Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Dysphagia 3/2007

01-07-2007

Normal Swallowing and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review

Authors: Ianessa A. Humbert, PhD, JoAnne Robbins, PhD

Published in: Dysphagia | Issue 3/2007

Login to get access

Abstract

Unknowns about the neurophysiology of normal and disordered swallowing have stimulated exciting and important research questions. Previously, these questions were answered using clinical and animal studies. However, recent technologic advances have moved brain-imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the forefront of swallowing neurophysiology research. This systematic review has summarized the methods and results of studies of swallowing neurophysiology of healthy adults using fMRI. A comprehensive electronic and hand search for original research was conducted, including few search limitations to yield the maximum possible number of relevant studies. The participants, study design, tasks, and brain image acquisition were reviewed and the results indicate that the primary motor and sensory areas were most consistently active in the healthy adult participants across the relevant studies. Other prevalent areas of activation included the anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex. Review limitations and suggested future directions are also discussed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Emergency Care Research Institute, Evidence-Based Practice Center: Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute Stroke Patients. Rockville MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999 Emergency Care Research Institute, Evidence-Based Practice Center: Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute Stroke Patients. Rockville MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999
2.
go back to reference Alberts MJ, Horner J, Gray L, Brazer SR: Aspiration after stroke: lesion analysis by brain MRI. Dysphagia 7(3):170–173, 1992PubMedCrossRef Alberts MJ, Horner J, Gray L, Brazer SR: Aspiration after stroke: lesion analysis by brain MRI. Dysphagia 7(3):170–173, 1992PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Aydogdu I, Ertekin C, Tarlaci S, Turman B, Kiylioglu N, Secil Y: Dysphagia in lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg’s syndrome): an acute disconnection syndrome in premotor neurons related to swallowing activity? Stroke 32(9):2081–2087, 2001PubMed Aydogdu I, Ertekin C, Tarlaci S, Turman B, Kiylioglu N, Secil Y: Dysphagia in lateral medullary infarction (Wallenberg’s syndrome): an acute disconnection syndrome in premotor neurons related to swallowing activity? Stroke 32(9):2081–2087, 2001PubMed
4.
go back to reference Barer DH: The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52(2):236–241, 1989PubMed Barer DH: The natural history and functional consequences of dysphagia after hemispheric stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52(2):236–241, 1989PubMed
5.
go back to reference Chen MY, Ott DJ, Peele VN, Gelfand DW: Oropharynx in patients with cerebrovascular disease: evaluation with videofluoroscopy. Radiology 176(3):641–643, 1990PubMed Chen MY, Ott DJ, Peele VN, Gelfand DW: Oropharynx in patients with cerebrovascular disease: evaluation with videofluoroscopy. Radiology 176(3):641–643, 1990PubMed
6.
go back to reference Daniels SK, Brailey K, Foundas AL: Lingual discoordination and dysphagia following acute stroke: analyses of lesion localization. Dysphagia 14(2):85–92, 1999PubMedCrossRef Daniels SK, Brailey K, Foundas AL: Lingual discoordination and dysphagia following acute stroke: analyses of lesion localization. Dysphagia 14(2):85–92, 1999PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Daniels SK, Foundas AL: The role of the insular cortex in dysphagia. Dysphagia 12(3):146–156, 1997PubMedCrossRef Daniels SK, Foundas AL: The role of the insular cortex in dysphagia. Dysphagia 12(3):146–156, 1997PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT: Dysphagia in acute stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295(6595):411–414, 1987 Gordon C, Hewer RL, Wade DT: Dysphagia in acute stroke. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295(6595):411–414, 1987
9.
go back to reference Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Crone R, Hughes D, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: Explaining oropharyngeal dysphagia after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Lancet 350(9079):686–692, 1997PubMedCrossRef Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Crone R, Hughes D, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: Explaining oropharyngeal dysphagia after unilateral hemispheric stroke. Lancet 350(9079):686–692, 1997PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Singh KD, Barlow J, Hughes DG, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med 2(11):1217–1224, 1996PubMedCrossRef Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC, Singh KD, Barlow J, Hughes DG, Tallis RC, Thompson DG: The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med 2(11):1217–1224, 1996PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Han DS, Chang YC, Lu CH, Wang TG: Comparison of disordered swallowing patterns in patients with recurrent cortical/subcortical stroke and first-time brainstem stroke. J Rehabil Med 37(3):189–191, 2005PubMed Han DS, Chang YC, Lu CH, Wang TG: Comparison of disordered swallowing patterns in patients with recurrent cortical/subcortical stroke and first-time brainstem stroke. J Rehabil Med 37(3):189–191, 2005PubMed
12.
