Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology 1/2018

01-01-2018 | Invited Review

Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT)

Authors: Todd Anthony Astorino, Matthew M. Schubert

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.

Literature
  1. Achten J, Gleeson M, Jeukendrup AE (2002) Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(1):92–97PubMed
  2. Achten J, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE (2003) Fat oxidation rates are higher during running compared with cycling over a wide range of intensities. Metabolism 52(6):747–752PubMed
  3. Alkahtani SA, King NA, Hills AP, Byrne NM (2013) Effect of interval training intensity on fat oxidation, blood lactate and the rate of perceived exertion in obese men. Springerplus 2:532
  4. Allemeier CA, Fry AC, Johnson P, Hikida RS, Hagerman FC, Staron RC (1994) Effects of sprint cycle training on human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 77:2385–2390PubMed
  5. Arad AD, DiMenna FJ, Thomas N, Tamis-Holland J, Weil R, Geliebter A, Albu JB (2015) High-intensity interval training without weight loss improves exercise but not basal or insulin-induced metabolism in overweight/obese African American women. J Appl Physiol 119(4):352–362
  6. Archer E, Hand GA, Blair SN (2013) Validity of U.S. nutritional surveillance: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey caloric energy intake data, 1971–2010. PLoS One 8(10):e76632PubMedPubMed Central
  7. Aslankeser Z, Balci S (2017) Substrate oxidation during incremental exercise in young women: the effects of 2-week high intensity interval training. Medicina dello Sport 70(2):137–149
  8. Astorino TA, Schubert MM (2014) Individual responses to completion of short-term and chronic interval training: a retrospective study. PLoS One 9(5):e97638PubMedPubMed Central
  9. Astorino TA, Allen RP, Roberson DW, Jurancich M, Lewis R, McCarthy K, Trost E (2011) Adaptations to high-intensity training are independent of gender. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(7):1279–1286PubMed
  10. Astorino TA, Schubert MM, Palumbo E, Stirling D, McMillan DW (2013) Effect of two doses of interval training on maximal fat oxidation in sedentary women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 45(12):1878–1886PubMed
  11. Astorino TA, Edmunds RM, Clark A, Gallant R, King L, Ordille GM, Heath B, Montell M, Bandong J (2017) Change in maximal fat oxidation in response to different regimes of periodized high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 117(4):745–755PubMed
  12. Bacon AP, Carter RE, Ogle EA, Joyner MJ (2013) VO2max trainability and high intensity interval training in humans: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8(9):e73182PubMedPubMed Central
  13. Bagley L, Slevin M, Bradburn S, Liu D, Murgatroyd C, Morrissey G, Carroll M, Piasecki M, Gilmore WS, McPhee JS (2016) Sex differences in the effects of 12 weeks sprint interval training on body fat mass and the rates of fatty acid oxidation and VO2max during exercise. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2(1):e000056PubMedPubMed Central
  14. Bell M, Wang H, Chen H, McLenithan JC, Gong DW, Yang RZ, Yu D, Fried SK, Quon MJ, Londos C, Sztalryd C (2008) Consequences of lipid droplet coat protein downregulation in liver cells: abnormal lipid droplet metabolism and induction of insulin resistance. Diabetes 57:2037–2045PubMedPubMed Central
  15. Billat VL, Flechet B, Petit B, Muriaux G, Koralsztein JP (1999) Interval training at VO2max: effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31(1):156–163PubMed
  16. Bonen A, Luiken JJ, Glatz JF (2002) Regulation of fatty acid transport and membrane transporters in health and disease. Mol Cell Biochem 239(1–2):281–292
  17. Bordenave S, Flavier S, Fedou C, Brun JF, Mercier J (2007) Exercise calorimetry in sedentary patients: procedures based on short 3 min steps underestimate carbohydrate oxidation and overestimate lipid oxidation. Diabetes Metab 33:379–384PubMed
  18. Bouchard C, An P, Rice T, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Gagnon J, Pérusse L, Leon AS, Rao DC (1999) Familiar aggregation of VO2max response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol 87:1003–1008PubMed
  19. Brooks GA, Mercier J (1994) Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: the “crossover” concept. J Appl Physiol 76(6):2253–2261PubMed
  20. Burgomaster KA, Heigenhauser GJ, Gibala MJ (2006) Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J Appl Physiol 100(6):2041–2047PubMed
  21. Burgomaster KA, Cermak NM, Phillips SM, Benton CR, Bonen A, Gibala MJ (2007) Divergent response of metabolite transport proteins in human skeletal muscle after sprint interval training and detraining. Am J Physiol 292(5):R1970–R1976
  22. Burgomaster KA, Howarth KR, Phillips SM, Rakobowchuk M, Macdonald MJ, McGee SL, Gibala MJ (2008) Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. J Physiol 586(1):151–160PubMed
  23. Centers for Disease Control (2016) Facts about physical activity. Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
