Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Virchows Archiv 4/2006

01-04-2006 | Review Article

How to define follicular thyroid carcinoma?

Authors: Kurt Werner Schmid, Nadir Rashad Farid

Published in: Virchows Archiv | Issue 4/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

The appropriate diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) still depends on its histological discrimination from follicular adenoma (including the distinction of benign from malignant oncocytic variants), papillary thyroid carcinoma (particularly from the follicular variants) and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The use of immunohistochemical markers contributed only marginally to better defining FTC. The introduction of the micro array technique, however, may offer the possibility of getting a better insight into the natural history, as well as predicting the clinical course, of a given thyroid nodule. This review attempts to recapitulate common standards in the diagnosis of FTC, to summarise current molecular data available to distinguish FTC from other benign and malignant tumours and, finally, to outline future perspectives to define FTC on its specific genetic features.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Albores-Saavedra J, Gould E, Vardaman C, Vuitch F (1991) The macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 17 cases. Hum Pathol 22:1195–1205CrossRefPubMed Albores-Saavedra J, Gould E, Vardaman C, Vuitch F (1991) The macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 17 cases. Hum Pathol 22:1195–1205CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Albores-Saavedra J, Carrick K (2004) Where to set the threshold between well differentiated and poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. Endocr Pathol 15:297–305CrossRefPubMed Albores-Saavedra J, Carrick K (2004) Where to set the threshold between well differentiated and poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas of the thyroid. Endocr Pathol 15:297–305CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Aldred MA, Ginn-Pease ME, Morrison CD, Popkie AP, Gimm O, Hoang-Vu C, Krause U, Dralle H, Jhiang SM, Plass C, Eng C (2003) Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, together with three bone morphogenetic protein-related genes, may encode novel tumor suppressors down-regulated in sporadic follicular thyroid carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 63:2864–2871PubMed Aldred MA, Ginn-Pease ME, Morrison CD, Popkie AP, Gimm O, Hoang-Vu C, Krause U, Dralle H, Jhiang SM, Plass C, Eng C (2003) Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2, together with three bone morphogenetic protein-related genes, may encode novel tumor suppressors down-regulated in sporadic follicular thyroid carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 63:2864–2871PubMed
4.
go back to reference Aldred MA, Huang Y, Liyanarachchi S, Pellegata NS, Gimm O, Jhiang S, Davuluri RV, de la Chapelle A, Eng C (2004) Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas show distinctly different microarray expression profiles and can be distinguished by a minimum of five genes. J Clin Oncol 22:3531–3539CrossRefPubMed Aldred MA, Huang Y, Liyanarachchi S, Pellegata NS, Gimm O, Jhiang S, Davuluri RV, de la Chapelle A, Eng C (2004) Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas show distinctly different microarray expression profiles and can be distinguished by a minimum of five genes. J Clin Oncol 22:3531–3539CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Anwar F, Emond MJ, Schmidt RA, Hwang HC, Bronner MP (2000) Retinoblastoma expression in thyroid neoplasms. Mod Pathol 13:562–569CrossRefPubMed Anwar F, Emond MJ, Schmidt RA, Hwang HC, Bronner MP (2000) Retinoblastoma expression in thyroid neoplasms. Mod Pathol 13:562–569CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Apel RL, Ezzat S, Bapat BV, Pan N, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL (1995) Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter. Diagn Mol Pathol 4:113–121PubMedCrossRef Apel RL, Ezzat S, Bapat BV, Pan N, LiVolsi VA, Asa SL (1995) Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter. Diagn Mol Pathol 4:113–121PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Barden CB, Shister KW, Zhu B, Guiter G, Greenblatt DY, Zeiger MA, Fahey TJ 3rd (2003) Classification of follicular thyroid tumors by molecular signature: results of gene profiling. Clin Cancer Res 9:1792–1800PubMed Barden CB, Shister KW, Zhu B, Guiter G, Greenblatt DY, Zeiger MA, Fahey TJ 3rd (2003) Classification of follicular thyroid tumors by molecular signature: results of gene profiling. Clin Cancer Res 9:1792–1800PubMed
8.
go back to reference Baris O, Savagner F, Nasser V, Loriod B, Granjeaud S, Guyetant S, Franc B, Rodien P, Rohmer V, Bertucci F, Birnbaum D, Malthiery Y, Reynier P, Houlgatte R (2004) Transcriptional profiling reveals coordinated up-regulation of oxidative metabolism genes in thyroid oncocytic tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:994–1005CrossRefPubMed Baris O, Savagner F, Nasser V, Loriod B, Granjeaud S, Guyetant S, Franc B, Rodien P, Rohmer V, Bertucci F, Birnbaum D, Malthiery Y, Reynier P, Houlgatte R (2004) Transcriptional profiling reveals coordinated up-regulation of oxidative metabolism genes in thyroid oncocytic tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:994–1005CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Baris O, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Savagner F, Rodien P, Ballester B, Loriod B, Granjeaud S, Guyetant S, Franc B, Houlgatte R, Reynier P, Malthiery Y (2005) Gene profiling reveals specific oncogenic mechanisms and signaling pathways in oncocytic and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene 24:4155–4461PubMed Baris O, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Savagner F, Rodien P, Ballester B, Loriod B, Granjeaud S, Guyetant S, Franc B, Houlgatte R, Reynier P, Malthiery Y (2005) Gene profiling reveals specific oncogenic mechanisms and signaling pathways in oncocytic and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene 24:4155–4461PubMed
10.
