Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 3/2004

01-06-2004 | Current Concepts in Clinical Surgery

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: early and late complications and their treatment

Authors: A. Shamiyeh, W. Wayand

Published in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | Issue 3/2004

Login to get access

Abstract

Summary

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy gained wide acceptance as treatment of choice for gallstone disease and cholecystitis. With this new technique, not only did the new era of minimal invasive surgery begin, but also the spectrum of complications changed. Laparoscopy-related complications such as access injuries and procedure-related problems are discussed in our article. Typical mishaps are reviewed according to the literature. Set-up of the pneumoperitoneum (morbidity up to 0.2%); bleeding—from trocar sites and vascular injury (mortality up to 0.2%); biliary leaks and bile duct injuries are the main topics in this article (still on a level of 0.2%–0.8%). Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment are discussed, and an overview of the most cited classifications of bile duct injuries is summarised graphically. Finally, bowel injuries as a specific complication in laparoscopy are discussed (incidence up to 0.87%).

Conclusion

Careful selection of patients, the knowledge of typical procedure-related complications, and their best treatment are the key points for a safe laparosopic cholecystectomy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference NIH Consensus Conference Statement (1993) National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:390–398PubMed NIH Consensus Conference Statement (1993) National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement on Gallstones and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:390–398PubMed
2.
go back to reference Fletcher DR, Hobbs MS, Tan P, Valinsky LJ, Hockey RL, Pikora TJ, Knuiman MW, Sheiner HJ, Edis A (1999) Complications of cholecystectomy: risks of the laparoscopic approach and protective effects of operative cholangiography: a population-based study. Ann Surg 229:449–457PubMed Fletcher DR, Hobbs MS, Tan P, Valinsky LJ, Hockey RL, Pikora TJ, Knuiman MW, Sheiner HJ, Edis A (1999) Complications of cholecystectomy: risks of the laparoscopic approach and protective effects of operative cholangiography: a population-based study. Ann Surg 229:449–457PubMed
3.
go back to reference Richardson MC, Bell G, Fullarton GM (1996) Incidence and nature of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an audit of 5913 cases. West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group. Br J Surg 83:1356–1360 Richardson MC, Bell G, Fullarton GM (1996) Incidence and nature of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an audit of 5913 cases. West of Scotland Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Audit Group. Br J Surg 83:1356–1360
4.
go back to reference Tanovic H, Mesihovic R (2003) Differences in the postoperative course and treatment in patients after laparoscopic and standard cholecystectomy. Med Arh 57:219–222PubMed Tanovic H, Mesihovic R (2003) Differences in the postoperative course and treatment in patients after laparoscopic and standard cholecystectomy. Med Arh 57:219–222PubMed
5.
go back to reference Johansson M, Thune A, Blomqvist A, Nelvin L, Lundell L (2003) Management of acute cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Gastrointest Surg 7:642–645CrossRefPubMed Johansson M, Thune A, Blomqvist A, Nelvin L, Lundell L (2003) Management of acute cholecystitis in the laparoscopic era: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Gastrointest Surg 7:642–645CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Brune IB, Schonleben K, Omran S (1994) Complications after laparoscopic and conventional cholecystectomy: a comparative study. HPB Surg 8:19–25PubMed Brune IB, Schonleben K, Omran S (1994) Complications after laparoscopic and conventional cholecystectomy: a comparative study. HPB Surg 8:19–25PubMed
7.
go back to reference Kozarek R, Gannan R, Baerg R, Wagonfeld J, Ball T (1992) Bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Diagnostic and therapeutic application of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Arch Intern Med 152:1040–1043CrossRefPubMed Kozarek R, Gannan R, Baerg R, Wagonfeld J, Ball T (1992) Bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Diagnostic and therapeutic application of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Arch Intern Med 152:1040–1043CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Targarona EM, Marco C, Balague C, Rodriguez J, Cugat E, Hoyuela C, Veloso E, Trias M (1998) How, when, and why bile duct injury occurs. A comparison between open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 12:322–326CrossRefPubMed Targarona EM, Marco C, Balague C, Rodriguez J, Cugat E, Hoyuela C, Veloso E, Trias M (1998) How, when, and why bile duct injury occurs. A comparison between open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 12:322–326CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Dell’Abate P, Del Rio P, Soliani P, Colla G, Sianesi M (2003) Choledocholithiasis caused by migration of a surgical clip after video laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13:203–204CrossRefPubMed Dell’Abate P, Del Rio P, Soliani P, Colla G, Sianesi M (2003) Choledocholithiasis caused by migration of a surgical clip after video laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13:203–204CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Tebala GD, Vellone M, Cavicchioni C (1997) Routine use of open technique in laparoscopic operations. J Am Coll Surg 184:58–62PubMed Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Tebala GD, Vellone M, Cavicchioni C (1997) Routine use of open technique in laparoscopic operations. J Am Coll Surg 184:58–62PubMed
11.