go back to reference Johnson ER, McKenzie SW, Rosenquist CJ, Lieberman JS, Sievers AE: Dysphagia following stroke: quantitative evaluation of pharyngeal transit times. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73(5):419–423, 1992PubMed Johnson ER, McKenzie SW, Rosenquist CJ, Lieberman JS, Sievers AE: Dysphagia following stroke: quantitative evaluation of pharyngeal transit times. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 73(5):419–423, 1992PubMed
13.
go back to reference Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J: Aspiration in acute stroke: a clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 86(12):825–829, 1993PubMed Kidd D, Lawson J, Nesbitt R, MacMahon J: Aspiration in acute stroke: a clinical study with videofluoroscopy. Q J Med 86(12):825–829, 1993PubMed
14.
go back to reference Kim H, Chung CS, Lee KH, Robbins J: Aspiration subsequent to a pure medullary infarction: lesion sites, clinical variables, and outcome. Arch Neurol 57(4):478–483, 2000PubMedCrossRef Kim H, Chung CS, Lee KH, Robbins J: Aspiration subsequent to a pure medullary infarction: lesion sites, clinical variables, and outcome. Arch Neurol 57(4):478–483, 2000PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Paciaroni M, Mazzotta G, Corea F, Caso V, Venti M, Milia P, Silvestrelli G, Palmerini F, Parnetti L, Gallai V: Dysphagia following stroke. Eur Neurol 51(3):162–167, 2004PubMedCrossRef Paciaroni M, Mazzotta G, Corea F, Caso V, Venti M, Milia P, Silvestrelli G, Palmerini F, Parnetti L, Gallai V: Dysphagia following stroke. Eur Neurol 51(3):162–167, 2004PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Ali GN, Wallace KL, Schwartz R, DeCarle DJ, Zagami AS, Cook IJ: Mechanisms of oral-pharyngeal dysphagia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Gastroenterology 110(2):383-392, 1996PubMedCrossRef Ali GN, Wallace KL, Schwartz R, DeCarle DJ, Zagami AS, Cook IJ: Mechanisms of oral-pharyngeal dysphagia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Gastroenterology 110(2):383-392, 1996PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Born LJ, Harned RH, Rikkers LF, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM: Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: role in dysphagia and response to myotomy. Mov Disord 11(1):53–58, 1996PubMedCrossRef Born LJ, Harned RH, Rikkers LF, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM: Cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: role in dysphagia and response to myotomy. Mov Disord 11(1):53–58, 1996PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Coates C, Bakheit AM: Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 38(1):49-52, 1997PubMed Coates C, Bakheit AM: Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 38(1):49-52, 1997PubMed
19.
go back to reference Leopold NA, Kagel MC: Pharyngo-esophageal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia 12(1):11-18; discussion 19–20, 1997PubMedCrossRef Leopold NA, Kagel MC: Pharyngo-esophageal dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia 12(1):11-18; discussion 19–20, 1997PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Stroudley J, Walsh M: Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Br J Radiol 64(766):890–893, 1991PubMedCrossRef Stroudley J, Walsh M: Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease. Br J Radiol 64(766):890–893, 1991PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Chouinard J, Lavigne E, Villeneuve C: Weight loss, dysphagia, and outcome in advanced dementia. Dysphagia 13(3):151–155, 1998PubMedCrossRef Chouinard J, Lavigne E, Villeneuve C: Weight loss, dysphagia, and outcome in advanced dementia. Dysphagia 13(3):151–155, 1998PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Horner J, Alberts MJ, Dawson DV, Cook GM: Swallowing in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 8(3):177–189, 1994PubMedCrossRef Horner J, Alberts MJ, Dawson DV, Cook GM: Swallowing in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 8(3):177–189, 1994PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Kalia M: Dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Metabolism 52(10 Suppl 2):36–38, 2003PubMedCrossRef Kalia M: Dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Metabolism 52(10 Suppl 2):36–38, 2003PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Priefer BA, Robbins J: Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Dysphagia 12(4):212-221, 1997PubMedCrossRef Priefer BA, Robbins J: Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Dysphagia 12(4):212-221, 1997PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Wada H, Nakajoh K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Suzuki T, Ohrui T, Arai H, Sasaki H: Risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Gerontology 47(5):271–276, 2001PubMedCrossRef Wada H, Nakajoh K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Suzuki T, Ohrui T, Arai H, Sasaki H: Risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Gerontology 47(5):271–276, 2001PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Cherney LR, Halper AS: Swallowing problems in adults with traumatic brain injury. Semin Neurol 16(4):349–353, 1996PubMed Cherney LR, Halper AS: Swallowing problems in adults with traumatic brain injury. Semin Neurol 16(4):349–353, 1996PubMed
27.