go back to reference Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Lucante T, Khan A, Inohara H, Marandino F, Orlandi F, Nardi F, Vecchione A, Tecce R, Larsson O (2001) Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet 357:1644–1650CrossRefPubMed Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Lucante T, Khan A, Inohara H, Marandino F, Orlandi F, Nardi F, Vecchione A, Tecce R, Larsson O (2001) Application of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular thyroid lesions. Lancet 357:1644–1650CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Berho M, Suster S (1997) The oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Hum Pathol 28:47–53CrossRefPubMed Berho M, Suster S (1997) The oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Hum Pathol 28:47–53CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bronner MP, LiVolsi VA (1988) Oxyphilic (Askanazy/Hürthle cell) tumors of the thyroid: microscopic features predict biological behaviour. Surg Pathol 1:137–150 Bronner MP, LiVolsi VA (1988) Oxyphilic (Askanazy/Hürthle cell) tumors of the thyroid: microscopic features predict biological behaviour. Surg Pathol 1:137–150
13.
go back to reference Canzian F, Amati P, Harach HR, Kraimps JL, Lesueur F, Barbier J, Levillain P, Romeo G, Bonneau D (1998) A gene predisposing to familial thyroid tumors with cell oxyphilia maps to chromosome 19p13.2. Am J Hum Genet 63:1743–1748CrossRefPubMed Canzian F, Amati P, Harach HR, Kraimps JL, Lesueur F, Barbier J, Levillain P, Romeo G, Bonneau D (1998) A gene predisposing to familial thyroid tumors with cell oxyphilia maps to chromosome 19p13.2. Am J Hum Genet 63:1743–1748CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Rosai J (1984) Poorly differentiated (“insular”) thyroid carcinoma. A reinterpretation of Langhans’ “wuchernde Struma”. Am J Surg Pathol 8:655–668PubMedCrossRef Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Rosai J (1984) Poorly differentiated (“insular”) thyroid carcinoma. A reinterpretation of Langhans’ “wuchernde Struma”. Am J Surg Pathol 8:655–668PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Carcangiu ML, Bianchi S, Savino D, Voynick IM, Rosai J (1991) Follicular Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland. Cancer 68:1944–1953PubMedCrossRef Carcangiu ML, Bianchi S, Savino D, Voynick IM, Rosai J (1991) Follicular Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid gland. Cancer 68:1944–1953PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Cerutti JM, Delcelo R, Amadei MJ, Nakabashi C, Maciel RM, Peterson B, Shoemaker J, Riggins GJ (2004) A preoperative diagnostic test that distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid carcinoma based on gene expression. J Clin Invest 113:1234–1242CrossRefPubMed Cerutti JM, Delcelo R, Amadei MJ, Nakabashi C, Maciel RM, Peterson B, Shoemaker J, Riggins GJ (2004) A preoperative diagnostic test that distinguishes benign from malignant thyroid carcinoma based on gene expression. J Clin Invest 113:1234–1242CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Cheung CC, Ezzat S, Freeman JL, Rosen IB, Asa SL (2001) Immunohistochemical diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 14:338–342CrossRefPubMed Cheung CC, Ezzat S, Freeman JL, Rosen IB, Asa SL (2001) Immunohistochemical diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol 14:338–342CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Chevillard S, Ugolin N, Vielh P, Ory K, Levalois C, Elliott D, Clayman GL, El-Naggar AK (2004) Gene expression profiling of differentiated thyroid neoplasms: diagnostic and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 10:6586–6597PubMedCrossRef Chevillard S, Ugolin N, Vielh P, Ory K, Levalois C, Elliott D, Clayman GL, El-Naggar AK (2004) Gene expression profiling of differentiated thyroid neoplasms: diagnostic and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 10:6586–6597PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Chung DH, Kang GH, Kim WH, Ro JY (1999) Clonal analysis of a solitary follicular nodule of the thyroid with the polymerase chain reaction method. Mod Pathol 12:265–271PubMed Chung DH, Kang GH, Kim WH, Ro JY (1999) Clonal analysis of a solitary follicular nodule of the thyroid with the polymerase chain reaction method. Mod Pathol 12:265–271PubMed
20.
