Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Brain Structure and Function 1/2004

01-04-2004 | Original Article

Expression of thymosin beta4 during chick development

Authors: V. Dathe, B. Brand-Saberi

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 1/2004

Login to get access

Abstract

We cloned the chick homologue of Homo sapiens thymosin beta4, encoding a G-actin sequestering factor which plays an important role in angiogenesis, cell motility and tumorigenesis. The thymosin beta4 gene is highly conserved between chick and human. Its expression was analyzed during different stages of development. At early stages thymosin beta4 is expressed in the mesoderm and endoderm and in Hensen’s node. Later, thymosin beta4 transcripts are found in the head mesenchyme, somites, dorsal root ganglia, neural tube, brain, blood vessels and feather buds. The pattern of thymosin beta4 expression in blood vessels indicates a function mainly in development of the blood circulatory system which closely parallels findings in vitro. The observed expression pattern shows a high similarity to expression data published for mice, mainly in the heart and in the nervous system. Important new aspects are the early onset of expression, the expression in the mesoderm preceding heart formation and the involvement in feather development.
Literature
go back to reference Ballweber E, Hannappel E, Huff T, Stephan H, Haener M, Taschner N, Stoffler D, Aebi U, Mannherz HG (2002) Polymerisation of chemically cross-linked actin:thymosin beta(4) complex to filamentous actin: alteration in helical parameters and visualisation of thymosin beta(4) binding on F-actin. J Mol Biol 315(4):613–625CrossRefPubMed Ballweber E, Hannappel E, Huff T, Stephan H, Haener M, Taschner N, Stoffler D, Aebi U, Mannherz HG (2002) Polymerisation of chemically cross-linked actin:thymosin beta(4) complex to filamentous actin: alteration in helical parameters and visualisation of thymosin beta(4) binding on F-actin. J Mol Biol 315(4):613–625CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bao L, Loda M, Janmey PA, Stewart R, Anand-Apte B, Zetter BR (1996) Thymosin beta 15: a novel regulator of tumor cell motility upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Med 2(12):1322–1328 Bao L, Loda M, Janmey PA, Stewart R, Anand-Apte B, Zetter BR (1996) Thymosin beta 15: a novel regulator of tumor cell motility upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Med 2(12):1322–1328
go back to reference Bao L, Loda M, Zetter BR (1998) Thymosin beta15 expression in tumor cell lines with varying metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 16(3):227–233PubMed Bao L, Loda M, Zetter BR (1998) Thymosin beta15 expression in tumor cell lines with varying metastatic potential. Clin Exp Metastasis 16(3):227–233PubMed
go back to reference Bubb MR (2003) Thymosin beta4 interactions. Vitam Horm 66:297–316PubMed Bubb MR (2003) Thymosin beta4 interactions. Vitam Horm 66:297–316PubMed
go back to reference Carpinterio P, Anadon R, del Amo FF, Gomez-Marquez J (1995) The thymosin beta4 gene is strongly activated in neural tissues during early postimplantation mouse development. Neurosci Lett 184(1):63–66CrossRefPubMed Carpinterio P, Anadon R, del Amo FF, Gomez-Marquez J (1995) The thymosin beta4 gene is strongly activated in neural tissues during early postimplantation mouse development. Neurosci Lett 184(1):63–66CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Chakravatri A, Zehr EM, Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Goggins WB, Finkelstein DM, Young RH, Chang EL, Wu CL (2000) Thymosin beta-15 predicts for distant failure in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer-results from a pilot study. Urology 55(5):635–638CrossRefPubMed Chakravatri A, Zehr EM, Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Goggins WB, Finkelstein DM, Young RH, Chang EL, Wu CL (2000) Thymosin beta-15 predicts for distant failure in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer-results from a pilot study. Urology 55(5):635–638CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO (2000) Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC. Nature 406:532–535PubMed Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO (2000) Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC. Nature 406:532–535PubMed
