Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

ACC 2024 Congress

Catch up on all the top stories and latest evidence in cardiology research with our ACC 2024 Congress hub page.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Brain Structure and Function
Published in: Brain Structure and Function 6/2019

01-07-2019 | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | Original Article

Phonological picture–word interference in language mapping with transcranial magnetic stimulation: an objective approach for functional parcellation of Broca’s region

Authors: Katrin Sakreida, Johanna Blume-Schnitzler, Stefan Heim, Klaus Willmes, Hans Clusmann, Georg Neuloh

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 6/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Functional imaging data suggest different regions for semantic, syntactic, and phonological processing in an anterior-to-posterior direction along the inferior frontal gyrus. Language mapping by use of neuro-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is frequently applied in clinical research to identify language-related cortical regions. Recently, we proposed a high spatial resolution approach for more detailed language mapping of cortical sub-areas such as Broca’s region. Here, we employed a phonological picture–word interference paradigm in healthy subjects to reveal functional specialization in Broca’s region for phonological processing. The behavioral phonological priming effect is characterized by accelerated naming responses to target pictures accompanied by phonologically related auditory distractor words. We hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of TMS on language processing would reduce phonological priming only at stimulation sites involved in phonological processing. In active as compared to sham TMS, we found reduced phonological facilitation specifically at sites overlapping with the probabilistic cytoarchitectonic area 44. Our findings complemented functional imaging data by revealing structure–function relationship in Broca’s region. The introduction of a reaction time based interference paradigm into TMS language mapping increases the objectivity of the method and allows to explore functional specificity with high temporal resolution. Findings may help to interpret results in clinical applications.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
Abel S, Dressel K, Bitzer R, Kümmerer D, Mader I, Weiller C, Huber W (2009) The separation of processing stages in a lexical interference fMRI-paradigm. Neuroimage 44(3):1113–1124CrossRefPubMed
Amunts K, Zilles K (2012) Architecture and organizational principles of Broca’s region. Trends Cogn Sci 16(8):418–426CrossRefPubMed
Amunts K, Schleicher A, Bürgel U, Mohlberg H, Uylings HB, Zilles K (1999) Broca’s region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J Comp Neurol 412(2):319–341CrossRef
Amunts K, Lenzen M, Friederici AD, Schleicher A, Morosan P, Palomero-Gallagher N, Zilles K (2010) Broca’s region: novel organizational principles and multiple receptor mapping. PLoS Biol 8(9):e1000489CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Baayen RH, Piepenbrock R, Gulikers L (1996) CELEX2. Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia
Belmaker B, Fitzgerald P, George MS, Lisanby HS, Pascual-Leone A, Schlaepfer TE, Wassermann E (2003) Managing the risks of repetitive transcranial stimulation. CNS Spectr 8:489CrossRefPubMed
Berent I, Brem AK, Zhao X, Seligson E, Pan H, Epstein J, Stern E, Galaburda AM, Pascual-Leone A (2015) Role of the motor system in language knowledge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(7):1983–1988CrossRefPubMed
Bookheimer S (2002) Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:151–188CrossRefPubMed
Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Barth, Leipzig
Catani M, Jones DK, Ffytche DH (2005) Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann Neurol 57(1):8–16CrossRef
Catani M, Dell’acqua F, Vergani F, Malik F, Hodge H, Roy P, Valabregue R, Thiebaut de Schotten M (2012) Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain. Cortex 48(2):273–291CrossRef
Catani M, Mesulam MM, Jakobsen E, Malik F, Martersteck A, Wieneke C, Thompson CK, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Dell’Acqua F, Weintraub S, Rogalski E (2013) A novel frontal pathway underlies verbal fluency in primary progressive aphasia. Brain 136(Pt8):2619–2628CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Clos M, Amunts K, Laird AR, Fox PT, Eickhoff SB (2013) Tackling the multifunctional nature of Broca’s region meta-analytically: co-activation-based parcellation of area 44. Neuroimage 83:174–188CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Corina DP, Loudermilk BC, Detwiler L, Martin RF, Brinkley JF, Ojemann G (2010) Analysis of naming errors during cortical stimulation mapping: implications for models of language representation. Brain Lang 115(2):101–112CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Damian MF, Martin RC (1999) Semantic and phonological codes interact in single word production. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 25(2):345–361CrossRefPubMed