go back to reference D’Avanzo A, Treseler P, Ituarte PH, Wong M, Streja L, Greenspan FS, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH (2004) Follicular thyroid carcinoma: histology and prognosis. Cancer 100:1123–1129CrossRefPubMed D’Avanzo A, Treseler P, Ituarte PH, Wong M, Streja L, Greenspan FS, Siperstein AE, Duh QY, Clark OH (2004) Follicular thyroid carcinoma: histology and prognosis. Cancer 100:1123–1129CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Evans HL, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R (1998) Follicular and Hurthle cell carcinomas of the thyroid: a comparative study. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1512–1520CrossRefPubMed Evans HL, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R (1998) Follicular and Hurthle cell carcinomas of the thyroid: a comparative study. Am J Surg Pathol 22:1512–1520CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Finley DJ, Zhu B, Barden CB, Fahey TJ III (2004) Discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by molecular profiling. Ann Surg 240:425–437PubMedCrossRef Finley DJ, Zhu B, Barden CB, Fahey TJ III (2004) Discrimination of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by molecular profiling. Ann Surg 240:425–437PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Garcia-Rostan G, Camp RL, Herrero A, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL, Tallini G (2001) Beta-catenin dysregulation in thyroid neoplasms: down-regulation, aberrant nuclear expression, and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are markers for aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. Am J Pathol 158:987–996PubMed Garcia-Rostan G, Camp RL, Herrero A, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL, Tallini G (2001) Beta-catenin dysregulation in thyroid neoplasms: down-regulation, aberrant nuclear expression, and CTNNB1 exon 3 mutations are markers for aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis. Am J Pathol 158:987–996PubMed
24.
go back to reference Garcia-Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, Pollan M, Herrero A, Pardo J, Wu R, Carcangiu ML, Costa J, Tallini G (2003) ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:3226–3235CrossRefPubMed Garcia-Rostan G, Zhao H, Camp RL, Pollan M, Herrero A, Pardo J, Wu R, Carcangiu ML, Costa J, Tallini G (2003) ras mutations are associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 21:3226–3235CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Harach HR, Lesueur F, Amati P, Brown A, Canzian F, Kraimps JL, Levillain P, Menet E, Romeo G, Bonneau D (1999) Histology of familial thyroid tumours linked to a gene mapping to chromosome 19p13.2. J Pathol 189:387–393CrossRefPubMed Harach HR, Lesueur F, Amati P, Brown A, Canzian F, Kraimps JL, Levillain P, Menet E, Romeo G, Bonneau D (1999) Histology of familial thyroid tumours linked to a gene mapping to chromosome 19p13.2. J Pathol 189:387–393CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Harrer P, Broecker M, Zint A, Schatz H, Zumtobel V, Derwahl M (1998) Thyroid nodules in recurrent multinodular goiters are predominantly polyclonal. J Endocrinol Invest 21:380–385PubMed Harrer P, Broecker M, Zint A, Schatz H, Zumtobel V, Derwahl M (1998) Thyroid nodules in recurrent multinodular goiters are predominantly polyclonal. J Endocrinol Invest 21:380–385PubMed
27.
go back to reference Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH (1988) Histological typing of thyroid tumours. International histological classification of tumours. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Hedinger C, Williams ED, Sobin LH (1988) Histological typing of thyroid tumours. International histological classification of tumours. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
28.
go back to reference Hofstädter F (1980) Frequency and morphology of malignant tumours of the thyroid before and after the introduction of iodine-prophylaxis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 385:263–270CrossRefPubMed Hofstädter F (1980) Frequency and morphology of malignant tumours of the thyroid before and after the introduction of iodine-prophylaxis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 385:263–270CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Johnson TL, Lloyd RV, Burney RE, Thompson NW (1987) Hurthle cell thyroid tumors. An immunohistochemical study. Cancer 59:107–112PubMedCrossRef Johnson TL, Lloyd RV, Burney RE, Thompson NW (1987) Hurthle cell thyroid tumors. An immunohistochemical study. Cancer 59:107–112PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Katoh R, Harach HR, Williams ED (1998) Solitary, multiple, and familial oxyphil tumours of the thyroid gland. J Pathol 186:292–299CrossRefPubMed Katoh R, Harach HR, Williams ED (1998) Solitary, multiple, and familial oxyphil tumours of the thyroid gland. J Pathol 186:292–299CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Kesmodel SB, Terhune KP, Canter RJ, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW, Fraker DL (2003) The diagnostic dilemma of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 134:1005–1012CrossRefPubMed Kesmodel SB, Terhune KP, Canter RJ, Mandel SJ, LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW, Fraker DL (2003) The diagnostic dilemma of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 134:1005–1012CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Kober F, Wolf G, Depisch D, Galvan G, Keminger K, Ladurner D, Langsteger W, Ogris E, Pimpl W, Roka R, Schmalzer E, Schmid KW, Tuchmann A (1990) Schilddrüsenkarzinom. In: Steindorfer P (ed) Manual der chirurgischen Krebstherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 35–48 Kober F, Wolf G, Depisch D, Galvan G, Keminger K, Ladurner D, Langsteger W, Ogris E, Pimpl W, Roka R, Schmalzer E, Schmid KW, Tuchmann A (1990) Schilddrüsenkarzinom. In: Steindorfer P (ed) Manual der chirurgischen Krebstherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 35–48
33.
