Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Surgical Endoscopy 3/2006

01-03-2006 | Review article/Dynamic manuscript

Minimal access adrenal surgery

Author: L. M. Brunt

Published in: Surgical Endoscopy | Issue 3/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the preferred method for removal of most adrenal tumors. An important component in selecting patients for this operation is to understand the clinical presentation and diagnostic workup for the various functioning and nonfunctioning adrenal tumors. In this review, an overview of the key clinical and diagnostic aspects of the most common adrenal tumors is presented. The indications and contraindications for a laparoscopic approach are discussed and the technique for laparoscopic adrenalectomy is then presented with inclusion of video links to demonstrate the technique. A review of the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy is then considered with regard to common outcome measures and complications. A current controversy in adrenal surgery is the role of laparoscopic adrenalectomy in the management of patients with large tumors and malignant or potentially malignant adrenal lesions and the literature on this topic is reviewed in detail. The article concludes with a discussion of the indications and technique for partial adrenalectomy.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bonjer HJ, Berends FJ, Kazemier G, Steyerberg EW, de Herder WW, Bruining HA (2000) Endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 111 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 232: 796–803PubMed Bonjer HJ, Berends FJ, Kazemier G, Steyerberg EW, de Herder WW, Bruining HA (2000) Endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 111 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 232: 796–803PubMed
2.
go back to reference Brauckhoff M, Gimm O, Thanh PN, Bar A, Ukkat J, Brauckhoff K, Bonsch T, Dralle H (2003) Critical size of residual adrenal tissue and recovery from impaired early postoperative adrenocortical function after subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy. Surgery 134: 1020–1028CrossRefPubMed Brauckhoff M, Gimm O, Thanh PN, Bar A, Ukkat J, Brauckhoff K, Bonsch T, Dralle H (2003) Critical size of residual adrenal tissue and recovery from impaired early postoperative adrenocortical function after subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy. Surgery 134: 1020–1028CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Brunt LM (2001) The positive impact of laparoscopic adrenalectomy on complications of adrenal surgery. Surg Endosc 16: 252–257PubMed Brunt LM (2001) The positive impact of laparoscopic adrenalectomy on complications of adrenal surgery. Surg Endosc 16: 252–257PubMed
4.
go back to reference Brunt LM, Bennett HF, Teefey SA, Moley JF, Middleton WF(1999) Laparoscopic ultrasound imaging of adrenal tumors during laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Am J Surg 178: 490–495CrossRefPubMed Brunt LM, Bennett HF, Teefey SA, Moley JF, Middleton WF(1999) Laparoscopic ultrasound imaging of adrenal tumors during laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Am J Surg 178: 490–495CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Brunt LM, Doherty GM, Norton JA, Soper NJ, Quasebarth MA, Moley JM (1996) Laparoscopic compared to open adrenalectomy for benign adrenal neoplasms. J Am Coll Surg 183: 1–10PubMed Brunt LM, Doherty GM, Norton JA, Soper NJ, Quasebarth MA, Moley JM (1996) Laparoscopic compared to open adrenalectomy for benign adrenal neoplasms. J Am Coll Surg 183: 1–10PubMed
6.
go back to reference Brunt LM, Moley JM, M. DG, Lairmore TC, DeBenedetti MK, Quasebarth MA (2001) Outcomes analysis in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for hormonally active adrenal tumors. Surgery 130: 629–635 CrossRefPubMed Brunt LM, Moley JM, M. DG, Lairmore TC, DeBenedetti MK, Quasebarth MA (2001) Outcomes analysis in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy for hormonally active adrenal tumors. Surgery 130: 629–635 CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Deckers S, Derdelinckx L, Col V, Hamels J, Maiter D (1999) Peritoneal carcinomatosis following laparoscopic resection of an adrenocortical tumor causing primary hyperaldosteronism. Horm Res 52: 97–100CrossRefPubMed Deckers S, Derdelinckx L, Col V, Hamels J, Maiter D (1999) Peritoneal carcinomatosis following laparoscopic resection of an adrenocortical tumor causing primary hyperaldosteronism. Horm Res 52: 97–100CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Duh Q-Y (1998) Invited commentary. World J Surg 22: 626–627 Duh Q-Y (1998) Invited commentary. World J Surg 22: 626–627
9.