go back to reference Schafer M, Lauper M, Krahenbuhl L (2001) Trocar and Veress needle injuries during laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 15:275–280CrossRefPubMed Schafer M, Lauper M, Krahenbuhl L (2001) Trocar and Veress needle injuries during laparoscopy. Surg Endosc 15:275–280CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Orlando R, Palatini P, Lirussi F (2003) Needle and trocar injuries in diagnostic laparoscopy under local anesthesia: what is the true incidence of these complications? Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13:181–184CrossRef Orlando R, Palatini P, Lirussi F (2003) Needle and trocar injuries in diagnostic laparoscopy under local anesthesia: what is the true incidence of these complications? Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13:181–184CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hasson HM (1971) A modified instrument and method for laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110:886–887PubMed Hasson HM (1971) A modified instrument and method for laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110:886–887PubMed
14.
go back to reference Hashizume M, Sugimachi K (1997) Needle and trocar injury during laparoscopic surgery in Japan. Surg Endosc 11:1198–1201CrossRefPubMed Hashizume M, Sugimachi K (1997) Needle and trocar injury during laparoscopic surgery in Japan. Surg Endosc 11:1198–1201CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Catarci M, Carlini M, Gentileschi P, Santoro E (2001) Major and minor injuries during the creation of pneumoperitoneum. A multicenter study on 12,919 cases. Surg Endosc 15:566–569CrossRefPubMed Catarci M, Carlini M, Gentileschi P, Santoro E (2001) Major and minor injuries during the creation of pneumoperitoneum. A multicenter study on 12,919 cases. Surg Endosc 15:566–569CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Ballem RV, Rudomanski J (1993) Techniques of pneumoperitoneum. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:42–43PubMed Ballem RV, Rudomanski J (1993) Techniques of pneumoperitoneum. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:42–43PubMed
17.
go back to reference Sigman HH, Fried GM, Garzon J, Hinchey EJ, Wexler MJ, Meakins JL, Barkun JS (1993) Risks of blind versus open approach to celiotomy for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:296–299PubMed Sigman HH, Fried GM, Garzon J, Hinchey EJ, Wexler MJ, Meakins JL, Barkun JS (1993) Risks of blind versus open approach to celiotomy for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc 3:296–299PubMed
18.
go back to reference Mayol J, Garcia-Aguilar J, Ortiz-Oshiro E, De-Diego Carmona JA, Fernandez-Represa JA (1997) Risks of the minimal access approach for laparoscopic surgery: multivariate analysis of morbidity related to umbilical trocar insertion. World J Surg 21:529–533PubMed Mayol J, Garcia-Aguilar J, Ortiz-Oshiro E, De-Diego Carmona JA, Fernandez-Represa JA (1997) Risks of the minimal access approach for laparoscopic surgery: multivariate analysis of morbidity related to umbilical trocar insertion. World J Surg 21:529–533PubMed
19.
go back to reference Yerdel MA, Karayalcin K, Koyuncu A, Akin B, Koksoy C, Turkcapar AG, Erverdi N, Alacayir I, Bumin C, Aras N (1999) Direct trocar insertion versus Veress needle insertion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 177:247–249CrossRefPubMed Yerdel MA, Karayalcin K, Koyuncu A, Akin B, Koksoy C, Turkcapar AG, Erverdi N, Alacayir I, Bumin C, Aras N (1999) Direct trocar insertion versus Veress needle insertion in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 177:247–249CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Schafer M, Lauper M, Krahenbuhl L (2000) A nation’s experience of bleeding complications during laparoscopy. Am J Surg 180:73–77CrossRefPubMed Schafer M, Lauper M, Krahenbuhl L (2000) A nation’s experience of bleeding complications during laparoscopy. Am J Surg 180:73–77CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Shea JA, Healey MJ, Berlin JA, Clarke JR, Malet PF, Staroscik RN, Schwartz JS, Williams SV (1996) Mortality and complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A meta-analysis. Ann Surg 224:609–620CrossRefPubMed Shea JA, Healey MJ, Berlin JA, Clarke JR, Malet PF, Staroscik RN, Schwartz JS, Williams SV (1996) Mortality and complications associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A meta-analysis. Ann Surg 224:609–620CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Cuschieri A, Dubois F, Mouiel J, Mouret P, Becker H, Buess G, Trede M, Troidl H (1991) The European experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 161:385–387PubMed Cuschieri A, Dubois F, Mouiel J, Mouret P, Becker H, Buess G, Trede M, Troidl H (1991) The European experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 161:385–387PubMed
23.
go back to reference Yeh CN, Chen MF, Jan YY (2002) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 226 cirrhotic patients. Experience of a single center in Taiwan. Surg Endosc 16:1583–1587CrossRefPubMed Yeh CN, Chen MF, Jan YY (2002) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 226 cirrhotic patients. Experience of a single center in Taiwan. Surg Endosc 16:1583–1587CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Puggioni A, Wong LL (2003) A metaanalysis of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with cirrhosis. J Am Coll Surg 197:921–926CrossRefPubMed Puggioni A, Wong LL (2003) A metaanalysis of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with cirrhosis. J Am Coll Surg 197:921–926CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Morino M, Cavuoti G, Miglietta C, Giraudo G, Simone P (2000) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhosis: contraindication or privileged indication? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:360–363CrossRefPubMed Morino M, Cavuoti G, Miglietta C, Giraudo G, Simone P (2000) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhosis: contraindication or privileged indication? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:360–363CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Papasavas PK, Caushaj PF, Gagne DJ (2002) Spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12:383–386CrossRefPubMed Papasavas PK, Caushaj PF, Gagne DJ (2002) Spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12:383–386CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Wetscher G, Schwab G, Fend F, Glaser K, Ladurner D, Bodner E (1994) Subcutaneous abscess due to gallstones lost during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopy 26:324–325PubMed Wetscher G, Schwab G, Fend F, Glaser K, Ladurner D, Bodner E (1994) Subcutaneous abscess due to gallstones lost during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopy 26:324–325PubMed
28.