go back to reference Krohn K, Paschke R (2002) Somatic mutations in thyroid nodular disease. Mol Genet Metab 75:202–208CrossRefPubMed Krohn K, Paschke R (2002) Somatic mutations in thyroid nodular disease. Mol Genet Metab 75:202–208CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Lang W, Choritz H, Hundeshagen H (1986) Risk factors in follicular thyroid carcinomas. A retrospective follow-up study covering a 14-year period with emphasis on morphological findings. Am J Surg Pathol 10:246–255PubMedCrossRef Lang W, Choritz H, Hundeshagen H (1986) Risk factors in follicular thyroid carcinomas. A retrospective follow-up study covering a 14-year period with emphasis on morphological findings. Am J Surg Pathol 10:246–255PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference LiVolsi VA (1990) Surgical pathology of the thyroid. Major problems in pathology, vol 22. Saunders, Philadelphia LiVolsi VA (1990) Surgical pathology of the thyroid. Major problems in pathology, vol 22. Saunders, Philadelphia
36.
go back to reference LiVolsi VA (2003) Pure versus follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: clinical features, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival. Cancer 98:1997–1998CrossRefPubMed LiVolsi VA (2003) Pure versus follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: clinical features, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival. Cancer 98:1997–1998CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Ljungberg O, Bondeson L, Bondeson AG (1984) Differentiated thyroid carcinoma, intermediate type: a new tumor entity with features of follicular and parafollicular cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 15:218–228PubMedCrossRef Ljungberg O, Bondeson L, Bondeson AG (1984) Differentiated thyroid carcinoma, intermediate type: a new tumor entity with features of follicular and parafollicular cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 15:218–228PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Mai KT, Elmontaser G, Perkin DG, Thomas J, Stinson WA (2005) Benign Hürthle cell adenoma with papillary architecture: a benign lesion mimicking oncocytic papillary carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 13:37–41PubMedCrossRef Mai KT, Elmontaser G, Perkin DG, Thomas J, Stinson WA (2005) Benign Hürthle cell adenoma with papillary architecture: a benign lesion mimicking oncocytic papillary carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 13:37–41PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Marques AR, Espadinha C, Frias MJ, Roque L, Catarino AL, Sobrinho LG, Leite V (2004) Underexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma in PAX8/PPARgamma-negative thyroid tumours. Br J Cancer 91:732–738PubMed Marques AR, Espadinha C, Frias MJ, Roque L, Catarino AL, Sobrinho LG, Leite V (2004) Underexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma in PAX8/PPARgamma-negative thyroid tumours. Br J Cancer 91:732–738PubMed
40.
go back to reference Maximo V, Sores P, Rocha AS, Sobrinho-Simoes M (1998) The common deletion of mitochondrial DNA is found in goiters and thyroid tumors with and without oxyphil cell change. Ultrastruc Pathol 22:271–273 Maximo V, Sores P, Rocha AS, Sobrinho-Simoes M (1998) The common deletion of mitochondrial DNA is found in goiters and thyroid tumors with and without oxyphil cell change. Ultrastruc Pathol 22:271–273
41.
go back to reference Maximo V, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2000) Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid. A review with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities with clinical relevance. Virchows Arch 437:107–115CrossRefPubMed Maximo V, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2000) Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid. A review with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities with clinical relevance. Virchows Arch 437:107–115CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Maximo V, Soares P, Lima J, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2002) Mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations (point mutations and large deletions) and mitochondrial DNA variants in human thyroid pathology: a study with emphasis on Hurthle cell tumors. Am J Pathol 160:1857–1865PubMed Maximo V, Soares P, Lima J, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2002) Mitochondrial DNA somatic mutations (point mutations and large deletions) and mitochondrial DNA variants in human thyroid pathology: a study with emphasis on Hurthle cell tumors. Am J Pathol 160:1857–1865PubMed
43.