de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL (2009) Auditory context effects in picture naming investigated with event-related fMRI. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 9(3):260–269CrossRefPubMed
de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Eastburn MM, Wilson SJ (2002) Orthographic/phonological facilitation of naming responses in the picture–word task: an event-related fMRI study using overt vocal responding. Neuroimage 16(4):1084–1093CrossRefPubMed
Deschamps I, Baum SR, Gracco VL (2014) On the role of the supramarginal gyrus in phonological processing and verbal working memory: evidence from rTMS studies. Neuropsychologia 53:39–46CrossRefPubMed
Diaz MT, Hogstrom LJ, Zhuang J, Voyvodic JT, Johnson MA, Camblin CC (2014) Written distractor words influence brain activity during overt picture naming. Front Hum Neurosci 8:167CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Duffau H (2007) Contribution of cortical and subcortical electrostimulation in brain glioma surgery: methodological and functional considerations. Neurophysiol Clin 37(6):373–382CrossRefPubMed
Duffau H, Capelle L, Sichez N, Denvil D, Lopes M, Sichez JP, Bitar A, Fohanno D (2002) Intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways using direct stimulations. An anatomo-functional study. Brain 125(Pt1):199–214CrossRefPubMed
Duffau H, Capelle L, Denvil D, Gatignol P, Sichez N, Lopes M, Sichez JP, Van Effenterre R (2003a) The role of dominant premotor cortex in language: a study using intraoperative functional mapping in awake patients. Neuroimage 20(4):1903–1914CrossRefPubMed
Duffau H, Gatignol P, Denvil D, Lopes M, Capelle L (2003b) The articulatory loop: study of the subcortical connectivity by electrostimulation. NeuroReport 14(15):2005–2008CrossRef
Duffau H, Peggy Gatignol ST, Mandonnet E, Capelle L, Taillandier L (2008) Intraoperative subcortical stimulation mapping of language pathways in a consecutive series of 115 patients with Grade II glioma in the left dominant hemisphere. J Neurosurg 109(3):461–471CrossRefPubMed
Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H, Grefkes C, Fink GR, Amunts K, Zilles K (2005) A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage 25(4):1325–1335CrossRef
Eickhoff SB, Paus T, Caspers S, Grosbras MH, Evans A, Zilles K, Amunts K (2007) Assignment of functional activations to probabilistic cytoarchitectonic areas revisited. Neuroimage 36(3):511–521CrossRefPubMed
Epstein CM, Lah JJ, Meador K, Weissman JD, Gaitan LE, Dihenia B (1996) Optimum stimulus parameters for lateralized suppression of speech with magnetic brain stimulation. Neurology 47(6):1590–1593CrossRefPubMed
Espadaler JM, Conesa G (2011) Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for language mapping: a new tool for surgical planning. In: Duffau H (ed) Brain mapping: from neural basis of cognition to surgical applications. Springer, Vienna, New York, pp 253–261CrossRef
Fernández Coello A, Moritz-Gasser S, Martino J, Martinoni M, Matsuda R, Duffau H (2013) Selection of intraoperative tasks for awake mapping based on relationships between tumor location and functional networks. J Neurosurg 119(6):1380–1394CrossRefPubMed
Friederici AD (2002) Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends Cogn Sci 6(2):78–84CrossRefPubMed
Friederici AD (2009) Pathways to language: fiber tracts in the human brain. Trends Cogn Sci 13(4):175–181CrossRefPubMed
Friederici AD (2011) The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 91(4):1357–1392CrossRefPubMed
Friederici AD (2015) White-matter pathways for speech and language processing. Handb Clin Neurol 129:177–186CrossRefPubMed
Gough PM, Nobre AC, Devlin JT (2005) Dissociating linguistic processes in the left inferior frontal cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 25(35):8010–8016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Hartwigsen G, Baumgaertner A, Price CJ, Koehnke M, Ulmer S, Siebner HR (2010a) Phonological decisions require both the left and right supramarginal gyri. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(38):16494–16499CrossRefPubMed