go back to reference Jacob H, Rubin KP, Cohen MC, Kahn IJ, Kan P (1979) Gallstones in a retroperitoneal abscess: a late complication of perforation of the gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 24:964–966PubMed Jacob H, Rubin KP, Cohen MC, Kahn IJ, Kan P (1979) Gallstones in a retroperitoneal abscess: a late complication of perforation of the gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 24:964–966PubMed
29.
go back to reference Rothlin MA, Schob O, Schlumpf R, Largiader F (1997) Stones spilled during cholecystectomy: a long-term liability for the patient. Surg Laparosc Endosc 7:432–434CrossRefPubMed Rothlin MA, Schob O, Schlumpf R, Largiader F (1997) Stones spilled during cholecystectomy: a long-term liability for the patient. Surg Laparosc Endosc 7:432–434CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Sarli L, Pietra N, Costi R, Grattarola M (1999) Gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg 23:1186–1190CrossRefPubMed Sarli L, Pietra N, Costi R, Grattarola M (1999) Gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg 23:1186–1190CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Gretschel S, Engelmann C, Estevez-Schwarz L, Schlag PM (2001) Wolf in sheep’s clothing: spilled gallstones can cause severe complications after endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 15:98 Gretschel S, Engelmann C, Estevez-Schwarz L, Schlag PM (2001) Wolf in sheep’s clothing: spilled gallstones can cause severe complications after endoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc 15:98
32.
go back to reference Schafer M, Suter C, Klaiber C, Wehrli H, Frei E, Krahenbuhl L (1998) Spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A relevant problem? A retrospective analysis of 10,174 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Surg Endosc 12:305–309CrossRefPubMed Schafer M, Suter C, Klaiber C, Wehrli H, Frei E, Krahenbuhl L (1998) Spilled gallstones after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A relevant problem? A retrospective analysis of 10,174 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Surg Endosc 12:305–309CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Horton M, Florence MG (1998) Unusual abscess patterns following dropped gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 175:375–379CrossRefPubMed Horton M, Florence MG (1998) Unusual abscess patterns following dropped gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 175:375–379CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Hawasli A, Schroder D, Rizzo J, Thusay M, Takach TJ, Thao U, Goncharova I (2002) Remote complications of spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: causes, prevention, and management. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12:123–128CrossRefPubMed Hawasli A, Schroder D, Rizzo J, Thusay M, Takach TJ, Thao U, Goncharova I (2002) Remote complications of spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: causes, prevention, and management. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12:123–128CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Gurleyik E, Gurleyik G, Yucel O, Unalmiser S (1998) Does chemical composition have an influence on the fate of intraperitoneal gallstone in rat? Surg Laparosc Endosc 8:113–116CrossRefPubMed Gurleyik E, Gurleyik G, Yucel O, Unalmiser S (1998) Does chemical composition have an influence on the fate of intraperitoneal gallstone in rat? Surg Laparosc Endosc 8:113–116CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Pavlidis TE, Papaziogas BT, Koutelidakis IM, Papaziogas TB (2001) Abdominal wall sinus due to impacting gallstone during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an unusual complication. Surg Endosc 16:360 Pavlidis TE, Papaziogas BT, Koutelidakis IM, Papaziogas TB (2001) Abdominal wall sinus due to impacting gallstone during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an unusual complication. Surg Endosc 16:360
37.
go back to reference Yao CC, Wong HH, Chen CC, Wang CC, Yang CC, Lin CS (2001) Migration of endoclip into duodenum. A rare complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 15:217 Yao CC, Wong HH, Chen CC, Wang CC, Yang CC, Lin CS (2001) Migration of endoclip into duodenum. A rare complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 15:217
38.
go back to reference Aspelund G, Halldorsdottir BA, Isaksson HJ, Moller PH (2003) Gallstone in a hernia sac. Surg Endosc 17:657CrossRef Aspelund G, Halldorsdottir BA, Isaksson HJ, Moller PH (2003) Gallstone in a hernia sac. Surg Endosc 17:657CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Chopra P, Killorn P, Mehran RJ (1999) Cholelithoptysis and pleural empyema. Ann Thorac Surg 68:254–255CrossRefPubMed Chopra P, Killorn P, Mehran RJ (1999) Cholelithoptysis and pleural empyema. Ann Thorac Surg 68:254–255CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Stevens GH, Debets JM, Willig AP, Bergmans MG (1996) Dysmenorrhea related to gallstone spilling after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 67:63–64CrossRefPubMed Stevens GH, Debets JM, Willig AP, Bergmans MG (1996) Dysmenorrhea related to gallstone spilling after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 67:63–64CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Kelkar AP, Kocher HM, Makar AA, Patel AG (2001) Extraction of retained gallstones from an abscess cavity: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 11:129–130CrossRefPubMed Kelkar AP, Kocher HM, Makar AA, Patel AG (2001) Extraction of retained gallstones from an abscess cavity: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 11:129–130CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Asbun HJ, Rossi RL, Lowell JA, Munson JL (1993) Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: mechanism of injury, prevention, and management. World J Surg 17:547–551, 551–552PubMed Asbun HJ, Rossi RL, Lowell JA, Munson JL (1993) Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: mechanism of injury, prevention, and management. World J Surg 17:547–551, 551–552PubMed
43.