go back to reference Maximo V, Botelho T, Capela J, Soares P, Lima J, Taveira A, Amaro T, Barbosa AP, Preto A, Harach HR, Williams D, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2005) Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. Br J Cancer 92:1892–1898CrossRefPubMed Maximo V, Botelho T, Capela J, Soares P, Lima J, Taveira A, Amaro T, Barbosa AP, Preto A, Harach HR, Williams D, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2005) Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. Br J Cancer 92:1892–1898CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Mazzanti C, Zeiger MA, Costouros NG, Umbricht C, Westra WH, Smith D, Somervell H, Bevilacqua G, Alexander HR, Libutti SK (2004) Using gene expression profiling to differentiate benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Cancer Res 64:2898–2903CrossRefPubMed Mazzanti C, Zeiger MA, Costouros NG, Umbricht C, Westra WH, Smith D, Somervell H, Bevilacqua G, Alexander HR, Libutti SK (2004) Using gene expression profiling to differentiate benign versus malignant thyroid tumors. Cancer Res 64:2898–2903CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference McDonald MP, Sanders LE, Silverman ML, Chan HS, Buyske J (1996) Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: prognostic factors and results of surgical treatment. Surgery 120:1000–1004PubMedCrossRef McDonald MP, Sanders LE, Silverman ML, Chan HS, Buyske J (1996) Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: prognostic factors and results of surgical treatment. Surgery 120:1000–1004PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Mendelsohn G (1988) Pathology of thyroid disease. In: Mendelsohn G (ed) Diagnosis and pathology of endocrine disease. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 37–117 Mendelsohn G (1988) Pathology of thyroid disease. In: Mendelsohn G (ed) Diagnosis and pathology of endocrine disease. J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 37–117
47.
go back to reference Miyake N, Maeta H, Horie S, Kitamura Y, Nanba E, Kobayashi K, Terada T (2001) Absence of mutations in the beta-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli genes in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. Pathol Int 51:680–685CrossRefPubMed Miyake N, Maeta H, Horie S, Kitamura Y, Nanba E, Kobayashi K, Terada T (2001) Absence of mutations in the beta-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli genes in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. Pathol Int 51:680–685CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Müller-Hocker J, Jacob U, Seibel P (1998) Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with defects of cytochrome-c oxidase in oxyphil Askanazy cells and with the common deletion (4,977) of mitochondrial DNA. Ultrastruct Pathol 22:91–100PubMedCrossRef Müller-Hocker J, Jacob U, Seibel P (1998) Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with defects of cytochrome-c oxidase in oxyphil Askanazy cells and with the common deletion (4,977) of mitochondrial DNA. Ultrastruct Pathol 22:91–100PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Musholt PB, Imkamp F, von Wasielewski R, Schmid KW, Musholt TJ (2003) RET rearrangements in archival oxyphilic thyroid tumors: new insights in tumorigenesis and classification of Hurthle cell carcinomas? Surgery 134:881–889CrossRefPubMed Musholt PB, Imkamp F, von Wasielewski R, Schmid KW, Musholt TJ (2003) RET rearrangements in archival oxyphilic thyroid tumors: new insights in tumorigenesis and classification of Hurthle cell carcinomas? Surgery 134:881–889CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Nesland JM, Sobrinho-Simoes MA, Holm R, Sambade MC, Johannessen JV (1985) Hurthle-cell lesions of the thyroid: a combined study using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. Ultrastruct Pathol 8:269–290PubMed Nesland JM, Sobrinho-Simoes MA, Holm R, Sambade MC, Johannessen JV (1985) Hurthle-cell lesions of the thyroid: a combined study using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. Ultrastruct Pathol 8:269–290PubMed
51.
go back to reference Nibu K-I, Otsuko N, Nakao K, Sugasawa M, Rothstein JL (2005) RET/PTC fusion gene rearrangements in Japanese thyroid carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 262:368–373CrossRefPubMed Nibu K-I, Otsuko N, Nakao K, Sugasawa M, Rothstein JL (2005) RET/PTC fusion gene rearrangements in Japanese thyroid carcinomas. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 262:368–373CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Nikiforov YE (2004) Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 15:319–327CrossRefPubMed Nikiforov YE (2004) Genetic alterations involved in the transition from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 15:319–327CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW, Tallini G, Kroll TG, Nikiforov YE (2003) Ras point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangements in thyroid tumours: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2318–2326CrossRefPubMed Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW, Tallini G, Kroll TG, Nikiforov YE (2003) Ras point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangements in thyroid tumours: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2318–2326CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Papotti M, Botto Micca F, Favero A, Palestini N, Bussolati G (1993) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas with primordial cell component. A group of aggressive lesions sharing insular, trabecular, and solid patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 17:291–301PubMedCrossRef Papotti M, Botto Micca F, Favero A, Palestini N, Bussolati G (1993) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas with primordial cell component. A group of aggressive lesions sharing insular, trabecular, and solid patterns. Am J Surg Pathol 17:291–301PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Papotti M, Torchio B, Grassi L, Favero A, Bussolati G (1996) Poorly differentiated oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) carcinomas of the thyroid. Am J Surg Pathol 20:686–694CrossRefPubMed Papotti M, Torchio B, Grassi L, Favero A, Bussolati G (1996) Poorly differentiated oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) carcinomas of the thyroid. Am J Surg Pathol 20:686–694CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Pilotti S, Collini P, Mariani L, Placucci M, Bongarzone I, Vigneri P, Cipriani S, Falcetta F, Miceli R, Pierotti MA, Rilke F (1997) Insular carcinoma: a distinct de novo entity among follicular carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1466–1473CrossRefPubMed Pilotti S, Collini P, Mariani L, Placucci M, Bongarzone I, Vigneri P, Cipriani S, Falcetta F, Miceli R, Pierotti MA, Rilke F (1997) Insular carcinoma: a distinct de novo entity among follicular carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1466–1473CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Puskas LG, Farid NR (2004) Gene expression in thyroid tumors. In: Farid NR (ed) The molecular basis of thyroid cancer. Kluwer, Boston, pp 265–271 Puskas LG, Farid NR (2004) Gene expression in thyroid tumors. In: Farid NR (ed) The molecular basis of thyroid cancer. Kluwer, Boston, pp 265–271
58.