go back to reference Diamond DL, Zhang Y, Gaiger A, Smithgall M, Vedvick TS, Carter D (2003) Use of ProteinChip array surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to identify thymosin beta-4, a differentially secreted protein from lymphoblastoid cell lines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14(7):760–765CrossRefPubMed Diamond DL, Zhang Y, Gaiger A, Smithgall M, Vedvick TS, Carter D (2003) Use of ProteinChip array surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to identify thymosin beta-4, a differentially secreted protein from lymphoblastoid cell lines. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14(7):760–765CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Gomez-Marquez J, Franco del Amo F, Carpintero P, Anadon R (1996) High levels of mouse thymosin beta4 mRNA in differentiating P19 embryonic cells and during development of cardiovascular tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1306(2–3):187–193 Gomez-Marquez J, Franco del Amo F, Carpintero P, Anadon R (1996) High levels of mouse thymosin beta4 mRNA in differentiating P19 embryonic cells and during development of cardiovascular tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1306(2–3):187–193
go back to reference Grant DS, Rose W, Yaen C, Goldstein A, Martinez J, Kleinman H (1999) Thymosin beta4 enhances endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 3(2):125–135CrossRefPubMed Grant DS, Rose W, Yaen C, Goldstein A, Martinez J, Kleinman H (1999) Thymosin beta4 enhances endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 3(2):125–135CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol 88:49–92 Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol 88:49–92
go back to reference Huff T, Müller CSG, Otto AM, Netzker R, Hannappel E (2001) beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions. IJBCB 33:205–220CrossRef Huff T, Müller CSG, Otto AM, Netzker R, Hannappel E (2001) beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions. IJBCB 33:205–220CrossRef
go back to reference Kobayashi T, Okada F, Fujii N, Tomita N, Ito S, Tazawa H, Aoyama T, Choi SK, Shibata T, Fujita H, Hosokawa M (2002) Thymosin-β4 regulates motility and metastasis of malignant mouse fibrosarcoma cells. Am J Patho. 160:869–882 Kobayashi T, Okada F, Fujii N, Tomita N, Ito S, Tazawa H, Aoyama T, Choi SK, Shibata T, Fujita H, Hosokawa M (2002) Thymosin-β4 regulates motility and metastasis of malignant mouse fibrosarcoma cells. Am J Patho. 160:869–882
go back to reference Koutrafouri V, Leondiadis L, Avgoustakis K, Livaniou E, Czarnecki J, Ithakissios DS, Evangelatos GP (2001) Effect of thymosin peptides on the chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis model. Biochim Biophys Acta 1568(1):60–66CrossRefPubMed Koutrafouri V, Leondiadis L, Avgoustakis K, Livaniou E, Czarnecki J, Ithakissios DS, Evangelatos GP (2001) Effect of thymosin peptides on the chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis model. Biochim Biophys Acta 1568(1):60–66CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Koutrafouri V, Leondiadis L, Ferderigos N, Avgoustakis K, Livaniou E, Evangelatos GP, Ithakissios DS (2003) Synthesis and angiogenetic activity in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model of thymosin beta-15. Peptides 24(1):107–115CrossRefPubMed Koutrafouri V, Leondiadis L, Ferderigos N, Avgoustakis K, Livaniou E, Evangelatos GP, Ithakissios DS (2003) Synthesis and angiogenetic activity in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model of thymosin beta-15. Peptides 24(1):107–115CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Lee SH, Zhang W, Choi JJ, Cho YS, Oh SH, Kim JW, Hu L, Xu J, Liu J, Lee JH, Lee SH (2001) Overexpression of the thymosin beta-10 gene in human ovarian cancer cells disrupts F-actin stress fiber and leads to apoptosis. Oncogene 20(46):6700–6706CrossRefPubMed Lee SH, Zhang W, Choi JJ, Cho YS, Oh SH, Kim JW, Hu L, Xu J, Liu J, Lee JH, Lee SH (2001) Overexpression of the thymosin beta-10 gene in human ovarian cancer cells disrupts F-actin stress fiber and leads to apoptosis. Oncogene 20(46):6700–6706CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. (1997) Thymosin beta4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J 11(6):474–481PubMed Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. (1997) Thymosin beta4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J 11(6):474–481PubMed
go back to reference Nieto MA, Patel K, Wilkinson DG (1996) In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections. Methods Cell Biol 51:219–235PubMed Nieto MA, Patel K, Wilkinson DG (1996) In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections. Methods Cell Biol 51:219–235PubMed