go back to reference Soper NJ, Flye MW, Brunt LM, Stockmann PT, Sicard GA, Picus D, Edmundowicz SA, Aliperti G (1993) Diagnosis and management of biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:663–669PubMed Soper NJ, Flye MW, Brunt LM, Stockmann PT, Sicard GA, Picus D, Edmundowicz SA, Aliperti G (1993) Diagnosis and management of biliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:663–669PubMed
44.
go back to reference Woods MS, Traverso LW, Kozarek RA, Donohue JH, Fletcher DR, Hunter JG, Oddsdottir M, Rossi RL, Tsao J, Windsor J (1995) Biliary tract complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy are detected more frequently with routine intraoperative cholangiography. Surg Endosc 9:1076–1080PubMed Woods MS, Traverso LW, Kozarek RA, Donohue JH, Fletcher DR, Hunter JG, Oddsdottir M, Rossi RL, Tsao J, Windsor J (1995) Biliary tract complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy are detected more frequently with routine intraoperative cholangiography. Surg Endosc 9:1076–1080PubMed
45.
go back to reference Heise M, Schmidt SC, Adler A, Hintze RE, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P (2003) Management of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Zentralbl Chir 128:944–951CrossRefPubMed Heise M, Schmidt SC, Adler A, Hintze RE, Langrehr JM, Neuhaus P (2003) Management of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Zentralbl Chir 128:944–951CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Hanazaki K, Sodeyama H, Sode Y, Miyazawa M, Yokoyama S, Wakabayashi M, Kawamura N, Ohtsuka M, Miyazaki T, Matsuda Y (1997) Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 11:1123–1125CrossRefPubMed Hanazaki K, Sodeyama H, Sode Y, Miyazawa M, Yokoyama S, Wakabayashi M, Kawamura N, Ohtsuka M, Miyazaki T, Matsuda Y (1997) Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 11:1123–1125CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Brough WA, Hennessy O, Ewing H, Kune GA (1988) Percutaneous drainage of subphrenic biliary collections using a Ring-McLean sump catheter. Aust N Z J Surg 58:579–581PubMed Brough WA, Hennessy O, Ewing H, Kune GA (1988) Percutaneous drainage of subphrenic biliary collections using a Ring-McLean sump catheter. Aust N Z J Surg 58:579–581PubMed
48.
go back to reference Schrenk P, Woisetschläger R, Rieger R, Wayand W (1998) Diagnosis and therapy of biliary leaks after laparoscopoic cholecystectomy. ACA 3:175–181 Schrenk P, Woisetschläger R, Rieger R, Wayand W (1998) Diagnosis and therapy of biliary leaks after laparoscopoic cholecystectomy. ACA 3:175–181
49.
go back to reference Braghetto I, Bastias J, Csendes A, Debandi A (2000) Intraperitoneal bile collections after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Surg Endosc 14:1037–1041CrossRefPubMed Braghetto I, Bastias J, Csendes A, Debandi A (2000) Intraperitoneal bile collections after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Surg Endosc 14:1037–1041CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Moore MJ, Bennett CL (1995) The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The Southern Surgeons Club. Am J Surg 170:55–59CrossRefPubMed Moore MJ, Bennett CL (1995) The learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The Southern Surgeons Club. Am J Surg 170:55–59CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Z’graggen K, Wehrli H, Metzger A, Buehler M, Frei E, Klaiber C (1998) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Switzerland. A prospective 3-year study of 10,174 patients. Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery. Surg Endosc 12:1303–1310CrossRefPubMed Z’graggen K, Wehrli H, Metzger A, Buehler M, Frei E, Klaiber C (1998) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Switzerland. A prospective 3-year study of 10,174 patients. Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery. Surg Endosc 12:1303–1310CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Russell JC, Walsh SJ, Mattie AS, Lynch JT (1996) Bile duct injuries, 1989–1993. A statewide experience. Connecticut Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Registry. Arch Surg 131:382–388PubMed Russell JC, Walsh SJ, Mattie AS, Lynch JT (1996) Bile duct injuries, 1989–1993. A statewide experience. Connecticut Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Registry. Arch Surg 131:382–388PubMed
53.
go back to reference Regoly-Merei J, Ihasz M, Szeberin Z, Sandor J, Mate M (1998) Biliary tract complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A multicenter study of 148 biliary tract injuries in 26,440 operations. Surg Endosc 12:294–300CrossRefPubMed Regoly-Merei J, Ihasz M, Szeberin Z, Sandor J, Mate M (1998) Biliary tract complications in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A multicenter study of 148 biliary tract injuries in 26,440 operations. Surg Endosc 12:294–300CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Roslyn JJ, Binns GS, Hughes EF, Saunders-Kirkwood K, Zinner MJ, Cates JA (1993) Open cholecystectomy. A contemporary analysis of 42,474 patients. Ann Surg 218:129–137PubMed Roslyn JJ, Binns GS, Hughes EF, Saunders-Kirkwood K, Zinner MJ, Cates JA (1993) Open cholecystectomy. A contemporary analysis of 42,474 patients. Ann Surg 218:129–137PubMed
55.
go back to reference McSherry CK (1989) Cholecystectomy: the gold standard. Am J Surg 158:174–178PubMed McSherry CK (1989) Cholecystectomy: the gold standard. Am J Surg 158:174–178PubMed
56.
go back to reference Andren-Sandberg A, Johansson S, Bengmark S (1985) Accidental lesions of the common bile duct at cholecystectomy. II. Results of treatment. Ann Surg 201:452–455PubMed Andren-Sandberg A, Johansson S, Bengmark S (1985) Accidental lesions of the common bile duct at cholecystectomy. II. Results of treatment. Ann Surg 201:452–455PubMed
57.
go back to reference Way LW (1992) Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 215:195PubMed Way LW (1992) Bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 215:195PubMed
58.