go back to reference Lazarus C, Logemann JA: Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68(2):79–84, 1987PubMed Lazarus C, Logemann JA: Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68(2):79–84, 1987PubMed
28.
go back to reference Leder SB: Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):448–453, 1999PubMedCrossRef Leder SB: Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):448–453, 1999PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Mackay LE, Morgan AS, Bernstein BA: Factors affecting oral feeding with severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):435–447, 1999PubMed Mackay LE, Morgan AS, Bernstein BA: Factors affecting oral feeding with severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):435–447, 1999PubMed
30.
go back to reference Morgan AS, Mackay LE: Causes and complications associated with swallowing disorders in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):454–461, 1999PubMed Morgan AS, Mackay LE: Causes and complications associated with swallowing disorders in traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(5):454–461, 1999PubMed
31.
go back to reference Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Brooks DJ, Bailey D, Aziz Q, Thompson DG: Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H2(15)O PET activation. J Neurophysiol 81(4):1917–1926, 1999PubMed Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Brooks DJ, Bailey D, Aziz Q, Thompson DG: Identification of the cerebral loci processing human swallowing with H2(15)O PET activation. J Neurophysiol 81(4):1917–1926, 1999PubMed
32.
go back to reference Harris ML, Julyan P, Kulkarni B, Gow D, Hobson A, Hastings D, Zweit J, Hamdy S: Mapping metabolic brain activation during human volitional swallowing: a positron emission tomography study using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(4):520–526, 2005PubMedCrossRef Harris ML, Julyan P, Kulkarni B, Gow D, Hobson A, Hastings D, Zweit J, Hamdy S: Mapping metabolic brain activation during human volitional swallowing: a positron emission tomography study using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25(4):520–526, 2005PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, MacLeod AM, Pardo JV, Fox PT, Petersen SE: Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 4(1):8–26, 1994PubMedCrossRef Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, MacLeod AM, Pardo JV, Fox PT, Petersen SE: Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 4(1):8–26, 1994PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Zald DH, Pardo JV: The functional neuroanatomy of voluntary swallowing. Ann Neurol 46(3):281–286, 1999PubMedCrossRef Zald DH, Pardo JV: The functional neuroanatomy of voluntary swallowing. Ann Neurol 46(3):281–286, 1999PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Abe S, Wantanabe Y, Shintani M, Tazaki M, Takahashi M, Yamane GY, Ide Y, Yamada Y, Shimono M, Ishikawa T: Magnetoencephalographic study of the starting point of voluntary swallowing. Cranio 21(1):46–49, 2003PubMed Abe S, Wantanabe Y, Shintani M, Tazaki M, Takahashi M, Yamane GY, Ide Y, Yamada Y, Shimono M, Ishikawa T: Magnetoencephalographic study of the starting point of voluntary swallowing. Cranio 21(1):46–49, 2003PubMed
36.
