Top

Published in:

01-05-2010 | Original article

Quantification of the spatiotemporal microstructural organization of the human brain association, projection and commissural pathways across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography

Authors: Khader M. Hasan, Arash Kamali, Humaira Abid, Larry A. Kramer, Jack M. Fletcher, Linda Ewing-Cobbs

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 4/2010

Abstract

Using diffusion tensor tractography, we quantified the microstructural changes in the association, projection, and commissural compact white matter pathways of the human brain over the lifespan in a cohort of healthy right-handed children and adults aged 6–68 years. In both males and females, the diffusion tensor radial diffusivity of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, corticospinal, somatosensory tracts, and the corpus callosum followed a U-curve with advancing age; fractional anisotropy in the same pathways followed an inverted U-curve. Our study provides useful baseline data for the interpretation of data collected from patients.

Available only for authorised users

Abe O, Aoki S, Hayashi N, Yamada H, Kunimatsu A, Mori H, Yoshikawa T, Okubo T, Ohtomo K (2000) Normal aging in the central nervous system: quantitative MR diffusion-tensor analysis. Neurobiol Aging 23:433–441CrossRef

Aboitiz F, Scheibel AB, Fisher RS, Zaidel E (1992) Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Res 598:143–153CrossRefPubMed

Allen LS, Richey MF, Chai YM, Gorski RA (1991) Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. J Neurosci 11:933–942PubMed

Allen JS, Damasio H, Grabowski TJ, Bruss J, Zhang W (2003) Sexual dimorphism and asymmetries in the gray-white composition of the human cerebrum. NeuroImage 18:880–894CrossRefPubMed

Aralasmak A, Ulmer JL, Kocak M, Salvan CV, Hillis AE, Yousem DM (2006) Association, commissural, and projection pathways and their functional deficit reported in literature. J Comput Assist Tomogr 30:695–715 ReviewCrossRefPubMed

Ardekani S, Kumar A, Bartzokis G, Sinha U (2007) Exploratory voxel based analysis of diffusion indices and hemispheric asymmetry in normal aging. Magn Reson Imaging 25:154–167CrossRefPubMed

Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, Edwards N, Mintz J (2001) Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:461–465CrossRefPubMed

Bartzokis G, Tishler TA, Lu PH, Villablanca P, Altshuler LL, Carter M, Huang D, Edwards N, Mintz J (2007) Brain ferritin iron may influence age- and gender-related risks of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging 28:414–423CrossRefPubMed

Basser PJ (1997) New histological and physiological stains derived from diffusion-tensor MR images. Ann NY Acad Sci 820:123–138CrossRefPubMed

Beaulieu C (2002) The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system—a technical review. NMR Biomed 15:435–455CrossRefPubMed

Behrens TE, Johansen-Berg H, Woolrich MW, Smith SM, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Boulby PA, Barker GJ, Sillery EL, Sheehan K, Ciccarelli O, Thompson AJ, Brady JM, Matthews PM (2003) Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging. Nat Neurosci 6:750–757CrossRefPubMed

Berman JI, Mukherjee P, Partridge SC, Miller SP, Ferriero DM, Barkovich AJ, Vigneron DB, Henry RG (2005) Quantitative diffusion tensor MRI fiber tractography of sensorimotor white matter development in premature infants. Neuroimage 27:862–871CrossRefPubMed

Bui T, Daire JL, Chalard F, Zaccaria I, Alberti C, Elmaleh M, Garel C, Luton D, Blanc N, Sebag G (2006) Microstructural development of human brain assessed in utero by diffusion tensor imaging. Pediatr Radiol 36:1133–1140CrossRefPubMed

Catani M, Howard RJ, Pajevic S, Jones DK (2002) Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain. NeuroImage 17:77–94CrossRefPubMed

Catani M, Jones DK, Ffytche DH (2005) Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann Neurol 57:8–16CrossRefPubMed

Caviness VS Jr, Kennedy DN, Richelme C, Rademacher J, Filipek PA (1996) The human brain age 7–11 years: a volumetric analysis based on magnetic resonance images. Cereb Cortex 6:726–736CrossRefPubMed

Charlton RA, Barrick TR, McIntyre DJ, Shen Y, O’Sullivan M, Howe FA, Clark CA, Morris RG, Markus HS (2006) White matter damage on diffusion tensor imaging correlates with age-related cognitive decline. Neurology 66:217–222CrossRefPubMed

Chepuri NB, Yen YF, Burdette JH, Li H, Moody D, Maldjian JA (2002) Diffusion anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Am J Neuroradiol 23:803–808PubMed