59.
go back to reference Chapman WC, Halevy A, Blumgart LH, Benjamin IS (1995) Postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Management and outcome in 130 patients. Arch Surg 130:597–602PubMed Chapman WC, Halevy A, Blumgart LH, Benjamin IS (1995) Postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Management and outcome in 130 patients. Arch Surg 130:597–602PubMed
60.
go back to reference Hunter JG, Discussion in Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Symmonds R, Snyder SK, Hendricks J, Smith R, Custer MD (1992) What are the contraindications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Am J Surg 164:491–494PubMed Hunter JG, Discussion in Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Symmonds R, Snyder SK, Hendricks J, Smith R, Custer MD (1992) What are the contraindications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Am J Surg 164:491–494PubMed
61.
go back to reference Deziel DJ, Millikan KW, Economou SG, Doolas A, Ko ST, Airan MC (1993) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a national survey of 4,292 hospitals and an analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg 165:9–14PubMed Deziel DJ, Millikan KW, Economou SG, Doolas A, Ko ST, Airan MC (1993) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a national survey of 4,292 hospitals and an analysis of 77,604 cases. Am J Surg 165:9–14PubMed
62.
go back to reference Lee VS, Chari RS, Cucchiaro G, Meyers WC (1993) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:527–532PubMed Lee VS, Chari RS, Cucchiaro G, Meyers WC (1993) Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg 165:527–532PubMed
63.
go back to reference MacFadyen BV Jr, Vecchio R, Ricardo AE, Mathis CR (1998) Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The United States experience. Surg Endosc 12:315–321CrossRefPubMed MacFadyen BV Jr, Vecchio R, Ricardo AE, Mathis CR (1998) Bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The United States experience. Surg Endosc 12:315–321CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Baker CC, Meyer AA (1996) The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the management and outcome of biliary tract disease in North Carolina: a statewide, population-based, time–series analysis. J Am Coll Surg 183:31–45PubMed Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Baker CC, Meyer AA (1996) The impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the management and outcome of biliary tract disease in North Carolina: a statewide, population-based, time–series analysis. J Am Coll Surg 183:31–45PubMed
65.
go back to reference Rossi RL, Schirmer WJ, Braasch JW, Sanders LB, Munson JL (1992) Laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Risk factors, recognition, and repair. Arch Surg 127:596–601PubMed Rossi RL, Schirmer WJ, Braasch JW, Sanders LB, Munson JL (1992) Laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Risk factors, recognition, and repair. Arch Surg 127:596–601PubMed
66.
go back to reference Schrenk P, Woisetschlager R, Wayand WU (1995) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cause of conversions in 1,300 patients and analysis of risk factors. Surg Endosc 9:25–28PubMed Schrenk P, Woisetschlager R, Wayand WU (1995) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cause of conversions in 1,300 patients and analysis of risk factors. Surg Endosc 9:25–28PubMed
67.
go back to reference Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Pertl AM, Stettner HM (1995) Multivariate comparison of complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 221:381–386PubMed Jatzko GR, Lisborg PH, Pertl AM, Stettner HM (1995) Multivariate comparison of complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and open cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 221:381–386PubMed
68.
go back to reference Scott TR, Zucker KA, Bailey RW (1992) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of 12,397 patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc 2:191–198PubMed Scott TR, Zucker KA, Bailey RW (1992) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of 12,397 patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc 2:191–198PubMed
69.
go back to reference Morgenstern L, Berci G, Pasternak EH (1993) Bile leakage after biliary tract surgery. A laparoscopic perspective. Surg Endosc 7:432–438PubMed Morgenstern L, Berci G, Pasternak EH (1993) Bile leakage after biliary tract surgery. A laparoscopic perspective. Surg Endosc 7:432–438PubMed
70.
go back to reference Gigot J, Etienne J, Aerts R, Wibin E, Dallemagne B, Deweer F, Fortunati D, Legrand M, Vereecken L, Doumont J, Van Reepinghen P, Beguin C (1997) The dramatic reality of biliary tract injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An anonymous multicenter Belgian survey of 65 patients. Surg Endosc 11:1171–1178PubMed Gigot J, Etienne J, Aerts R, Wibin E, Dallemagne B, Deweer F, Fortunati D, Legrand M, Vereecken L, Doumont J, Van Reepinghen P, Beguin C (1997) The dramatic reality of biliary tract injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An anonymous multicenter Belgian survey of 65 patients. Surg Endosc 11:1171–1178PubMed
71.