go back to reference Puskas LG, Juhasz F, Farid NR (2004) Microarray study of malignant and benign nodular thyroid tissue. In: 86th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, Abstract P2, New Orleans, p 183 Puskas LG, Juhasz F, Farid NR (2004) Microarray study of malignant and benign nodular thyroid tissue. In: 86th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, Abstract P2, New Orleans, p 183
59.
go back to reference Puskas LG, Juhasz F, Zarva A, Hackler L Jr, Farid NR (2005) Gene profiling identifies genes specific for well-differentiated epithelial thyroid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 51:177–186 Puskas LG, Juhasz F, Zarva A, Hackler L Jr, Farid NR (2005) Gene profiling identifies genes specific for well-differentiated epithelial thyroid tumors. Mol Cell Biol 51:177–186
60.
go back to reference Raphael SJ (2002) The meanings of markers: ancillary techniques in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia. Endocr Pathol 13:301–311CrossRefPubMed Raphael SJ (2002) The meanings of markers: ancillary techniques in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasia. Endocr Pathol 13:301–311CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, DeLellis RA (1992) Tumors of the thyroid gland. Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series, vol 5. AFIP, Washington, DC Rosai J, Carcangiu ML, DeLellis RA (1992) Tumors of the thyroid gland. Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series, vol 5. AFIP, Washington, DC
62.
go back to reference Rosai J (2004) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: introduction to the issue, its landmarks, and clinical impact. Endocr Pathol 15:293–296CrossRefPubMed Rosai J (2004) Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: introduction to the issue, its landmarks, and clinical impact. Endocr Pathol 15:293–296CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Sakamoto A, Kasai N, Sugano H (1983) Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic entity for a high-risk group of papillary and follicular carcinomas. Cancer 52:1849–1855PubMedCrossRef Sakamoto A, Kasai N, Sugano H (1983) Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic entity for a high-risk group of papillary and follicular carcinomas. Cancer 52:1849–1855PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Schmid KW, Tötsch M, Hittmair A, Feichtinger H, Ladurner D, Hofstädter F (1989) Frequency of medullary thyroid carcinoma in an endemic area. Mod Pathol 2:90–93PubMed Schmid KW, Tötsch M, Hittmair A, Feichtinger H, Ladurner D, Hofstädter F (1989) Frequency of medullary thyroid carcinoma in an endemic area. Mod Pathol 2:90–93PubMed
65.
go back to reference Schmid KW, Tötsch M, Öfner D, Böcker W, Ladurner D (1997) Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. A clinico-pathological study. In: Schmid KW, Böcker W (eds) Thyroid pathology. Current topics in pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 37–44 Schmid KW, Tötsch M, Öfner D, Böcker W, Ladurner D (1997) Minimally invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma. A clinico-pathological study. In: Schmid KW, Böcker W (eds) Thyroid pathology. Current topics in pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 37–44
66.
go back to reference Schmid KW (1998) Does the encapsulated oxyphilic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma really exist? J Pathol 184:31ACrossRef Schmid KW (1998) Does the encapsulated oxyphilic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma really exist? J Pathol 184:31ACrossRef
67.
go back to reference Schmid KW, Sheu S-Y, Görges R, Ensinger C, Tötsch M (2003) Tumoren der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 24:357–372CrossRefPubMed Schmid KW, Sheu S-Y, Görges R, Ensinger C, Tötsch M (2003) Tumoren der Schilddrüse. Pathologe 24:357–372CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Schröder S (1988) Pathologie und Klinik maligner Schilddrüsentumoren. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart Schröder S (1988) Pathologie und Klinik maligner Schilddrüsentumoren. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
69.