go back to reference Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Linehan WM, Walther MM, Goldstein DS, Keiser HR (1999) Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. N Engl J Med 340 (24): 1872–9CrossRefPubMed Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Linehan WM, Walther MM, Goldstein DS, Keiser HR (1999) Plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine for detecting pheochromocytoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. N Engl J Med 340 (24): 1872–9CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Fernandez-Cruz L, Taura P, Saenz A, Benarroch G, Sabater L (1996) Laparoscopic approach to pheochromocytoma: hemodynamic changes and catecholamine secretion. World J Surg 20: 762–768PubMed Fernandez-Cruz L, Taura P, Saenz A, Benarroch G, Sabater L (1996) Laparoscopic approach to pheochromocytoma: hemodynamic changes and catecholamine secretion. World J Surg 20: 762–768PubMed
11.
go back to reference Foxius A, Ramboux A, Lefebvre Y, Broze B, Hamels J, Squifflet J-P (1999) Hazards of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn’s adenoma. Surg Endosc 13: 715–717CrossRefPubMed Foxius A, Ramboux A, Lefebvre Y, Broze B, Hamels J, Squifflet J-P (1999) Hazards of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for Conn’s adenoma. Surg Endosc 13: 715–717CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Gagner M, Breton G, Pharand D, Pomp A (1996) Is laparoscopic adrenalectomy indicated for pheochromocytomas? Surgery 120: 1076–1080PubMed Gagner M, Breton G, Pharand D, Pomp A (1996) Is laparoscopic adrenalectomy indicated for pheochromocytomas? Surgery 120: 1076–1080PubMed
13.
go back to reference Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E (1992) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome and pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 327: 1033PubMed Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E (1992) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome and pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 327: 1033PubMed
14.
go back to reference Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E, Pomp A (1994) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: the importance of a flank approach in the lateral decubitus position. Surg Endosc 8: 135–138PubMed Gagner M, Lacroix A, Bolte E, Pomp A (1994) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: the importance of a flank approach in the lateral decubitus position. Surg Endosc 8: 135–138PubMed
15.
go back to reference Gagner M, Pomp A, Heniford BT, Pharand D, Lacroix A (1997) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 226: 238–247CrossRefPubMed Gagner M, Pomp A, Heniford BT, Pharand D, Lacroix A (1997) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: lessons learned from 100 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 226: 238–247CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Heniford BT, Arca MJ, Walsh RM, Gill IS (1999) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for cancer. Sem Surg Oncol 16: 293–306 Heniford BT, Arca MJ, Walsh RM, Gill IS (1999) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for cancer. Sem Surg Oncol 16: 293–306
17.
go back to reference Henry J-F, Defechereux T, Gramatica L, Raffaelli M (1999) Should laparoscopic approach be proposed for large and/or potentially malignant adrenal tumors? Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 384: 366–369 Henry J-F, Defechereux T, Gramatica L, Raffaelli M (1999) Should laparoscopic approach be proposed for large and/or potentially malignant adrenal tumors? Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 384: 366–369
18.
go back to reference Henry J-F, Defechereux T, Raffaelli M, Lubrano D, Gramatica L (2000) Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: results of 169 consecutive cases. World J Surg 24: 1342–46CrossRefPubMed Henry J-F, Defechereux T, Raffaelli M, Lubrano D, Gramatica L (2000) Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: results of 169 consecutive cases. World J Surg 24: 1342–46CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Hobart MG, Gill IS, Schweizer D, Sung GT, Bravo EL (2000) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large-volume (≥5cm) adrenal masses. J Endourol 14: 149–154PubMed Hobart MG, Gill IS, Schweizer D, Sung GT, Bravo EL (2000) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large-volume (≥5cm) adrenal masses. J Endourol 14: 149–154PubMed
20.