go back to reference Dziewas R, Soros P, Ishii R, Chau W, Henningsen H, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S, Pantev C: Neuroimaging evidence for cortical involvement in the preparation and in the act of swallowing. Neuroimage 20(1):135–144, 2003PubMedCrossRef Dziewas R, Soros P, Ishii R, Chau W, Henningsen H, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S, Pantev C: Neuroimaging evidence for cortical involvement in the preparation and in the act of swallowing. Neuroimage 20(1):135–144, 2003PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Furlong PL, Hobson AR, Aziz Q, Barnes GR, Singh KD, Hillebrand A, Thompson DG, Hamdy S: Dissociating the spatio-temporal characteristics of cortical neuronal activity associated with human volitional swallowing in the healthy adult brain. Neuroimage 22(4):1447–1455, 2004PubMedCrossRef Furlong PL, Hobson AR, Aziz Q, Barnes GR, Singh KD, Hillebrand A, Thompson DG, Hamdy S: Dissociating the spatio-temporal characteristics of cortical neuronal activity associated with human volitional swallowing in the healthy adult brain. Neuroimage 22(4):1447–1455, 2004PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Loose R, Hamdy S, Enck P: Magnetoencephalographic response characteristics associated with tongue movement. Dysphagia 16(3):183–185, 2001PubMedCrossRef Loose R, Hamdy S, Enck P: Magnetoencephalographic response characteristics associated with tongue movement. Dysphagia 16(3):183–185, 2001PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Watanabe Y, Abe S, Ishikawa T, Yamada Y, Yamane GY: Cortical regulation during the early stage of initiation of voluntary swallowing in humans. Dysphagia 19(2):100–108, 2004PubMedCrossRef Watanabe Y, Abe S, Ishikawa T, Yamada Y, Yamane GY: Cortical regulation during the early stage of initiation of voluntary swallowing in humans. Dysphagia 19(2):100–108, 2004PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Ertekin C, Turman B, Tarlaci S, Celik M, Aydogdu I, Secil Y, Kiylioglu N: Cricopharyngeal sphincter muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with dysphagia. Clin Neurophysiol 112(1):86–94, 2001PubMedCrossRef Ertekin C, Turman B, Tarlaci S, Celik M, Aydogdu I, Secil Y, Kiylioglu N: Cricopharyngeal sphincter muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with dysphagia. Clin Neurophysiol 112(1):86–94, 2001PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Fraser C, Power M, Hamdy S, Rothwell J, Hobday D, Hollander I, Tyrell P, Hobson A, Williams S, Thompson D: Driving plasticity in human adult motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. Neuron 34(5):831–840, 2002PubMedCrossRef Fraser C, Power M, Hamdy S, Rothwell J, Hobday D, Hollander I, Tyrell P, Hobson A, Williams S, Thompson D: Driving plasticity in human adult motor cortex is associated with improved motor function after brain injury. Neuron 34(5):831–840, 2002PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Rodel RM, Laskawi R, Markus H: Tongue representation in the lateral cortical motor region of the human brain as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112(1):71–76, 2003PubMed Rodel RM, Laskawi R, Markus H: Tongue representation in the lateral cortical motor region of the human brain as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112(1):71–76, 2003PubMed
43.
go back to reference Hiraoka K: Movement-related cortical potentials associated with saliva and water bolus swallowing. Dysphagia 19(3):155–159, 2004PubMedCrossRef Hiraoka K: Movement-related cortical potentials associated with saliva and water bolus swallowing. Dysphagia 19(3):155–159, 2004PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Huckabee ML, Deecke L, Cannito MP, Gould HJ, Mayr W: Cortical control mechanisms in volitional swallowing: the Bereitschaftspotential. Brain Topogr 16(1):3–17, 2003PubMedCrossRef Huckabee ML, Deecke L, Cannito MP, Gould HJ, Mayr W: Cortical control mechanisms in volitional swallowing: the Bereitschaftspotential. Brain Topogr 16(1):3–17, 2003PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Satow T, Ikeda A, Yamamoto J, Begum T, Thuy DH, Matsuhashi M, Mima T, Nagamine T, Baba K, Mihara T, Inoue Y, Miyamoto S, Hashimoto N, Shibasaki H: Role of primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in volitional swallowing: a movement-related cortical potential study. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287(2):G459–G470, 2004PubMedCrossRef Satow T, Ikeda A, Yamamoto J, Begum T, Thuy DH, Matsuhashi M, Mima T, Nagamine T, Baba K, Mihara T, Inoue Y, Miyamoto S, Hashimoto N, Shibasaki H: Role of primary sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area in volitional swallowing: a movement-related cortical potential study. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287(2):G459–G470, 2004PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Heuttel S, Song A, McCarthy G: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2004 Heuttel S, Song A, McCarthy G: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2004
47.