go back to reference Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP (1995) Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery 118:1131–1136PubMedCrossRef Shaha AR, Loree TR, Shah JP (1995) Prognostic factors and risk group analysis in follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Surgery 118:1131–1136PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Shahedian B, Shi Y, Zou M, Farid NR (2001) Thyroid carcinoma is characterized by genomic instability: evidence from p53 mutations. Mol Genet Metab 72:155–163CrossRefPubMed Shahedian B, Shi Y, Zou M, Farid NR (2001) Thyroid carcinoma is characterized by genomic instability: evidence from p53 mutations. Mol Genet Metab 72:155–163CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Shi Y, Zou M, Varkondi E, Nagy A, Kozma L, Farid NR (2001) Cyclin D1 in thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid 10:741–746 Shi Y, Zou M, Varkondi E, Nagy A, Kozma L, Farid NR (2001) Cyclin D1 in thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid 10:741–746
72.
go back to reference Sneed DC (1999) Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with malignant tumors of the thyroid gland, exclusive of lymphomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 123:45–49PubMed Sneed DC (1999) Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with malignant tumors of the thyroid gland, exclusive of lymphomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 123:45–49PubMed
73.
go back to reference Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, Lima J, Castro P, Preto A, Maximo V, Botelho T, Seruca R, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2003) BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements are alternative events in the etiopathogenesis of PTC. Oncogene 22:4578–4580CrossRefPubMed Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, Lima J, Castro P, Preto A, Maximo V, Botelho T, Seruca R, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2003) BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements are alternative events in the etiopathogenesis of PTC. Oncogene 22:4578–4580CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Sobrinho-Simoes MA, Nesland JM, Holm R, Sambade MC, Johannessen JV (1985) Hurthle cell and mitochondrion-rich papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Ultrastruct Pathol 8:131–142PubMed Sobrinho-Simoes MA, Nesland JM, Holm R, Sambade MC, Johannessen JV (1985) Hurthle cell and mitochondrion-rich papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Ultrastruct Pathol 8:131–142PubMed
75.
go back to reference Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Castro IV, Fonseca E, Soares P, Garcia-Rostan G, Oliveira MC (2005) Hurthle (oncocytic) cell tumors of thyroid: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical significance. Int J Surg Pathol 13:29–35PubMedCrossRef Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Castro IV, Fonseca E, Soares P, Garcia-Rostan G, Oliveira MC (2005) Hurthle (oncocytic) cell tumors of thyroid: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical significance. Int J Surg Pathol 13:29–35PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Stewart BW, Kleihues P (2003) World cancer report. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 257–260 Stewart BW, Kleihues P (2003) World cancer report. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 257–260
77.
go back to reference Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Kuma K, Amino N (2004) High-throughput differential screening of mRNAs by serial analysis of gene expression: decreased expression of trefoil factor 3 mRNA in thyroid follicular carcinomas. Br J Cancer 90:1600–1605CrossRefPubMed Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Kuma K, Amino N (2004) High-throughput differential screening of mRNAs by serial analysis of gene expression: decreased expression of trefoil factor 3 mRNA in thyroid follicular carcinomas. Br J Cancer 90:1600–1605CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Kuma K, Amino N (2005) Decreased relative expression level of trefoil factor 3 mRNA to galectin-3 mRNA distinguishes thyroid follicular carcinoma from adenoma. Cancer Lett 219:91–96CrossRefPubMed Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Kuma K, Amino N (2005) Decreased relative expression level of trefoil factor 3 mRNA to galectin-3 mRNA distinguishes thyroid follicular carcinoma from adenoma. Cancer Lett 219:91–96CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Thomas D, Lizyness M, Kuick R, Sanders D, Misek D, Hanash S, Nikiforov Y, Koenig R, Giorando TJ (2004) Gene expression signature of oncocytic (Hurthle cell) thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 14:713 Thomas D, Lizyness M, Kuick R, Sanders D, Misek D, Hanash S, Nikiforov Y, Koenig R, Giorando TJ (2004) Gene expression signature of oncocytic (Hurthle cell) thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 14:713
81.
go back to reference Thomas GA, Williams D, Williams ED (1989) The clonal origin of thyroid nodules and adenomas. Am J Pathol 134:141–147PubMed Thomas GA, Williams D, Williams ED (1989) The clonal origin of thyroid nodules and adenomas. Am J Pathol 134:141–147PubMed
82.