go back to reference Deziel DJ (1994) Complications of cholecystectomy. Incidence, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. Surg Clin North Am 74:809–823PubMed Deziel DJ (1994) Complications of cholecystectomy. Incidence, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis. Surg Clin North Am 74:809–823PubMed
72.
go back to reference Walsh RM, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Mayes JT, Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Gagner M, Ponsky JL, Hermann RE (1998) Trends in bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2:458–462CrossRefPubMed Walsh RM, Henderson JM, Vogt DP, Mayes JT, Grundfest-Broniatowski S, Gagner M, Ponsky JL, Hermann RE (1998) Trends in bile duct injuries from laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2:458–462CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ (1995) An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg 180:101–125PubMed Strasberg SM, Hertl M, Soper NJ (1995) An analysis of the problem of biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Am Coll Surg 180:101–125PubMed
74.
go back to reference Slater K, Strong RW, Wall DR, Lynch SV (2002) Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ANZ J Surg 72:83–88CrossRefPubMed Slater K, Strong RW, Wall DR, Lynch SV (2002) Iatrogenic bile duct injury: the scourge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ANZ J Surg 72:83–88CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Buell JF, Cronin DC, Funaki B, Koffron A, Yoshida A, Lo A, Leef J, Millis JM (2002) Devastating and fatal complications associated with combined vascular and bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 137:703–708CrossRefPubMed Buell JF, Cronin DC, Funaki B, Koffron A, Yoshida A, Lo A, Leef J, Millis JM (2002) Devastating and fatal complications associated with combined vascular and bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 137:703–708CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Branum G, Schmitt C, Baillie J, Suhocki P, Baker M, Davidoff A, Branch S, Chari R, Cucchiaro G, Murray E (1993) Management of major biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 217:532–540PubMed Branum G, Schmitt C, Baillie J, Suhocki P, Baker M, Davidoff A, Branch S, Chari R, Cucchiaro G, Murray E (1993) Management of major biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 217:532–540PubMed
77.
go back to reference Davidoff AM, Pappas TN, Murray EA, Hilleren DJ, Johnson RD, Baker ME, Newman GE, Cotton PB, Meyers WC (1992) Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 215:196–202PubMed Davidoff AM, Pappas TN, Murray EA, Hilleren DJ, Johnson RD, Baker ME, Newman GE, Cotton PB, Meyers WC (1992) Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 215:196–202PubMed
78.
go back to reference Balija M, Huis M, Szerda F, Bubnjar J, Stulhofer M (2003) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy—accessory bile ducts. Acta Med Croatica 57:105–109PubMed Balija M, Huis M, Szerda F, Bubnjar J, Stulhofer M (2003) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy—accessory bile ducts. Acta Med Croatica 57:105–109PubMed
79.
go back to reference Hanazaki K, Igarashi J, Sodeyama H, Matsuda Y (1999) Bile leakage resulting from clip displacement of the cystic duct stump: a potential pitfall of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 13:168–171CrossRefPubMed Hanazaki K, Igarashi J, Sodeyama H, Matsuda Y (1999) Bile leakage resulting from clip displacement of the cystic duct stump: a potential pitfall of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 13:168–171CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Gronroos JM, Hamalainen MT, Karvonen J, Gullichsen R, Laine S (2003) Is male gender a risk factor for bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Langenbecks Arch Surg 388:261–264CrossRefPubMed Gronroos JM, Hamalainen MT, Karvonen J, Gullichsen R, Laine S (2003) Is male gender a risk factor for bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Langenbecks Arch Surg 388:261–264CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Bismuth H, Lazorthes F (1981) Les traumatismes operatoires de la voie biliare principale. Masson, Paris Bismuth H, Lazorthes F (1981) Les traumatismes operatoires de la voie biliare principale. Masson, Paris
82.
go back to reference Gupta N, Solomon H, Fairchild R, Kaminski DL (1998) Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg 133:176–181PubMed Gupta N, Solomon H, Fairchild R, Kaminski DL (1998) Management and outcome of patients with combined bile duct and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg 133:176–181PubMed
83.
go back to reference Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Campbell KA, Talamini MA, Sauter PA, Coleman J, Yeo CJ (2000) Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s. Ann Surg 232:430–441PubMed Lillemoe KD, Melton GB, Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Campbell KA, Talamini MA, Sauter PA, Coleman J, Yeo CJ (2000) Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s. Ann Surg 232:430–441PubMed
84.
go back to reference Keulemans YC, Bergman JJ, de Wit LT, Rauws EA, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GN, Gouma DJ (1998) Improvement in the management of bile duct injuries? Am Coll Surg 187:246–254PubMed Keulemans YC, Bergman JJ, de Wit LT, Rauws EA, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GN, Gouma DJ (1998) Improvement in the management of bile duct injuries? Am Coll Surg 187:246–254PubMed
85.
go back to reference Neuhaus P, Schmidt SC, Hintze RE, Adler A, Veltzke W, Raakow R, Langrehr JM, Bechstein WO (2000) Classification and treatment of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chirurg 71:166–173 Neuhaus P, Schmidt SC, Hintze RE, Adler A, Veltzke W, Raakow R, Langrehr JM, Bechstein WO (2000) Classification and treatment of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chirurg 71:166–173
86.
go back to reference Mirza DF, Narsimhan KL, Ferraz Neto BH, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Buckels JA (1997) Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: referral pattern and management. Br J Surg 84:786–790PubMed Mirza DF, Narsimhan KL, Ferraz Neto BH, Mayer AD, McMaster P, Buckels JA (1997) Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: referral pattern and management. Br J Surg 84:786–790PubMed
87.