Hartwigsen G, Price CJ, Baumgaertner A, Geiss G, Koehnke M, Ulmer S, Siebner HR (2010b) The right posterior inferior frontal gyrus contributes to phonological word decisions in the healthy brain: evidence from dual-site TMS. Neuropsychologia 48(10):3155–3163CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Hartwigsen G, Bzdok D, Klein M, Wawrzyniak M, Stockert A, Wrede K, Classen J, Saur D (2017) Rapid short-term reorganization in the language network. Elife 6:e25964CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Hauck T, Tanigawa N, Probst M, Wohlschlaeger A, Ille S, Sollmann N, Maurer S, Zimmer C, Ringel F, Meyer B, Krieg SM (2015) Task type affects location of language-positive cortical regions by repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping. PLoS One 10(4):e0125298CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Amunts K (2008) Specialisation in Broca’s region for semantic, phonological, and syntactic fluency? Neuroimage 40(3):1362–1368CrossRefPubMed
Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Amunts K (2009a) Different roles of cytoarchitectonic BA 44 and BA 45 in phonological and semantic verbal fluency as revealed by dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 48(3):616–624CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Friederici AD, Amunts K (2009b) Left cytoarchitectonic area 44 supports selection in the mental lexicon during language production. Brain Struct Funct 213(4–5):441–456CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Heim S, Pape-Neumann J, van Ermingen-Marbach M, Brinkhaus M, Grande M (2015) Shared vs. specific brain activation changes in dyslexia after training of phonology, attention, or reading. Brain Struct Funct 220(4):2191–2207CrossRefPubMed
Henseler I, Mädebach A, Kotz SA, Jescheniak JD (2014) Modulating brain mechanisms resolving lexico-semantic interference during word production: a transcranial direct current stimulation study. J Cogn Neurosci 26(7):1403–1417CrossRefPubMed
Ille S, Sollmann N, Hauck T, Maurer S, Tanigawa N, Obermueller T, Negwer C, Droese D, Boeckh-Behrens T, Meyer B, Ringel F, Krieg SM (2015a) Impairment of preoperative language mapping by lesion location: a functional magnetic resonance imaging, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation, and direct cortical stimulation study. J Neurosurg 123(2):314–324CrossRef
Ille S, Sollmann N, Hauck T, Maurer S, Tanigawa N, Obermueller T, Negwer C, Droese D, Zimmer C, Meyer B, Ringel F, Krieg SM (2015b) Combined noninvasive language mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI and its comparison with direct cortical stimulation. J Neurosurg 123(1):212–225CrossRef
Indefrey P, Levelt WJM (2000) The neural correlates of language production. In: Gazzaniga MS (ed) The new cognitive neurosciences, 2nd edn. The MIT Press, Cambridge, London, pp 845–865
Indefrey P, Levelt WJM (2004) The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 92(1–2):101–144CrossRefPubMed
Jescheniak JD, Levelt WJM (1994) Word frequency effects in speech production: retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 20(4):824–843CrossRef
Jescheniak JD, Schriefers H (2001) Priming effects from phonologically related distractors in picture–word interference. Q J Exp Psychol 54A(2):371–382
Jescheniak JD, Schriefers H, Hantsch A (2003) Utterance format affects phonological priming in the picture–word task: implications for models of phonological encoding in speech production. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 29(2):441–454CrossRefPubMed
Kinoshita M, de Champfleur NM, Deverdun J, Moritz-Gasser S, Herbet G, Duffau H (2015) Role of fronto-striatal tract and frontal aslant tract in movement and speech: an axonal mapping study. Brain Struct Funct 220(6):3399–3412CrossRefPubMed
Kotz SA, D’Ausilio A, Raettig T, Begliomini C, Craighero L, Fabbri-Destro M, Zingales C, Haggard P, Fadiga L (2010) Lexicality drives audio-motor transformations in Broca’s area. Brain Lang 112(1):3–11CrossRefPubMed
Levelt WJM (1989) Speaking: from intention to articulation. The MIT Press, Cambridge, London
Levelt WJM, Roelofs A, Meyer AS (1999) A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behav Brain Sci 22(1):1–38; discussion 38–75
Lindenberg R, Fangerau H, Seitz RJ (2007) “Broca’s area” as a collective term? Brain Lang 102(1):22–29CrossRefPubMed
Lioumis P, Zhdanov A, Mäkelä N, Lehtinen H, Wilenius J, Neuvonen T, Hannula H, Deletis V, Picht T, Mäkelä JP (2012) A novel approach for documenting naming errors induced by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 204(2):349–354CrossRefPubMed
Meister IG, Wu AD, Deblieck C, Iacoboni M (2012) Early semantic and phonological effects on temporal- and muscle-specific motor resonance. Eur J Neurosci 36(3):2391–2399CrossRefPubMed