Ciccarelli O, Parker GJ, Toosy AT, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Barker GJ, Boulby PA, Miller DH, Thompson AJ (2003) From diffusion tractography to quantitative white matter tract measures: a reproducibility study. Neuroimage 18:348–359CrossRefPubMed

Conturo TE, McKinstry RC, Aronovitz JA, Neil JJ (1995) Diffusion MRI: precision, accuracy and flow effects. NMR Biomed 8:307–332CrossRefPubMed

Conturo TE, Lori NF, Cull TS, Akbudak E, Snyder AZ, Shimony JS, McKinstry RC, Burton H, Raichle ME (1999) Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10422–10427CrossRefPubMed

Courchesne E, Chisum HJ, Townsend J, Cowles A, Covington J, Egaas B, Harwood M, Hinds S, Press GA (2000) Normal brain development and aging: quantitative analysis at in vivo MR imaging in healthy volunteers. Radiology 216:672–682PubMed

Crick F, Jones E (1993) Backwardness of human neuroanatomy. Nature 361:109–110CrossRefPubMed

de Lacoste MC, Kirkpatrick JB, Ross ED (1985) Topography of the human corpus callosum. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 44:578–591CrossRefPubMed

Drobyshevsky A, Song SK, Gamkrelidze G, Wyrwicz AM, Derrick M, Meng F, Li L, Ji X, Trommer B, Beardsley DJ, Luo NL, Back SA, Tan S (2005) Developmental changes in diffusion anisotropy coincide with immature oligodendrocyte progression and maturation of compound action potential. J Neurosci 25:5988–5997CrossRefPubMed

Dubois J, Hertz-Pannier L, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Cointepas Y, Le Bihan D (2006) Assessment of the early organization and maturation of infants’ cerebral white matter fiber bundles: a feasibility study using quantitative diffusion tensor imaging and tractography. Neuroimage 30:1121–1132CrossRefPubMed

Eluvathingal TJ, Hasan KM, Kramer L, Fletcher JM, Ewing-Cobbs L (2007) Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of association and projection fibers in normally developing children and adolescents. Cereb Cortex 17:2760–2768CrossRefPubMed

Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad MR, Swank P, Kramer L, Cox CS Jr, Fletcher JM, Barnes M, Zhang X, Hasan KM (2008) Arrested development and disrupted callosal microstructure following pediatric traumatic brain injury: relation to neurobehavioral outcomes. Neuroimage 42:1305–1315CrossRefPubMed

Filley CM (2001) The behavioral neurology of white matter. Oxford, New York

Glantz SA (2002) Primer of biostatistics, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

Gong G, He Y, Concha L, Lebel C, Gross DW, Evans AC, Beaulieu C (2009) Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cereb Cortex 19:524–536CrossRefPubMed

Good CD, Johnsrude I, Ashburner J, Henson RNA, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RSJ (2001) Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: a voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage 14:685–700CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM (2007) A framework for quality control and parameter optimization in diffusion tensor imaging: theoretical analysis and validation. Magn Reson Imaging 25:1196–1202CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Narayana PA (2003) Computation of the fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity maps without tensor decoding and diagonalization: Theoretical analysis and validation. Magn Reson Med 50:589–598CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Narayana PA (2006) Retrospective measurement of the diffusion tensor eigenvalues from diffusion anisotropy and mean diffusivity in DTI. Magn Reson Med 56:130–137CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Sankar A, Halphen C, Kramer LA, Brandt ME, Juranek J, Cirino PT, Fletcher JM, Papanicolaou AC (2007) Ewing-Cobbs Development and organization of the human brain tissue compartments across the lifespan using diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroreport 18:1735–1739CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Kamali A, Iftikhar A, Kramer LA, Papanicolaou AC, Fletcher JM, Ewing-Cobbs L (2009a) Diffusion tensor tractography quantification of the human corpus callosum fiber pathways across the lifespan. Brain Res 1249:91–100CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Iftikhar A, Kamali A, Kramer LA, Ashtari M, Cirino PT, Papanicolaou AC, Fletcher JM, Ewing-Cobbs L (2009b) Development and aging of the healthy human brain uncinate fasciculus across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography. Brain Res 1276:67–76CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Kamali A, Kramer LA (2009c) Mapping the human brain white matter tracts relative to cortical and deep gray matter using diffusion tensor imaging at high spatial resolution. Magn Reson Imaging 27:631–636CrossRefPubMed

Hasan KM, Halphen C, Kamali A, Nelson FM, Wolinsky JS, Narayana PA (2009d) Caudate nuclei volume, diffusion tensor metrics, and T2 relaxation in healthy adults and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: implications for understanding gray matter degeneration. J Magn Reson Imaging 29:70–77CrossRefPubMed