go back to reference Otto AM, Muller CS, Huff T, Hannappel E (2002) Chemotherapeutic drugs change actin skeleton organization and the expression of beta–thymosins in human breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 128(5):247–256CrossRefPubMed Otto AM, Muller CS, Huff T, Hannappel E (2002) Chemotherapeutic drugs change actin skeleton organization and the expression of beta–thymosins in human breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 128(5):247–256CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Philp D, Huff T, Gho YS, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK (2003) The actin binding site on thymosin β4 promotes angiogenesis. FASEB J 17(14):2103–2105PubMed Philp D, Huff T, Gho YS, Hannappel E, Kleinman HK (2003) The actin binding site on thymosin β4 promotes angiogenesis. FASEB J 17(14):2103–2105PubMed
go back to reference Rodriguez-Niedenführ M, Papoutsi M, Christ B, Nicolaides KH, von Kaisenberg CS, Tomarev SI, Wilting J (2001) Prox1 is a marker of ectodermal placodes, endodermal compartments, lymphatic endothelium and lymphangioblasts. Anat Embryol 204:399–406CrossRefPubMed Rodriguez-Niedenführ M, Papoutsi M, Christ B, Nicolaides KH, von Kaisenberg CS, Tomarev SI, Wilting J (2001) Prox1 is a marker of ectodermal placodes, endodermal compartments, lymphatic endothelium and lymphangioblasts. Anat Embryol 204:399–406CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Santelli G, Califano D, Chiappetta G, Vento MT, Bartoli PC, Zullo F, Trapasso F, Viglietto G, Fusco A (1999) Thymosin beta-10 gene overexpression is a general event in human carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 155(3):799–804PubMed Santelli G, Califano D, Chiappetta G, Vento MT, Bartoli PC, Zullo F, Trapasso F, Viglietto G, Fusco A (1999) Thymosin beta-10 gene overexpression is a general event in human carcinogenesis. Am J Pathol 155(3):799–804PubMed
go back to reference Schultheiss TM, Xydas S, Lassar AB (1995) Induction of avian cardiac myogenesis by anterior endoderm. Development 121(12):4203–4214PubMed Schultheiss TM, Xydas S, Lassar AB (1995) Induction of avian cardiac myogenesis by anterior endoderm. Development 121(12):4203–4214PubMed
go back to reference Smart N, Hill AA, Cross JC, Riley PR (2002) A differential screen for putative targets of the bHLH transcription factor Hand1 in cardiac morphogenesis. Mech Dev 119(1):65–71CrossRef Smart N, Hill AA, Cross JC, Riley PR (2002) A differential screen for putative targets of the bHLH transcription factor Hand1 in cardiac morphogenesis. Mech Dev 119(1):65–71CrossRef
go back to reference Verghese-Nikolakaki S, Apostolikas N, Livaniou E, Ithakissios DS, Evangelatos GP (1996) Preliminary findings on the expression of thymosin beta-10 in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 74(9):1441–1444PubMed Verghese-Nikolakaki S, Apostolikas N, Livaniou E, Ithakissios DS, Evangelatos GP (1996) Preliminary findings on the expression of thymosin beta-10 in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 74(9):1441–1444PubMed
go back to reference Wang WS, Chen PM, Hsiao HL, Ju SY, Su Y (2003) Overexpression of the thymosin beta-4 gene is associated with malignant progression of SW480 colon cancer cells. Oncogene 22(21):3297–3306CrossRefPubMed Wang WS, Chen PM, Hsiao HL, Ju SY, Su Y (2003) Overexpression of the thymosin beta-4 gene is associated with malignant progression of SW480 colon cancer cells. Oncogene 22(21):3297–3306CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Yamamoto T, Gotoh M, Kitajima M, Hirohashi S (1993) Thymosin beta-4 expression is correlated with metastatic capacity of colorectal carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193(2):706–710CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto T, Gotoh M, Kitajima M, Hirohashi S (1993) Thymosin beta-4 expression is correlated with metastatic capacity of colorectal carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193(2):706–710CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Yamamoto M, Yamagishi T, Yaginuma H, Murakami K, Ueno N (1994) Localization of thymosin beta4 to the neural tissues during the development of Xenopus laevis, as studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 79(2):177–185CrossRefPubMed Yamamoto M, Yamagishi T, Yaginuma H, Murakami K, Ueno N (1994) Localization of thymosin beta4 to the neural tissues during the development of Xenopus laevis, as studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 79(2):177–185CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Expression of thymosin beta4 during chick development
Authors
V. Dathe
B. Brand-Saberi
Publication date
01-04-2004
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Brain Structure and Function / Issue 1/2004
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-003-0369-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2004

Brain Structure and Function 1/2004 Go to the issue

Acknowledgement to Reviewers

Acknowledgement to reviewers 2003