Meyer AS, Schriefers H (1991) Phonological facilitation in picture–word interference experiments: effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and types of interfering stimuli. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 17(6):1146–1160CrossRef
Moritz-Gasser S, Duffau H (2009) Evidence of a large-scale network underlying language switching: a brain stimulation study. J Neurosurg 111(4):729–732CrossRefPubMed
Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2000) Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 527(Pt3):633–639CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Nitsche MA, Cohen LG, Wassermann EM, Priori A, Lang N, Antal A, Paulus W, Hummel F, Boggio PS, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A (2008) Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul 1(3):206–223CrossRefPubMed
Nixon P, Lazarova J, Hodinott-Hill I, Gough P, Passingham R (2004) The inferior frontal gyrus and phonological processing: an investigation using rTMS. J Cogn Neurosci 16(2):289–300CrossRefPubMed
Ojemann G, Ojemann J, Lettich E, Berger M (1989a) Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 71(3):316–326CrossRefPubMed
Ojemann G, Ojemann J, Lettich E (1989b) Berger M (2008) Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 108(2):411–421CrossRef
Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9(1):97–113CrossRefPubMed
Pascual-Leone A, Bartres-Faz D, Keenan JP (1999) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of “virtual lesions”. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354(1387):1229–1238CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Picht T, Krieg SM, Sollmann N, Rösler J, Niraula B, Neuvonen T, Savolainen P, Lioumis P, Mäkelä JP, Deletis V, Meyer B, Vajkoczy P, Ringel F (2013) A comparison of language mapping by preoperative navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct cortical stimulation during awake surgery. Neurosurgery 72(5):808–819CrossRef
Pisoni A, Cerciello M, Cattaneo Z, Papagno C (2017) Phonological facilitation in picture naming: when and where? A tDCS study. Neuroscience 352:106–121CrossRefPubMed
Poldrack RA, Wagner AD, Prull MW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD (1999) Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 10(1):15–35CrossRefPubMed
Price CJ (2010) The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1191:62–88CrossRefPubMed
Price CJ (2012) A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage 62(2):816–847CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Rickham PP (1994) Human experimentation. Code of ethics of the World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki. Br Med J 2(5402):177
Rogić M, Deletis V, Fernández-Conejero I (2014) Inducing transient language disruptions by mapping of Broca’s area with modified patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol. J Neurosurg 120(5):1033–1041CrossRefPubMed
Rösler J, Niraula B, Strack V, Zdunczyk A, Schilt S, Savolainen P, Lioumis P, Mäkelä J, Vajkoczy P, Frey D, Picht T (2014) Language mapping in healthy volunteers and brain tumor patients with a novel navigated TMS system: evidence of tumor-induced plasticity. Clin Neurophysiol 125(3):526–536CrossRefPubMed
Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramia MD, Caruso G, Cracco RQ, Dimitrijević MR, Hallett M, Katayama Y, Lücking CH, Maertens de Noordhout AL, Marsden CD, Murray NMF, Rothwell CJ, Swash M, Tomberg C (1994) Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 91(2):79–92CrossRefPubMed
Rossini PM, Burke D, Chen R, Cohen LG, Daskalakis Z, Di Iorio R, Di Lazzaro V, Ferreri F, Fitzgerald PB, George MS, Hallett M, Lefaucheur JP, Langguth B, Matsumoto H, Miniussi C, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus W, Rossi S, Rothwell JC, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Walsh V, Ziemann U (2015) Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee. Clin Neurophysiol 126:1071–1107CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Roy AC, Craighero L, Fabbri-Destro M, Fadiga L (2008) Phonological and lexical motor facilitation during speech listening: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Physiol Paris 102(1–3):101–105CrossRefPubMed
Ruff CC, Driver J, Bestmann S (2009) Combining TMS and fMRI: from “virtual lesions” to functional-network accounts of cognition. Cortex 45(9):1043–1049CrossRefPubMed
Sack AT, Linden DE (2003) Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional imaging in cognitive brain research: possibilities and limitations. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 43(1):41–56CrossRefPubMed