go back to reference Chaudhary A, Manisegran M, Chandra A, Agarwal AK, Sachdev AK (2001) How do bile duct injuries sustained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy differ from those during open cholecystectomy? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 11:187–191CrossRefPubMed Chaudhary A, Manisegran M, Chandra A, Agarwal AK, Sachdev AK (2001) How do bile duct injuries sustained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy differ from those during open cholecystectomy? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 11:187–191CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Stewart L, Way LW (1995) Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Factors that influence the results of treatment. Arch Surg 130:1123–1128PubMed Stewart L, Way LW (1995) Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Factors that influence the results of treatment. Arch Surg 130:1123–1128PubMed
89.
go back to reference Inui H, Kwon AH, Kamiyama Y (1998) Managing bile duct injury during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 5:445–449PubMed Inui H, Kwon AH, Kamiyama Y (1998) Managing bile duct injury during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 5:445–449PubMed
90.
go back to reference Raute M, Podlech P, Jaschke W, Manegold BC, Trede M, Chir B (1993) Management of bile duct injuries and strictures following cholecystectomy. World J Surg 17:553–562PubMed Raute M, Podlech P, Jaschke W, Manegold BC, Trede M, Chir B (1993) Management of bile duct injuries and strictures following cholecystectomy. World J Surg 17:553–562PubMed
91.
go back to reference Moossa AR, Mayer AD (1990) Stabile B Iatrogenic injury to the bile duct. Who, how, where? Arch Surg 125:1028–1030; discussion 1030–1031PubMed Moossa AR, Mayer AD (1990) Stabile B Iatrogenic injury to the bile duct. Who, how, where? Arch Surg 125:1028–1030; discussion 1030–1031PubMed
92.
go back to reference Piacentini F, Perri S, Pietrangeli F, Nardi M Jr, Dalla Torre A, Nicita A, Lotti R, Castaldo P, Gabbrielli F, Castiglia D, Citone G (2003) Intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: selective or routine? G Chir 24:123–128PubMed Piacentini F, Perri S, Pietrangeli F, Nardi M Jr, Dalla Torre A, Nicita A, Lotti R, Castaldo P, Gabbrielli F, Castiglia D, Citone G (2003) Intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: selective or routine? G Chir 24:123–128PubMed
93.
go back to reference Fletcher DR (1993) Common bile duct calculi at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a technique for management. ANZ J Surg 63:710–714 Fletcher DR (1993) Common bile duct calculi at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a technique for management. ANZ J Surg 63:710–714
95.
go back to reference Madariaga JR, Dodson SF, Selby R, Todo S, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE (1994) Corrective treatment and anatomic considerations for laparoscopic cholecystectomy injuries. J Am Coll Surg 179:321–325PubMed Madariaga JR, Dodson SF, Selby R, Todo S, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE (1994) Corrective treatment and anatomic considerations for laparoscopic cholecystectomy injuries. J Am Coll Surg 179:321–325PubMed
96.
go back to reference Siewert JR, Ungeheuer A ,Feussner H (1994) Bile duct lesions in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chirurg 65:748–757PubMed Siewert JR, Ungeheuer A ,Feussner H (1994) Bile duct lesions in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chirurg 65:748–757PubMed
97.
go back to reference Uenishi T, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Fujio N, Kubo S, Kinoshita H (1999) Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: report of a case. Hepatogastroenterology 46:2296–2298PubMed Uenishi T, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, Fujio N, Kubo S, Kinoshita H (1999) Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: report of a case. Hepatogastroenterology 46:2296–2298PubMed
98.
go back to reference Heistermann HP, Palmes D, Hierlemann H, Ebsen M, Horstmann R, Hohlbach G, Spiegel HU (2003) Reconstruction of bile duct lesions by an autologous vein graft and a bio-degradable endoluminal stent in an animal model: technique and clinical impact. Zentralbl Chir 128:952–957CrossRefPubMed Heistermann HP, Palmes D, Hierlemann H, Ebsen M, Horstmann R, Hohlbach G, Spiegel HU (2003) Reconstruction of bile duct lesions by an autologous vein graft and a bio-degradable endoluminal stent in an animal model: technique and clinical impact. Zentralbl Chir 128:952–957CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Halasz NA (1991) Cholecystectomy and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg 126:137–138 Halasz NA (1991) Cholecystectomy and hepatic artery injuries. Arch Surg 126:137–138
100.
go back to reference Alves A, Farges O, Nicolet J, Watrin T, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J (2003) Incidence and consequence of an hepatic artery injury in patients with postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Ann Surg 238:93–96CrossRefPubMed Alves A, Farges O, Nicolet J, Watrin T, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J (2003) Incidence and consequence of an hepatic artery injury in patients with postcholecystectomy bile duct strictures. Ann Surg 238:93–96CrossRefPubMed
101.
go back to reference Murr MM, Gigot JF, Nagorney DM, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup DM, Farnell MB (1999) Long-term results of biliary reconstruction after laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Arch Surg 134:604–609CrossRefPubMed Murr MM, Gigot JF, Nagorney DM, Harmsen WS, Ilstrup DM, Farnell MB (1999) Long-term results of biliary reconstruction after laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Arch Surg 134:604–609CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Madding GF, Kennedy PA (1972) Hepatic artery ligation. Surg Clin North Am 52:719–728PubMed Madding GF, Kennedy PA (1972) Hepatic artery ligation. Surg Clin North Am 52:719–728PubMed
103.