go back to reference Trovisco V, Soares P, Preto A, de Castro IV, Lima J, Castro P, Maximo V, Botelho T, Moreira S, Meireles AM, Magalhaes J, Abrosimov A, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2005) Type and prevalence of BRAF mutations are closely associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma histotype and patients’ age but not with tumour aggressiveness. Virchows Arch 446:589–595CrossRefPubMed Trovisco V, Soares P, Preto A, de Castro IV, Lima J, Castro P, Maximo V, Botelho T, Moreira S, Meireles AM, Magalhaes J, Abrosimov A, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M (2005) Type and prevalence of BRAF mutations are closely associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma histotype and patients’ age but not with tumour aggressiveness. Virchows Arch 446:589–595CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Valenta LJ, Michel-Bechet M, Warshaw JB, Maloof F (1974) Human thyroid tumors composed of mitochondrion-rich cells: electron microscopic and biochemical findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:719–733PubMedCrossRef Valenta LJ, Michel-Bechet M, Warshaw JB, Maloof F (1974) Human thyroid tumors composed of mitochondrion-rich cells: electron microscopic and biochemical findings. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:719–733PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Vickery AL Jr, Carcangiu ML, Johannessen JV, Sobrinho-Simoes M (1985) Papillary carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2:90–100PubMed Vickery AL Jr, Carcangiu ML, Johannessen JV, Sobrinho-Simoes M (1985) Papillary carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 2:90–100PubMed
85.
go back to reference Volante M, Landolfi S, Chiusa L, Palestini N, Motta M, Codegone A, Torchio B, Papotti MG (2004) Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid with trabecular, insular, and solid patterns: a clinicopathologic study of 183 patients. Cancer 100:950–957CrossRefPubMed Volante M, Landolfi S, Chiusa L, Palestini N, Motta M, Codegone A, Torchio B, Papotti MG (2004) Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid with trabecular, insular, and solid patterns: a clinicopathologic study of 183 patients. Cancer 100:950–957CrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Volante M, Cavallo GP, Papotti M (2004) Prognostic factors of clinical interest in poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid. Endocr Pathol 15:313–317CrossRefPubMed Volante M, Cavallo GP, Papotti M (2004) Prognostic factors of clinical interest in poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid. Endocr Pathol 15:313–317CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Watson RG, Brennan MD, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, McConahey WM, Taylor WF (1984) Invasive Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid: natural history and management. Mayo Clin Proc 59:851–855PubMed Watson RG, Brennan MD, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA, McConahey WM, Taylor WF (1984) Invasive Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid: natural history and management. Mayo Clin Proc 59:851–855PubMed
88.
go back to reference Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, Morrison CD, Frilling A, Saji M, Schuppert F, Broelsch CE, Ringel MD, Eng C (2005) Genetic classification of benign and malignant follicular neoplasm based on a 3-gene combination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2512–2521CrossRefPubMed Weber F, Shen L, Aldred MA, Morrison CD, Frilling A, Saji M, Schuppert F, Broelsch CE, Ringel MD, Eng C (2005) Genetic classification of benign and malignant follicular neoplasm based on a 3-gene combination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2512–2521CrossRefPubMed
89.
go back to reference DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) (2004) WHO histological classification of thyroid and parathyroid tumours. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology & genetics. Tumours of endocrine organs. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 49–123 DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (eds) (2004) WHO histological classification of thyroid and parathyroid tumours. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology & genetics. Tumours of endocrine organs. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 49–123
90.
go back to reference Williams ED, Doniach I, Bjarnson O, Michie W (1977) Thyroid cancer in an iodine rich area. Cancer 39:215–222PubMedCrossRef Williams ED, Doniach I, Bjarnson O, Michie W (1977) Thyroid cancer in an iodine rich area. Cancer 39:215–222PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Williams ED (2000) Guest editorial: two proposals regarding the terminology of thyroid tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 8:181–183PubMedCrossRef Williams ED (2000) Guest editorial: two proposals regarding the terminology of thyroid tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 8:181–183PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Wynford-Thomas D (1994) Thyroid cancer. In: Lemoine N, Neoptolemos J, Cooke T (eds) Cancer. A molecular approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 192–222 Wynford-Thomas D (1994) Thyroid cancer. In: Lemoine N, Neoptolemos J, Cooke T (eds) Cancer. A molecular approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 192–222
93.
go back to reference Yano Y, Uematsu N, Yashiro T, Hara H, Ueno E, Miwa M, Tsujimoto G, Aiyoshi Y, Uchida K (2004) Gene expression profiling identifies platelet-derived growth factor as a diagnostic molecular marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 10:2035–2043CrossRefPubMed Yano Y, Uematsu N, Yashiro T, Hara H, Ueno E, Miwa M, Tsujimoto G, Aiyoshi Y, Uchida K (2004) Gene expression profiling identifies platelet-derived growth factor as a diagnostic molecular marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 10:2035–2043CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
How to define follicular thyroid carcinoma?
Authors
Kurt Werner Schmid
Nadir Rashad Farid
Publication date
01-04-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Virchows Archiv / Issue 4/2006
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-006-0162-0

Other articles of this Issue 4/2006

Virchows Archiv 4/2006 Go to the issue