  24. Chan HH, Burns SF (2013) Oxygen consumption, substrate oxidation, and blood pressure following sprint interval exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38(2):182–187PubMed
  25. Chenevière X, Malatesta D, Peters EM, Borrani F (2009) A mathematical model to describe fat oxidation kinetics during graded exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41(8):1615–1625PubMed
  26. Cochran AJ, Percival ME, Tricarico S, Little JP, Cermak N, Gillen JB, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ (2014) Intermittent and continuous high-intensity exercise training induce similar acute but different chronic muscle adaptations. Exp Physiol 99(5):782–791PubMed
  27. Compher C, Frankenfield D, Keim N, Roth-Yousey L, Evidence Analysis Working Group (2006) Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc 106:881–903PubMed
  28. Cornelissen VA, Goetschalckx K, Verheyden B, Aubert AE, Arnout J, Persu A, Rademakers F, Fagard RH (2011) Effect of endurance training on blood pressure regulation, biomarkers and the heart in subjects at a higher age. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21(4):526–534PubMed
  29. Croci I, Borrani F, Byrne N, Wood R, Hickman I, Cheneviere X, Malatesta D (2014) Reproducibility of Fatmax and fat oxidation rates during exercise in recreationally trained males. PLoS One 9(6):e97930PubMedPubMed Central
  30. De Souza Silveira R, Carlsohn A, Langen G, Mayer F, Scharhag-Rosenberger F (2016) Reliability and day-to-day variability of peak fat oxidation during treadmill ergometry. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 13:4PubMedPubMed Central
  31. Donnelly JE, Hill JO, Jacobsen DJ, Potteiger J, Sullivan DK, Johnson SL, Heelan K, Hise M, Fennessey PV, Sonko B, Sharp T, Jakicic JM, Blair SN, Tran ZV, Mayo M, Gibson C, Washburn RA (2003) Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Ann Int Med 166(3):1343–1350
  32. Duscha BD, Slentz CA, Johnson JL, Houmard JA, Bensimhon DR, Knetzger KJ, Kraus WE (2005) Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen consumption in middle-age men and women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Chest 128(4):2788–2793PubMed
  33. Fletcher G, Eves FF, Glover EI, Robinson SL, Vernooij CA, Thompson JL, Wallis GA (2017) Dietary intake is independently associated with the maximal capacity for fat oxidation during exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 105(4):864–872PubMedPubMed Central
  34. Frayn KN (1983) Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. J Appl Physiol 55:628–634PubMed
  35. Fullmer S, Benson-Davies S, Earthman CP, Frankenfield DC, Gradwell E, Lee PSP, Piemonte T, Trabulsi J (2015) Evidence Analysis Library review of best practices for performing indirect calorimetry in health and non-critically ill individuals. J Acad Nutr Diet 115:1417–1446PubMed
  36. Gahreman D, Heydari M, Boutcher Y, Freund J, Boutcher S (2016) The effect of green tea ingestion and interval sprinting exercise on the body composition of overweight males: a randomized trial. Nutrients 8(8):e510PubMed
  37. Gibala MJ, McGee SL (2008) Metabolic adaptations to short-term high-intensity interval training: a little pain for a lot of gain? Exerc Sports Sci Rev 36(2):58–63
  38. Gillen JB, Percival ME, Skelly LE, Martin BJ, Tan RB, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ (2014) Three minutes of all-out intermittent exercise per week increases skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and improves cardiometabolic health. PLoS One 9(11):e111489PubMedPubMed Central
  39. Goedecke JH, St. Clair Gibson A, Grobler L, Collins M, Noakes TD, Lambert EV (2000) Determinants of the variability in respiratory exchange ratio at rest and during exercise in trained athletes. Am J Physiol 279(6):E1325–E1334
  40. Gore CJ, Withers RT (1990) Effect of exercise intensity and duration on postexercise metabolism. J Appl Physiol 68(6):2362–2368
  41. Gorostiaga EM, Walter CB, Foster C, Hickson RC (1991) Uniqueness of interval and continuous training at the same maintained exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 63(2):101–107
  42. Greer BK, Sirithienthad P, Moffatt RJ, Marcello RT, Panton LB (2015) EPOC comparison between isocaloric bouts of steady-state aerobic, intermittent aerobic, and resistance training. Res Q Exerc Sport 86(2):190–195PubMed
  43. Guadalupe-Grau A, Fernández-Elías VE, Ortega JF, Dela F, Helge JW, Mora-Rodriguez R (2017). Effects of 6-month aerobic interval training on skeletal muscle metabolism in middle-aged metabolic syndrome patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​sms.​12881
  44. Gurd BJ, Giles MD, Bonafiglia JT, Raleigh JP, Boyd JC, Ma JK, Zelt JG, Scribbans TD (2016) Incidence of non-response and individual patterns of response following sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 41(3):229–234PubMed
  45. Holloszy JO, Coyle EF (1984) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 56(4):831–838PubMed
  46. Houmard J, Shinebarger MH, Dolan PL, Leggett-Frazier N, Bruner RK, McCammon MR, Israel RG, Dohm GL (1993) Exercise training increases GLUT-4 protein concentration in previously sedentary middle-aged men. Am J Physiol 264(6:1):e896–e901PubMed