go back to reference He AG, Tan LH, Tang Y, James GA, Wright P, Eckert MA, Fox PT, Liu Y: Modulation of neural connectivity during tongue movement and reading. Hum Brain Mapp 18(3):222–232, 2003PubMedCrossRef He AG, Tan LH, Tang Y, James GA, Wright P, Eckert MA, Fox PT, Liu Y: Modulation of neural connectivity during tongue movement and reading. Hum Brain Mapp 18(3):222–232, 2003PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Rotte M, Kanowski M, Heinze HJ: Functional magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the motor system: primary and secondary brain areas in different motor tasks. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78(1):3–16, 2002PubMedCrossRef Rotte M, Kanowski M, Heinze HJ: Functional magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the motor system: primary and secondary brain areas in different motor tasks. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78(1):3–16, 2002PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Shinagawa H, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Honda E, Sasaki T, Taira M, Iriki A, Kuroda T: Hemispheric dominance of tongue control depends on the chewing-side preference. J Dent Res 82(4):278–283, 2003PubMed Shinagawa H, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Honda E, Sasaki T, Taira M, Iriki A, Kuroda T: Hemispheric dominance of tongue control depends on the chewing-side preference. J Dent Res 82(4):278–283, 2003PubMed
50.
go back to reference Watanabe J, Sugiura M, Miura N, Watanabe Y, Maeda Y, Matsue Y, Kawashima R: The human parietal cortex is involved in spatial processing of tongue movement-an fMRI study. Neuroimage 21(4):1289–1299, 2004PubMedCrossRef Watanabe J, Sugiura M, Miura N, Watanabe Y, Maeda Y, Matsue Y, Kawashima R: The human parietal cortex is involved in spatial processing of tongue movement-an fMRI study. Neuroimage 21(4):1289–1299, 2004PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Jesmanowicz A, Shaker R: Magnetic field changes in the human brain due to swallowing or speaking. Magn Reson Med 40(1):55–60, 1998PubMedCrossRef Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Jesmanowicz A, Shaker R: Magnetic field changes in the human brain due to swallowing or speaking. Magn Reson Med 40(1):55–60, 1998PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mosier K, Liu WC, Behin B, Lee C, Baredes S: Cortical adaptation following partial glossectomy with primary closure: implications for reconstruction of the oral tongue. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 114(9):681–687, 2005PubMed Mosier K, Liu WC, Behin B, Lee C, Baredes S: Cortical adaptation following partial glossectomy with primary closure: implications for reconstruction of the oral tongue. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 114(9):681–687, 2005PubMed
53.
go back to reference Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Shaker R: Event-related fMRI of tasks involving brief motion. Hum Brain Mapp 7(2):106–114, 1999PubMedCrossRef Birn RM, Bandettini PA, Cox RW, Shaker R: Event-related fMRI of tasks involving brief motion. Hum Brain Mapp 7(2):106–114, 1999PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Martin R, Barr A, Macintosh B, Smith R, Stevens T, Taves D, Gati J, Menon R, Hachinski V: Cerebral cortical processing of swallowing in older adults. Exp Brain Res 176(1):12–22, 2007PubMedCrossRef Martin R, Barr A, Macintosh B, Smith R, Stevens T, Taves D, Gati J, Menon R, Hachinski V: Cerebral cortical processing of swallowing in older adults. Exp Brain Res 176(1):12–22, 2007PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, Xue S, Lau H, Henry S, Diamant NE: Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an event-related fMRI study. Am J Physiol 277(1 Pt 1):G219–G225, 1999PubMed Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, Xue S, Lau H, Henry S, Diamant NE: Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an event-related fMRI study. Am J Physiol 277(1 Pt 1):G219–G225, 1999PubMed
56.
go back to reference Kern M, Birn R, Jaradeh S, Jesmanowicz A, Cox R, Hyde J, Shaker R: Swallow-related cerebral cortical activity maps are not specific to deglutition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(4):G531–G538, 2001PubMed Kern M, Birn R, Jaradeh S, Jesmanowicz A, Cox R, Hyde J, Shaker R: Swallow-related cerebral cortical activity maps are not specific to deglutition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(4):G531–G538, 2001PubMed
57.
go back to reference Kern MK, Jaradeh S, Arndorfer RC, Shaker R: Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(3):G354–G360, 2001PubMed Kern MK, Jaradeh S, Arndorfer RC, Shaker R: Cerebral cortical representation of reflexive and volitional swallowing in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(3):G354–G360, 2001PubMed
58.