go back to reference Iacconi P, Bendinelli C, Miccoli P, Bernini GP (1999) Letter: Re a case of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical carcinoma 19 months after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Urol 161: 1580–1586CrossRefPubMed Iacconi P, Bendinelli C, Miccoli P, Bernini GP (1999) Letter: Re a case of Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical carcinoma 19 months after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. J Urol 161: 1580–1586CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Iihara M, Suzuki R, Kawamata A, Omi Y, Kodama H, Igari Y, Yamazaki K, Obara T (2003) Adrenal-preserving laparoscopic surgery in selected patients with bilateral adrenal tumors. Surgery 134: 1066–1073CrossRefPubMed Iihara M, Suzuki R, Kawamata A, Omi Y, Kodama H, Igari Y, Yamazaki K, Obara T (2003) Adrenal-preserving laparoscopic surgery in selected patients with bilateral adrenal tumors. Surgery 134: 1066–1073CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Iino K, Oki Y, Sasano H (2000) A case of adrenocortical carcinoma associated with recurrence after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Clin Endocrinol 53: 243–248CrossRef Iino K, Oki Y, Sasano H (2000) A case of adrenocortical carcinoma associated with recurrence after laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Clin Endocrinol 53: 243–248CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Imai T, Kikumori T, Phiwa M, Mase T, Funahashi H (1999) A case-controlled study of laparoscopic compared with open lateral adrenalectomy. Am J Surg 178: 50–54CrossRefPubMed Imai T, Kikumori T, Phiwa M, Mase T, Funahashi H (1999) A case-controlled study of laparoscopic compared with open lateral adrenalectomy. Am J Surg 178: 50–54CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Imai T, Tanaka Y, Kikumori T, Ohiwa M, Matsuura N, Mase T, Funahashi H (1999) Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. Surg Endosc 13: 343–345CrossRefPubMed Imai T, Tanaka Y, Kikumori T, Ohiwa M, Matsuura N, Mase T, Funahashi H (1999) Laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. Surg Endosc 13: 343–345CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Kebebew E, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh Q-Y (2002) Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. Arch Surg 137: 948–953PubMed Kebebew E, Siperstein AE, Clark OH, Duh Q-Y (2002) Results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for suspected and unsuspected malignant adrenal neoplasms. Arch Surg 137: 948–953PubMed
26.
go back to reference Kebebew E, Siperstein AE, Duh Q-Y (2001) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: The optimal surgical approach. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 11: 409–413CrossRef Kebebew E, Siperstein AE, Duh Q-Y (2001) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: The optimal surgical approach. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 11: 409–413CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lee JE, Curley SA, Gagel RF, Evans DB, Hickey RC (1996) Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for patients with bilateral pheochromocytoma. Surgery 120: 1064–1071PubMed Lee JE, Curley SA, Gagel RF, Evans DB, Hickey RC (1996) Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy for patients with bilateral pheochromocytoma. Surgery 120: 1064–1071PubMed
28.
go back to reference Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Egglin TK, Saini S, Mueller PR, Simeone JF (1991) Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology 179: 415–418PubMed Lee MJ, Hahn PF, Papanicolaou N, Egglin TK, Saini S, Mueller PR, Simeone JF (1991) Benign and malignant adrenal masses: CT distinction with attenuation coefficients, size, and observer analysis. Radiology 179: 415–418PubMed
29.