  47. Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WH III, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO (1986) Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. J Appl Physiol 60:562–567PubMed
  48. Islam H, Townsend LK, Hazell TJ (2017) Modified sprint interval training protocols. Part I. Physiological responses. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42(4):339–346PubMed
  49. Jeacocke NA, Burke LM (2010) Methods to standardize dietary intake before performance testing. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 20:87–103PubMed
  50. Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA (2005) Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurement. Int J Sports Med 26(1):S28–S37PubMed
  51. Kelley DE, Simoneau JA (1994) Impaired free fatty acid utilization by skeletal muscle in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 94:2349–2356
  52. King L, Sillers W, McCartney K, Louis P, Astorino TA (2016) Higher fat oxidation during treadmill walking versus cycle ergometry in active women at equal RPE: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fit 56(11):1298–1303
  53. Kohn TA, Essén-Gustavsson B, Myburgh KH (2011) Specific muscle adaptations in type II fibers after high-intensity interval training of well-trained runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21(6):765–772
  54. Laforgia J, Withers RT, Shipp NJ, Gore CJ (1997) Comparison of energy expenditure elevations after submaximal and supramaximal running. J Appl Physiol 82(2):661–666PubMed
  55. Lanzi S, Codecasa F, Cornacchia M, Maestrini S, Capodaglio P, Brunani A, Fanari P, Salvadori A, Malatesta D (2015) Short-term HIIT and Fat max training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II and III obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23(10):1987–1994
  56. Larsen S, Danielsen JH, Søndergård SD, Søgaard D, Vigelsoe A, Dybboe R, Skaaby S, Dela F, Helge JW (2015) The effect of high-intensity training on mitochondrial fat oxidation in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25(1):e59–e69
  57. Lazzer S, Tringali G, Caccavale M, De Micheli R, Abbruzzese L, Sartorio A (2017) Effects of high-intensity interval training on physical capacities and substrate oxidation rate in obese adolescents. J Endocrinol Investig 40(2):217–226
  58. MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ (2017) Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol 595(9):2915–2930PubMed
  59. Martins C, Kazakova I, Ludviksen M, Mehus I, Wisloff U, Kulseng B, Morgan L, King N (2016) High-intensity interval training and isocaloric moderate-intensity continuous training result in similar improvements in body composition and fitness in obese individuals. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab 26(3):197–204
  60. McGarry JD, Brown NF (1997) The mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase system: from concept to molecular analysis. Eur J Biochem 224:1–14
  61. McGarvey W, Jones R, Petersen S (2005) Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption following continuous and interval cycling exercise. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab 15(1):28–37
  62. Michallet AS, Tonini J, Regnier J, Guinot M, Favre-Juvin A, Bricout V, Halimi S, Wuyam B, Flore P (2008) Methodological aspects of crossover and maximum fat-oxidation rate point determination. Diabetes Metab 34:514–523PubMed
  63. Midgley AW, McNaughton L, Carroll S (2007) Effect of the VO2 time-averaging interval on the reproducibility of VO2max in healthy athletic subjects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 27(2):122–125PubMed
  64. Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M (2015) Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIT) and continuous endurance training for VO2max improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Sports Med 45(10):1469–1481PubMed
  65. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2002) Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106(25):3143–3421
  66. Nybo L, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD et al (2010) High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42(10):1951–1958
  67. Parra J, Cadefau JA, Rodas G, Amigo N, Cusso R (2000) The distribution of rest periods affects performance and adaptations of energy metabolism induced by high-intensity interval training in human muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 169:157–165PubMed
  68. Patterson R, Potteiger JA (2011) A comparison of normal versus low dietary carbohydrate intake on substrate oxidation during and after moderate intensity exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:3143–3150PubMed
  69. Perez-Martin A, Dumortier M, Raynaud E, Brun JF, Fedou C, Bringer J, Mercier J (2001) Balance of substrate oxidation during sub-maximal exercise in lean and obese people. Diabetes Metab 27:466–474PubMed
  70. Perry CGR, Heigenhauser GJF, Bonen A et al (2008) High-intensity aerobic interval training increased fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:1112–1123