Head D, Buckner RL, Shimony JS, Williams LE, Akbudak E, Conturo TE, McAvoy M, Morris JC, Snyder AZ (2004) Differential vulnerability of anterior white matter in nondemented aging with minimal acceleration in dementia of the Alzheimer type: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Cereb Cortex 14:410–423CrossRefPubMed

Hermoye L, Saint-Martin C, Cosnard G, Lee SK, Kim J, Nassogne MC, Menten R, Clapuyt P, Donohue PK, Hua K, Wakana S, Jiang H, van Zijl PC, Mori S (2006) Pediatric diffusion tensor imaging: normal database and observation of the white matter maturation in early childhood. NeuroImage 29:493–504CrossRefPubMed

Highley JR, Esiri MM, McDonald B, Cortina-Borja M, Herron BM, Crow TJ (1999) The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. Brain 122:99–110CrossRefPubMed

Highley JR, Walker MA, Esiri MM, Crow TJ, Harrison PJ (2002) Asymmetry of the uncinate fasciculus: a post-mortem study of normal subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 12:1218–1224CrossRefPubMed

Huang H, Zhang J, Jiang H, Wakana S, Poetscher L, Miller MI, van Zijl PCM, Hillis AE, Wytik R, Mori S (2005) DTI tractography based parcellation of white matter: application of the mid-sagittal morphology of corpus callosum. NeuroImage 26:295–305CrossRef

Jernigan TL, Fennema-Notestine C (2004) White matter mapping is needed. Neurobiol Aging 25:37–39CrossRefPubMed

Jiang H, van Zijl PC, Kim J, Pearlson GD, Mori S (2006) DtiStudio: resource program for diffusion tensor computation and fiber bundle tracking. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 81:106–116CrossRefPubMed

Johansen-Berg H, Behrens TEJ (2009) Diffusion MRI: from quantitative measurements to in vivo neuroanatomy. Academic Press, London

Jones DK, Catani M, Pierpaoli C, Reeves SJ, Shergill SS, O’Sullivan M, Golesworthy P, McGuire P, Horsfield MA, Simmons A, Williams SC, Howard RJ (2006) Age effects on diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography measures of frontal cortex connections in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Map 27:230–238CrossRef

Kubicki M, Westin CF, Maier SE, Frumin M, Nestor PG, Salisbury DF, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2002) Uncinate fasciculus findings in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 159:813–820CrossRefPubMed

LaMantia AS, Rakic P (1990) Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 10:2156–2175PubMed

Le Bihan D (1995) Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: applications to functional MRI. Raven Press, New York

Le Bihan D (2003) Looking into the functional architecture of the brain with diffusion MRI. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:469–480CrossRefPubMed

Lebel C, Walker L, Leemans A, Phillips L, Beaulieu C (2008) Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood. Neuroimage 40:1044–1055CrossRefPubMed

Lenroot RK, Giedd JN (2006) Brain development in children and adolescents: insights from anatomical magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30:718–729 ReviewCrossRefPubMed

Luders E, Narr KL, Thompson PM, Rex DE, Jancke L, Toga AW (2006) Hemispheric asymmetries in cortical thickness. Cereb Cortex 16:1232–1238CrossRefPubMed

Makris N, Pandya DN (2009) The extreme capsule in humans and rethinking of the language circuitry. Brain Struct Funct 213:343–358CrossRefPubMed

Makris N, Worth AJ, Sorensen AG, Papadimitriou GM, Wu O, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ, Davis TL, Stakes JW, Caviness VS, Kaplan E, Rosen BR, Pandya DN, Kennedy DN (1997) Morphometry of in vivo human white matter association pathways with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 42:951–962CrossRefPubMed

Masliah E, Mallory M, Hansen L, DeTeresa R, Terry RD (1993) Quantitative synaptic alterations in the human neocortex during normal aging. Neurology 43:192–197PubMed

McLaughlin NC, Paul RH, Grieve SM, Williams LM, Laidlaw D, Dicarlo M, Clark CR, Whelihan W, Cohen RA, Whitford TJ, Gordon E (2007) Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum: a cross-sectional study across the lifespan. Int J Dev Neurosci 25:215–221CrossRefPubMed

Mori S (2007) Introduction to Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Elsiever, Amsterdam