go back to reference Brittain RS, Marchioro TL, Hermann G, Waddell WR, Starzl TE (1964) Accidental hepatic artery ligation in humans. Am J Surg 107:822–832CrossRefPubMed Brittain RS, Marchioro TL, Hermann G, Waddell WR, Starzl TE (1964) Accidental hepatic artery ligation in humans. Am J Surg 107:822–832CrossRefPubMed
104.
go back to reference Schmidt SC, Langrehr JM, Raakow R, Klupp J, Steinmuller T, Neuhaus P (2002) Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases. Langenbecks Arch Surg 387:183–187 Schmidt SC, Langrehr JM, Raakow R, Klupp J, Steinmuller T, Neuhaus P (2002) Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases. Langenbecks Arch Surg 387:183–187
105.
go back to reference Hochstadetr H, Bekavac-Beslin M, Doko M, Kopljar M, Cupic H, Glavan E, Mijic A, Zovak M, Salic D (2003) Functional liver damage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the sign of the late common bile duct stricture development. Hepatogastroenterology 50:676–679PubMed Hochstadetr H, Bekavac-Beslin M, Doko M, Kopljar M, Cupic H, Glavan E, Mijic A, Zovak M, Salic D (2003) Functional liver damage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the sign of the late common bile duct stricture development. Hepatogastroenterology 50:676–679PubMed
106.
go back to reference Mueller PR, vanSonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT Jr, Weyman PJ, Butch RJ, Malt RA, Burhenne HJ (1986) Biliary stricture dilatation: multicenter review of clinical management in 73 patients. Radiology 160:17–22PubMed Mueller PR, vanSonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT Jr, Weyman PJ, Butch RJ, Malt RA, Burhenne HJ (1986) Biliary stricture dilatation: multicenter review of clinical management in 73 patients. Radiology 160:17–22PubMed
107.
go back to reference Davids PH, Tanka AK, Rauws EA, van Gulik TM, van Leeuwen DJ, de Wit LT, Verbeek PC, Huibregtse K, van der Heyde MN, Tytgat GN (1993) Benign biliary strictures. Surgery or endoscopy? Ann Surg 217:237–243PubMed Davids PH, Tanka AK, Rauws EA, van Gulik TM, van Leeuwen DJ, de Wit LT, Verbeek PC, Huibregtse K, van der Heyde MN, Tytgat GN (1993) Benign biliary strictures. Surgery or endoscopy? Ann Surg 217:237–243PubMed
108.
go back to reference Launois B, Sutherland FR, Harissis H (1999) A new technique of Hepp-Couinaud hepaticojejunostomy using the posterior approach to the hepatic hilum. J Am Coll Surg 188:59–62PubMed Launois B, Sutherland FR, Harissis H (1999) A new technique of Hepp-Couinaud hepaticojejunostomy using the posterior approach to the hepatic hilum. J Am Coll Surg 188:59–62PubMed
109.
go back to reference Krige JE, Beningfield SJ, Beckingham IJ (1998) Technical factors in the construction and use of a biliary access loop. Radiology 209:883–884PubMed Krige JE, Beningfield SJ, Beckingham IJ (1998) Technical factors in the construction and use of a biliary access loop. Radiology 209:883–884PubMed
110.
go back to reference Schrenk P, Woisetschlager R, Rieger R, Wayand W (1996) Mechanism, management, and prevention of laparoscopic bowel injuries. Gastrointest Endosc 43:572–574PubMed Schrenk P, Woisetschlager R, Rieger R, Wayand W (1996) Mechanism, management, and prevention of laparoscopic bowel injuries. Gastrointest Endosc 43:572–574PubMed
111.
go back to reference Bishoff JT, Allaf ME, Kirkels W, Moore RG, Kavoussi LR, Schroder F (1999) Laparoscopic bowel injury: incidence and clinical presentation. J Urol 161:887–890PubMed Bishoff JT, Allaf ME, Kirkels W, Moore RG, Kavoussi LR, Schroder F (1999) Laparoscopic bowel injury: incidence and clinical presentation. J Urol 161:887–890PubMed
112.
go back to reference Champault G, Cazacu F, Taffinder N (1996) Serious trocar accidents in laparoscopic surgery: a French survey of 103,852 operations. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6:367–370CrossRefPubMed Champault G, Cazacu F, Taffinder N (1996) Serious trocar accidents in laparoscopic surgery: a French survey of 103,852 operations. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6:367–370CrossRefPubMed
113.
go back to reference McMahon AJ, Fullarton G, Baxter JN, O’Dwyer PJ (1995) Bile duct injury and bile leakage in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 84:786–790 McMahon AJ, Fullarton G, Baxter JN, O’Dwyer PJ (1995) Bile duct injury and bile leakage in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 84:786–790
Metadata
Title
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: early and late complications and their treatment
Authors
A. Shamiyeh
W. Wayand
Publication date
01-06-2004
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Issue 3/2004
Print ISSN: 1435-2443
Electronic ISSN: 1435-2451
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-004-0470-2

Other articles of this Issue 3/2004

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 3/2004 Go to the issue