urbina EM (2014) Assessing endothelial dysfunction in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a non-invasive heat stimulus. Pediatr Diabetes. doi:10.​1111/​pedi.​12189 PubMedCentral
59.
Khan F, Elhadd T, Greene S, Belch J (2000) Impaired skin microvascular function in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:215–220CrossRefPubMed
60.
Barac A, Campia U, Panza JA (2007) Methods for evaluating endothelial function in humans. Hypertension 49:748–760CrossRefPubMed
61.
Ribeiro MM, Silva AG, Santos NS, Guazzelle I, Matos LN, Trombetta IC, Halpern A, Negrao CE, Villares SM (2005) Diet and exercise training restore blood pressure and vasodilatory responses during physiological maneuvers in obese children. Circulation 111:1915–1923CrossRefPubMed
62.
Sarkola T, Jaeggi E, Slorach C, Hui W, Bradley T, Redington AN (2013) Assessment of vascular remodeling after the Fontan procedure using a novel very high resolution ultrasound method: arterial wall thinning and venous thickening in late follow-up. Heart Vessel 28:66–75CrossRef
63.
Bhatt AB, Landzberg MJ, Gerhard-Herman M, Rodriguez-Huertas E, Graham D, Valente AM (2013) Pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency in adults with a Fontan circulation (a pre-defined substudy of the CALF investigation). Int J Cardiol 165:41–45CrossRefPubMed
64.
Rubira MC, Consolim-Colombo FM, Rabelo ER, Yugar-Toledo JC, Casarini D, Coimbra SR, Martins LC, Moreno H Jr, Krieger EM, Irigoyen MC (2007) Venous or arterial endothelium evaluation for early cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertensive patients? J Clin Hypertens 9:859–865CrossRef
65.
Delaney EP, Young CN, Disabatino A, Stillabower ME, Farquhar WB (2008) Limb venous tone and responsiveness in hypertensive humans. J Appl Physiol 105:894–901CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Bicchi M, Vedovini G, Cappelli R, Arrigucci S, Righi GA, Forconi S (1998) Effect of felodipine on arterial blood flow and venous function at rest in patients with mild essential hypertension. Angiology 49:373–380CrossRefPubMed
67.
Novo S, Pernice C, Abrignani MG, Tantillo R, Mansueto S, Strano A (1997) Behaviour of arm venous pressure in patients with systodiastolic hypertension and in the elderly with isolated systolic hypertension in comparison with healthy controls. Int Angiol 16:129–133PubMed
68.
Goulopoulou S, Deruisseau KC, Carhart R Jr, Kanaley JA (2012) Limb venous compliance responses to lower body negative pressure in humans with high blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 26:306–314CrossRefPubMed
69.
Urbina EM, Dolan LM, McCoy CE, Khoury PR, Daniels SR, Kimball TR (2011) Relationship between elevated arterial stiffness and increased left ventricular mass in adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr 158:715–721CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Li S, Xu J, Berenson GS (2005) Metabolic syndrome variables at low levels in childhood are beneficially associated with adulthood cardiovascular risk: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Diabetes Care 28:126–131CrossRefPubMed
71.
Laitinen TT, Pahkala K, Magnussen CG, Viikari JS, Oikonen M, Taittonen L, Mikkila V, Jokinen E, Hutri-Kahonen N, Laitinen T, Kahonen M, Lehtimaki T, Raitakari OT, Juonala M (2012) Ideal cardiovascular health in childhood and cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 125:1971–1978CrossRefPubMed
72.
Magnussen CG, Koskinen J, Juonala M, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Sabin MA, Thomson R, Schmidt MD, Nguyen QM, Xu JH, Skilton MR, Kahonen M, Laitinen T, Taittonen L, Lehtimaki T, Ronnemaa T, Viikari JS, Berenson GS, Raitakari OT (2012) A diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in youth that resolves by adult life is associated with a normalization of high carotid intima-media thickness and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: the Bogalusa heart and cardiovascular risk in young Finns studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:1631–1639CrossRefPubMed
73.
Aatola H, Koivistoinen T, Hutri-Kahonen N, Juonala M, Mikkila V, Lehtimaki T, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Kahonen M (2010) Lifetime fruit and vegetable consumption and arterial pulse wave velocity in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 122:2521–2528CrossRefPubMed