Sahin NT, Pinker S, Cash SS, Schomer D, Halgren E (2009) Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s area. Science 326(5951):445–449CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Sakreida K, Lange I, Willmes K, Heim S, Binkofski F, Clusmann H, Neuloh G (2018) High-resolution language mapping of Broca’s region with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Struct Funct 223(3):1297–1312PubMed
Sandrini M, Umiltà C, Rusconi E (2011) The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: a new synthesis of methodological issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35(3):516–536CrossRefPubMed
Saur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S, Kümmerer D, Kellmeyer P, Vry MS, Umarova R, Musso M, Glauche V, Abel S, Huber W, Rijntjes M, Hennig J, Weiller C (2008) Ventral and dorsal pathways for language. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(46):18035–18040CrossRef
Saur D, Schelter B, Schnell S, Kratochvil D, Küpper H, Kellmeyer P, Kümmerer D, Klöppel S, Glauche V, Lange R, Mader W, Feess D, Timmer J, Weiller C (2010) Combining functional and anatomical connectivity reveals brain networks for auditory language comprehension. Neuroimage 49(4):3187–3197CrossRefPubMed
Schriefers H, Meyer AS, Levelt WJM (1990) Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: picture–word interference studies. J Mem Lang 29(1):86–102CrossRef
Sliwinska MW, Khadilkar M, Campbell-Ratcliffe J, Quevenco F, Devlin JT (2012) Early and sustained supramarginal gyrus contributions to phonological processing. Front Psychol 3:161CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Smith V, Maslovat D, Drummond NM, Carlsen AN (2019) A timeline of motor preparatory state prior to response initiation: evidence from startle. Neuroscience 397:80–93CrossRefPubMed
Snodgrass JG, Vanderwart M (1980) A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. J Exp Psychol Hum Learn 6(2):174–215CrossRefPubMed
Starreveld PA, La Heij W (1995) Semantic interference, orthographic facilitation, and their interaction in naming tasks. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 21(3):686–698CrossRef
Tarapore PE, Findlay AM, Honma SM, Mizuiri D, Houde JF, Berger MS, Nagarajan SS (2013) Language mapping with navigated repetitive TMS: proof of technique and validation. Neuroimage 82:260–272CrossRefPubMed
Tate MC, Herbet G, Moritz-Gasser S, Tate JE, Duffau H (2014) Probabilistic map of critical functional regions of the human cerebral cortex: Broca’s area revisited. Brain 137(Pt 10):2773–2782CrossRefPubMed
Uddén J, Bahlmann J (2012) A rostro-caudal gradient of structured sequence processing in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 367(1598):2023–2032CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Vigneau M, Beaucousin V, Hervé PY, Duffau H, Crivello F, Houdé O, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (2006) Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. Neuroimage 30(4):1414–1432CrossRefPubMed
Wassermann EM (1998) Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the international workshop on the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 108(1):1–16CrossRefPubMed
Zilles K, Bacha-Trams M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K, Friederici AD (2015) Common molecular basis of the sentence comprehension network revealed by neurotransmitter receptor fingerprints. Cortex 63:79–89CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Phonological picture–word interference in language mapping with transcranial magnetic stimulation: an objective approach for functional parcellation of Broca’s region
Authors
Katrin Sakreida
Johanna Blume-Schnitzler
Stefan Heim
Klaus Willmes
Hans Clusmann
Georg Neuloh
Publication date
01-07-2019
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Brain Structure and Function / Issue 6/2019
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01891-z

Other articles of this Issue 6/2019

Brain Structure and Function 6/2019 Go to the issue

Original Article

Anterior insular cortex stimulation and its effects on emotion recognition

Original Article

Merlin modulates process outgrowth and synaptogenesis in the cerebellum

Original Article

Secretagogin expression in the vertebrate brainstem with focus on the noradrenergic system and implications for Alzheimer’s disease

Original Article

Quantitative organization of the excitatory synapses of the primate cerebellar nuclei: further evidence for a specialized architecture underlying the primate cerebellum

Original Article

Thyroid hormone availability in the human fetal brain: novel entry pathways and role of radial glia

Original Article

Relations between cognitive and motor deficits and regional brain volumes in individuals with alcoholism