go back to reference Lezoche E, Guerrieri M, Paganini AM, Feliciotti F, Zenobi P, Antognini F, Mantero F (2000) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the transperitoneal approach. Surg Endosc 14: 920–925CrossRefPubMed Lezoche E, Guerrieri M, Paganini AM, Feliciotti F, Zenobi P, Antognini F, Mantero F (2000) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the transperitoneal approach. Surg Endosc 14: 920–925CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Li ML, Fitzgerald PA, Price DC, Norton JA (2001) Iatrogenic pheochromocytomatosis: a previously unreported result of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgery 130: 1072–77CrossRefPubMed Li ML, Fitzgerald PA, Price DC, Norton JA (2001) Iatrogenic pheochromocytomatosis: a previously unreported result of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surgery 130: 1072–77CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Linos D, Stylopoulos N, Boukis M, Souvatzoglou A, Raptis S, Papadimitriou J (1997) Anterior, posterior, or laparoscopic approach for management of adrenal diseases? Am J Surg 173: 120–125CrossRefPubMed Linos D, Stylopoulos N, Boukis M, Souvatzoglou A, Raptis S, Papadimitriou J (1997) Anterior, posterior, or laparoscopic approach for management of adrenal diseases? Am J Surg 173: 120–125CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference MacGillivray DC, Whalen GF, Malchoff CD, Oppenheim DS, Shichman SJ (2002) Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 9: 480–485CrossRefPubMed MacGillivray DC, Whalen GF, Malchoff CD, Oppenheim DS, Shichman SJ (2002) Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 9: 480–485CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Miccoli P, Materazzi G, Mussi A, Lucchi M, Massi M, Berti P (2004) A reappraisal of the indications for laparoscopic treatment of adrenal metastases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 14: 139–145CrossRef Miccoli P, Materazzi G, Mussi A, Lucchi M, Massi M, Berti P (2004) A reappraisal of the indications for laparoscopic treatment of adrenal metastases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 14: 139–145CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteuci T, Petersen RO, Mietiinen MM (1992) Benign adrenocortical masses: Diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology 185: 345–351PubMed Mitchell DG, Crovello M, Matteuci T, Petersen RO, Mietiinen MM (1992) Benign adrenocortical masses: Diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology 185: 345–351PubMed
35.
go back to reference Pautler SE, Choyke PL, Pavlovich CP, Daryanani K, Walther MM (2002) Intraoperative ultrasound aids in dissection during laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. J Urol 168: 1352–1355PubMed Pautler SE, Choyke PL, Pavlovich CP, Daryanani K, Walther MM (2002) Intraoperative ultrasound aids in dissection during laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy. J Urol 168: 1352–1355PubMed
36.
go back to reference Prinz RA (1995) A comparison of laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies. Arch Surg 130: 489–494PubMed Prinz RA (1995) A comparison of laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies. Arch Surg 130: 489–494PubMed
37.
38.
go back to reference Reincke M, Nieke J, Krestin GP, Saeger W, Allolio B, Winkelmanm W (1992) Preclinical Cushing’s syndrome in adrenal “incidentalomas”: comparison with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 826CrossRefPubMed Reincke M, Nieke J, Krestin GP, Saeger W, Allolio B, Winkelmanm W (1992) Preclinical Cushing’s syndrome in adrenal “incidentalomas”: comparison with adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 826CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Salomon L, Rabil R, Soulie M, Mouly P, Hoznek A, Coicco A, Saint F, Alame W, Antiphon P, Chopin D, Plante P, Abbou C-C (2001) Experience with retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. J Urol 165: 1871–1874CrossRefPubMed Salomon L, Rabil R, Soulie M, Mouly P, Hoznek A, Coicco A, Saint F, Alame W, Antiphon P, Chopin D, Plante P, Abbou C-C (2001) Experience with retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. J Urol 165: 1871–1874CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Sarela A, Murphy I, Coit DG, Conlon KCP (2003) Metstasis to the adrenal gland: the emerging role of laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 1191–1196PubMed Sarela A, Murphy I, Coit DG, Conlon KCP (2003) Metstasis to the adrenal gland: the emerging role of laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 1191–1196PubMed
41.