Mori S, Kaufmann WE, Davatzikos C, Stieltjes B, Amodei L, Fredericksen K, Pearlson GD, Melhem ER, Solaiyappan M, Raymond GV, Moser HW, van Zijl PC (2002) Imaging cortical association tracts in the human brain using diffusion-tensor-based axonal tracking. Magn Reson Med 47:215–223CrossRefPubMed

Mukherjee P, McKinstry RC (2006) Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of human brain development. Neuroimag Clin N Am 16:19–43CrossRef

Mukherjee P, Miller JH, Shimony JS, Philip JV, Nehra D, Snyder AZ, Conturo TE, Neil JJ, McKinstry RC (2002) Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of gray and white matter development during normal human brain maturation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23:1445–1456PubMed

Netsch T, van Muiswinkel A (2004) Quantitative evaluation of image-based distortion correction in diffusion tensor imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 23:789–798CrossRefPubMed

Nucifora PG, Verma R, Melhem ER, Gur RE, Gur RC (2005) Leftward asymmetry in relative fiber density of the arcuate fasciculus. Neuroreport 16:791–794CrossRefPubMed

Ota M, Obata T, Akine Y, Ito H, Ikehira H, Asada T, Suhara T (2006) Age-related degeneration of corpus callosum measured with diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 31:1445–1452CrossRefPubMed

Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJ (1997) Neocortical neuron number in humans: effect of sex and age. J Comp Neurol 384:312–320CrossRefPubMed

Park HJ, Westin CF, Kubicki M, Maier SE, Niznikiewicz M, Baer A, Frumin M, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2004) White matter hemisphere asymmetries in healthy subjects and in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor MRI study. NeuroImage 23:213–223CrossRefPubMed

Partridge SC, Mukherjee P, Henry RG, Miller SP, Berman JI, Jin H, Lu Y, Glenn OA, Ferriero DM, Barkovich AJ, Vigneron DB (2004) Diffusion tensor imaging: serial quantitation of white matter tract maturity in premature newborns. NeuroImage 22:1302–1314CrossRefPubMed

Paus T, Zijdenbos A, Worsley K, Collins DL, Blumenthal J, Giedd JN, Rapoport JL, Evans AC (1999) Structural maturation of neural pathways in children and adolescents: in vivo study. Science 283:1908–1911CrossRefPubMed

Peled S, Gudbjartsson H, Westin CF, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging shows orientation and asymmetry of white matter fiber tracts. Brain Res 780:27–33CrossRefPubMed

Peters A, Sethares C (2003) Is there remyelination during aging of the primate central nervous system? J Comp Neurol 460:238–254CrossRefPubMed

Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, Di Chiro G (1996) Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology 201:637–648PubMed

Powell HW, Parker GJ, Alexander DC, Symms MR, Boulby PA, Wheeler-Kingshott CA, Barker GJ, Noppeney U, Koepp MJ, Duncan JS (2006) Hemispheric asymmetries in language-related pathways: a combined functional MRI and tractography study. NeuroImage 32:388–399CrossRefPubMed

Pujol J, Vendrell P, Junque C, Marti-Vilalta JL, Capdevila A (1993) When does human brain development end? Evidence of corpus callosum growth up to adulthood. Ann Neurol 34:71–75CrossRefPubMed

Rodrigo S, Oppenheim C, Chassoux F, Golestani N, Cointepas Y, Poupon C, Semah F, Mangin JF, Le Bihan D, Meder JF (2007) Uncinate fasciculus fiber tracking in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Initial findings. Eur Radiol 17:1663–1668CrossRefPubMed

Salat DH, Tuch DS, Greve DN, van der Kouwe AJ, Hevelone ND, Zaleta AK, Rosen BR, Fischl B, Corkin S, Rosas HD, Dale AM (2005) Age-related alterations in white matter microstructure measured by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurobiol Aging 26:1215–1227CrossRefPubMed

Schwartz ED, Cooper ET, Fan Y, Jawad AF, Chin CL, Nissanov J, Hackney DB (2005) MRI diffusion coefficients in spinal cord correlate with axon morphometry. Neuroreport 16:73–76CrossRefPubMed

Shin YW, Kim DJ, Ha TH, Park HJ, Moon WJ, Chung EC, Lee JM, Kim IY, Kim SI, Kwon JS (2005) Sex differences in the human corpus callosum: diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 16:795–798CrossRefPubMed

Snook L, Paulson LA, Roy D, Phillips L, Beaulieu C (2005) Diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment in children and young adults. NeuroImage 26:1164–1173CrossRefPubMed

Song SK, Yoshino J, Le TQ, Lin SJ, Sun SW, Cross AH, Armstrong RC (2005) Demyelination increases radial diffusivity in corpus callosum of mouse brain. NeuroImage 26:132–140CrossRefPubMed

Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW (2003) Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat Neurosci 6:309–315CrossRefPubMed

Stadlbauer A, Salomonowitz E, Strunk G, Hammen T, Ganslandt O (2008) Age-related degradation in the central nervous system: assessment with diffusion-tensor imaging and quantitative fiber tracking. Radiology 247:179–188CrossRefPubMed

Sullivan EV, Adalsteinsson E, Pfefferbaum A (2006) Selective age related degradation of anterior callosal fiber bundles quantified in vivo with fiber tracking. Cereb Cortex 16:1030–1039CrossRefPubMed

Sullivan EV, Rohlfing T, Pfefferbaum A (2009) Quantitative fiber tracking of lateral and interhemispheric white matter systems in normal aging: Relations to timed performance. Neurobiol Aging (doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.04.007)

Szeszko PR, Vogel J, Ashtari M, Malhotra AK, Bates J, Kane JM, Bilder RM, Frevert T, Lim K (2003) Sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure: a DTI study. Neuroreport 14:2469–2473CrossRefPubMed

Taoka T, Iwasaki S, Sakamoto M, Nakagawa H, Fukusumi A, Myochin K, Hirohashi S, Hoshida T, Kichikawa K (2006) Diffusion anisotropy and diffusivity of white matter tracts within the temporal stem in Alzheimer disease: evaluation of the “tract of interest” by diffusion tensor tractography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1040–1045PubMed

Terao S, Sobue G, Hashizume Y, Shimada N, Mitsuma T (1994) Age-related changes of the myelinated fibers in the human corticospinal tract: a quantitative analysis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 88:137–142CrossRef

Vernooij MW, Smits M, Wielopolski PA, Houston GC, Krestin GP, van der Lugt A (2007) Fiber density asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus in relation to functional hemispheric language lateralization in both right- and left-handed healthy subjects: a combined fMRI and DTI study. NeuroImage 35:1064–1076CrossRefPubMed

Wakana S, Jiang H, Nagae-Poetscher LM, van Zijl PC, Mori S (2004) Fiber tract-based atlas of human white matter anatomy. Radiology 230:77–87CrossRefPubMed

Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Reinvang I, Lundervold A, Dale AM, Eilertsen DE, Quinn BT, Salat D, Makris N, Fischl B (2005) Effects of age on volumes of cortex, white matter and subcortical structures. Neurobiol Aging 26:1261–1270CrossRefPubMed

Westerhausen R, Kreuder F, Dos Santos Sequeira S, Walter C, Woerner W, Wittling RA, Schweiger E, Wittling W (2004) Effects of handedness and gender on macro- and microstructure of the corpus callosum and its subregions: a combined high-resolution and diffusion-tensor MRI study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 21:418–426CrossRefPubMed

Westerhausen R, Huster RJ, Kreuder F, Wittling W, Schweiger E (2007) Corticospinal tract asymmetries at the level of the internal capsule: is there an association with handedness? Neuroimage 37:379–386CrossRefPubMed

Xu D, Mori S, Solaiyappan M, van Zijl PC, Davatzikos C (2002) A framework for callosal fiber distribution analysis. NeuroImage 17:1131–1143CrossRefPubMed

Yakovlev PI, LeCours AR (1967) The myelogenetic cycles of regional maturation of the brain. In: Minkowsky K (ed) Regional development of the brain in early life. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 3–70

Zahr NM, Rohlfing T, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV (2009) Problem solving, working memory, and motor correlates of association and commissural fiber bundles in normal aging: a quantitative fiber tracking study. Neuroimage 44:1050–1062CrossRefPubMed

Title: Quantification of the spatiotemporal microstructural organization of the human brain association, projection and commissural pathways across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography
Authors: Khader M. Hasan
Arash Kamali
Humaira Abid
Larry A. Kramer
Jack M. Fletcher
Linda Ewing-Cobbs
Publication date: 01-05-2010
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Brain Structure and Function / Issue 4/2010
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0238-0

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Quantification of the spatiotemporal microstructural organization of the human brain association, projection and commissural pathways across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2010

Cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic characterization of the prefrontal cortical areas in the mouse

Visual recognition of shapes and textures: an fMRi study

The entorhinal cortex of the Megachiroptera: a comparative study of Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat and the straw-coloured fruit bat

Cortical hypometabolism and hypoperfusion in Parkinson’s disease is extensive: probably even at early disease stages

Revisiting Christfried Jakob’s concept of the dual onto-phylogenetic origin and ubiquitous function of the cerebral cortex: a century of progress