go back to reference Komisaruk BR, Mosier KM, Liu WC, Criminale C, Zaborszky L, Whipple B, Kalnin A: Functional localization of brainstem and cervical spinal cord nuclei in humans with fMRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(4):609–617, 2002PubMed Komisaruk BR, Mosier KM, Liu WC, Criminale C, Zaborszky L, Whipple B, Kalnin A: Functional localization of brainstem and cervical spinal cord nuclei in humans with fMRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(4):609–617, 2002PubMed
59.
go back to reference Martin RE, Goodyear BG, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral cortical representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol 85(2):938–950, 2001PubMed Martin RE, Goodyear BG, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral cortical representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol 85(2):938–950, 2001PubMed
60.
go back to reference Martin RE, MacIntosh BJ, Smith RC, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral areas processing swallowing and tongue movement are overlapping but distinct: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurophysiol 92(4):2428–2443, 2004PubMedCrossRef Martin RE, MacIntosh BJ, Smith RC, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS: Cerebral areas processing swallowing and tongue movement are overlapping but distinct: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurophysiol 92(4):2428–2443, 2004PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Mosier K, Bereznaya I: Parallel cortical networks for volitional control of swallowing in humans. Exp Brain Res 140(3):280–289, 2001PubMedCrossRef Mosier K, Bereznaya I: Parallel cortical networks for volitional control of swallowing in humans. Exp Brain Res 140(3):280–289, 2001PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Mosier K, Patel R, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Maldjian J, Baredes S: Cortical representation of swallowing in normal adults: functional implications. Laryngoscope 109(9):1417–1423, 1999PubMedCrossRef Mosier K, Patel R, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Maldjian J, Baredes S: Cortical representation of swallowing in normal adults: functional implications. Laryngoscope 109(9):1417–1423, 1999PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Mosier KM, Liu WC, Maldjian JA, Shah R, Modi B: Lateralization of cortical function in swallowing: a functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(8):1520–1526, 1999PubMed Mosier KM, Liu WC, Maldjian JA, Shah R, Modi B: Lateralization of cortical function in swallowing: a functional MR imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(8):1520–1526, 1999PubMed
64.
go back to reference Suzuki M, Asada Y, Ito J, Hayashi K, Inoue H, Kitano H: Activation of cerebellum and basal ganglia on volitional swallowing detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dysphagia 18(2):71–77, 2003PubMedCrossRef Suzuki M, Asada Y, Ito J, Hayashi K, Inoue H, Kitano H: Activation of cerebellum and basal ganglia on volitional swallowing detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dysphagia 18(2):71–77, 2003PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Toogood JA, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS, Martin RE: Discrete functional contributions of cerebral cortical foci in voluntary swallowing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) “Go, No-Go” study. Exp Brain Res 161(1):81–90, 2005PubMedCrossRef Toogood JA, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, Menon RS, Martin RE: Discrete functional contributions of cerebral cortical foci in voluntary swallowing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) “Go, No-Go” study. Exp Brain Res 161(1):81–90, 2005PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Zarahn E, Slifstein M: A reference effect approach for power analysis in fMRI. Neuroimage 14(3):768-779, 2001PubMedCrossRef Zarahn E, Slifstein M: A reference effect approach for power analysis in fMRI. Neuroimage 14(3):768-779, 2001PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Robbins J, Hamilton JW, Lof GL, Kempster GB: Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages. Gastroenterology 103(3):823–829, 1992PubMed Robbins J, Hamilton JW, Lof GL, Kempster GB: Oropharyngeal swallowing in normal adults of different ages. Gastroenterology 103(3):823–829, 1992PubMed
68.
go back to reference Tracy JF, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, Jacob P, Kobara M, Krugler C: Preliminary observations on the effects of age on oropharyngeal deglutition. Dysphagia 4(2):90–94, 1989PubMedCrossRef Tracy JF, Logemann JA, Kahrilas PJ, Jacob P, Kobara M, Krugler C: Preliminary observations on the effects of age on oropharyngeal deglutition. Dysphagia 4(2):90–94, 1989PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Normal Swallowing and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review
Authors
Ianessa A. Humbert, PhD
JoAnne Robbins, PhD
Publication date
01-07-2007
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Dysphagia / Issue 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0179-051X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0460
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-007-9080-9

Other articles of this Issue 3/2007

Dysphagia 3/2007 Go to the issue