74.
Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2011) Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics 128 [Suppl 5]:S213–S256PubMedCentral
75.
Alman AC, Talton JW, Wadwa RP, Urbina EM, Dolan LM, Daniels SR, Hamman RF, D’Agostino RB, Marcovina SM, Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea DM (2014) Cardiovascular health in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH CVD Study. Pediatr Diabetes 15:502–510CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Wunsch R, de Sousa G, Toschke AM, Reinehr T (2006) Intima-media thickness in obese children before and after weight loss. Pediatrics 118:2334–2340CrossRefPubMed
77.
Wiegman A, Hutten BA, de Groot E, Rodenburg J, Bakker HD, Buller HR, Sijbrands EJ, Kastelein JJ (2004) Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292:331–337CrossRefPubMed
78.
Litwin M, Wuhl E, Jourdan C, Trelewicz J, Niemirska A, Fahr K, Jobs K, Grenda R, Wawer ZT, Rajszys P, Troger J, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2005) Altered morphologic properties of large arteries in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1494–1500CrossRefPubMed
79.
Gozal D, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Serpero LD, Sans Capdevila O, Dayyat E (2007) Obstructive sleep apnea and endothelial function in school-aged nonobese children: effect of adenotonsillectomy. Circulation 116:2307–2314CrossRefPubMed
80.
Bennett-Richards KJ, Kattenhorn M, Donald AE, Oakley GR, Varghese Z, Bruckdorfer KR, Deanfield JE, Rees L (2002) Oral L-arginine does not improve endothelial dysfunction in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 62:1372–1378CrossRefPubMed
81.
Parra DA, Lim DS, Buller CL, Charpie JR (2007) Endothelial dysfunction and circadian blood pressure rhythmicity in young heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Cardiol 28:1–7CrossRefPubMed
82.
Pena AS, Wiltshire E, Gent R, Hirte C, Couper J (2004) Folic acid improves endothelial function in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 144:500–504CrossRefPubMed
83.
Goldstein BH, Sandelin AM, Golbus JR, Warnke N, Gooding L, King KK, Donohue JE, Yu S, Gurney JG, Goldberg CS, Rocchini AP, Charpie JR (2012) Impact of vitamin C on endothelial function and exercise capacity in patients with a Fontan circulation. Congenit Heart Dis 7:226–234CrossRefPubMed
84.
Avolio AP, Chen SG, Wang RP, Zhang CL, Li MF, O’Rourke MF (1983) Effects of aging on changing arterial compliance and left ventricular load in a northern Chinese urban community. Circulation 68:50–58CrossRefPubMed
85.
Avolio AP, Deng FQ, Li WQ, Luo YF, Huang ZD, Xing LF, O’Rourke MF (1985) Effects of aging on arterial distensibility in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension: comparison between urban and rural communities in China. Circulation 71:202–210CrossRefPubMed
86.
Okada M, Yakata M (1989) Normal ranges of pulse wave velocity and the changes with age. Rinsho Byori 37:215–218PubMed
87.
McEniery CM, Yasmin HIR, Qasem A, Wilkinson IB, Cockcroft JR (2005) Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1753–1760CrossRefPubMed
88.
Chen Y, Dangardt F, Osika W, Berggren K, Gronowitz E, Friberg P (2012) Age- and sex-related differences in vascular function and vascular response to mental stress. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis 220:269–274CrossRefPubMed
89.
Metadata
Title
Abnormalities of vascular structure and function in pediatric hypertension
Author
Elaine M. Urbina
Publication date
01-07-2016
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 7/2016
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3188-1

Other articles of this Issue 7/2016

Pediatric Nephrology 7/2016 Go to the issue

Review

Epigenetics mechanisms in renal development

Review

Kidney donation after circulatory death: current evidence and opportunities for pediatric recipients

Educational Review

Blood pressure (BP) assessment—from BP level to BP variability

Original Article

Association of C1q-fixing DSA with late graft failure in pediatric renal transplant recipients

Original Article

Metabolic risk factors in children with asymptomatic hematuria

Review

Calcium, TRPC channels, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in podocytes: towards a future of targeted therapies