go back to reference Terachi T, Matsuda T, Terai A, Ogawa O, Kakehi Y, Kawakita M, Shichiri Y, Mukami O, Takeuchi H, Okada Y, Yoshida O (1997) Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: experience in 100 cases. J Endourol 11: 361–365PubMed Terachi T, Matsuda T, Terai A, Ogawa O, Kakehi Y, Kawakita M, Shichiri Y, Mukami O, Takeuchi H, Okada Y, Yoshida O (1997) Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: experience in 100 cases. J Endourol 11: 361–365PubMed
42.
go back to reference Thompson GB, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Schlinkert RT, Young WFJ, Farley DR (1997) Laparoscopic versus open posterior adrenalectomy: a case–control study. Surgery 122: 1132–1136CrossRefPubMed Thompson GB, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Schlinkert RT, Young WFJ, Farley DR (1997) Laparoscopic versus open posterior adrenalectomy: a case–control study. Surgery 122: 1132–1136CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Valeri A, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Lecchese M, MAnca G, Tonelli P, Bergamini C, Borrelli D, Palli M, Saieva C (2002) The influence of new technologies on laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surg Endosc 16: 1274–1279CrossRefPubMed Valeri A, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Lecchese M, MAnca G, Tonelli P, Bergamini C, Borrelli D, Palli M, Saieva C (2002) The influence of new technologies on laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Surg Endosc 16: 1274–1279CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Valeri A, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Lucchese M, Venneri F, Mannelli M, Regio S, Borrelli D (2001) Adrenal masses in neoplastic patients: the role of laparoscopic procedure. Surg Endosc 15: 90–93CrossRefPubMed Valeri A, Borrelli A, Presenti L, Lucchese M, Venneri F, Mannelli M, Regio S, Borrelli D (2001) Adrenal masses in neoplastic patients: the role of laparoscopic procedure. Surg Endosc 15: 90–93CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Schultz PN (2001) Adrenocortical carcinoma: clincal outcome at the end of the 20th century. Cancer 92: 1113–1121CrossRefPubMed Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Schultz PN (2001) Adrenocortical carcinoma: clincal outcome at the end of the 20th century. Cancer 92: 1113–1121CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Walther MM, Keiser HR, Choyke PL, Rayford W, Lyne JC, Linehan WM (1999) Management of hereditary pheochromocytoma in von Hippel–Lindau kindreds with partial adrenalectomy. J Urol 161: 395–398PubMed Walther MM, Keiser HR, Choyke PL, Rayford W, Lyne JC, Linehan WM (1999) Management of hereditary pheochromocytoma in von Hippel–Lindau kindreds with partial adrenalectomy. J Urol 161: 395–398PubMed
47.
go back to reference Walz MK, Peitgen K, Saller B, Giebler RM, Lederbogen S, Nimtz K, MAnn K, Eigler FW (1998) Subtotal adrenalectomy by the posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach. World J Surg 22: 621–627CrossRefPubMed Walz MK, Peitgen K, Saller B, Giebler RM, Lederbogen S, Nimtz K, MAnn K, Eigler FW (1998) Subtotal adrenalectomy by the posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach. World J Surg 22: 621–627CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Young WF Jr (1999) Primary aldosteronism: A common and curable form of hypertension. Cardiol Rev 7 (4): 207–14PubMed Young WF Jr (1999) Primary aldosteronism: A common and curable form of hypertension. Cardiol Rev 7 (4): 207–14PubMed
49.
go back to reference Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Farley DR, van Heerden JA (2004) Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery 36: 1227–1235 Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Farley DR, van Heerden JA (2004) Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery 36: 1227–1235
50.
go back to reference Zeh HJ, Udelsman R (2003) One hundred laparoscopic adrenalectomies: a single surgeon’s experience. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 1012–1017CrossRefPubMed Zeh HJ, Udelsman R (2003) One hundred laparoscopic adrenalectomies: a single surgeon’s experience. Ann Surg Oncol 10: 1012–1017CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Minimal access adrenal surgery
Author
L. M. Brunt
Publication date
01-03-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Surgical Endoscopy / Issue 3/2006
Print ISSN: 0930-2794
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-004-8269-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2006

Surgical Endoscopy 3/2006 Go to the issue