  71. Phillips BE, Kelly BM, Lilja M, Ponce-González JG, Brogan RJ, Morris DL, Gustafsson T, Kraus WE, Atherton PJ, Vollaard NBJ, Rooyackers O, Timmons JA (2017) A practical and time-efficient high-intensity interval training program modifies cardio-metabolic risk factors in adults with risk factors for type ii diabetes. Front Endocrinol 8:229
  72. Piaggi P, Thearle MS, Bogardus C, Krakoff J (2013) Lower energy expenditure predicts long-term increases in weight and fat mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E703–E707PubMedPubMed Central
  73. Piaggi P, Thearle MS, Krakoff J, Votruba SB (2015) Higher daily energy expenditure and respiratory quotient, rather than fat-free mass, independently determine greater ad libitum overeating. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3011–3020PubMedPubMed Central
  74. Robinson SL, Hattersley J, Frost GS et al (2015) Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with 24-hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men. J Appl Physiol 118(11):1115–1122
  75. Saris WHM, Schrauwen P (2004) Substrate oxidation differences between high- and low-intensity exercise are compensated over 24 h in obese men. Int J Obes 28:759–765
  76. Scalzo RL, Peltonen GL, Binns SE, Shankaran M, Giordano GR, Hartley DA, Klochak AL, Lonac MC, Paris HL, Szallar SE, Wood LM, Peelor FF 3rd, Holmes WE, Hellerstein MK, Bell C, Hamilton KL, Miller BF (2014) Greater muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint interval training. FASEB J 28(6):2705–2714PubMed
  77. Schubert MM, Clarke HE, Seay RF, Spain KK (2017) Impact of 4 weeks of interval training on resting metabolic rate, fitness, and health-related outcomes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 42(10):1073–1081
  78. Schuenke MD, Mikat RP, McBride JM (2002) Effect of an acute period of resistance exercise on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: implications for body mass management. Eur J Appl Physiol 86(5):411–417PubMed
  79. Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Tipton KD, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Burniston JG, Wagenmakers AJ, Shaw CS (2013) Sprint interval and traditional endurance training increase net intramuscular triglyceride breakdown and expression of perilipin 2 and 5. J Physiol 591(3):657–675PubMed
  80. Shepherd SO, Cocks M, Meikle PJ, Mellett NA, Ranasinghe AM, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJM, Shaw CS (2017) Lipid droplet remodelling and reduced muscle ceramides following sprint interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise training in obese males. Int J Obes. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ijo.​2017.​170
  81. Shook RP, Hand GA, Paluch AE, Wang X, Moran R, Hebert JR, Jakicic JM, Blair SN (2015) High respiratory quotient is associated with increases in body weight and fat mass in young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 70(10):1197–1202PubMed
  82. Skelly LE, Andrews PC, Gillen JB, Martin BJ, Percival ME, Gibala MJ (2014) High-intensity interval exercise induces 24-h energy expenditure similar to traditional exercise despite reduced time commitment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 39:845–848PubMed
  83. Skelly LE, Gillen JB, MacInnis MJ, Martin BJ, Safdar A, Akhtar M, MacDonald MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ (2017) Effect of sex on the acute skeletal muscle response to sprint interval exercise. Exp Physiol 102(3):354–365PubMed
  84. Sloth M, Sloth D, Overgaard K, Dalgas U (2013) Effects of sprint interval training on VO2max and aerobic exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23(6):e341–e352PubMed
  85. Spriet LL (2002) Regulation of skeletal muscle fat oxidation during exercise in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34(9):1477–1484PubMed
  86. Støa EM, Meling S, Nyhus LK, Glenn Strømstad, Mangerud KM, Helgerud J, Bratland-Sanda S, Støren Ø (2017) High-intensity aerobic interval training improves aerobic fitness and HbA1c among persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol 117(3):455–467
  87. Storlien L, Oakes ND, Kelley DE (2004) Metabolic flexibility. Proc Nutr Soc 63:363–368PubMed
  88. Straczkowski M, Kowalska I, Baranowski M, Nikolajuk A, Otziomek E, Zabielski P, Adamska A, Blachnio A, Gorski J, Gorska M (2007) Increased skeletal muscle ceramide level in men at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50(11):2366–2373PubMed
  89. Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJF, Bonen A, Spriet LL (2007) Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increase the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. J Appl Physiol 102:1439–1447PubMed
  90. Talanian JL, Holloway GP, Snook LA, Heigenhauser GJF, Bonen A, Spriet LL (2010) Exercise training increases sarcolemmal and mitochondrial fatty acid transport proteins in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 299:E180–E188
  91. Tremblay A, Simoneau JA, Bouchard C (1994) Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism 43(7):814–818PubMed
  92. Tucker WJ, Angadi SS, Gaesser GA (2016) Excess postexercise oxygen consumption after high-intensity and sprint interval exercise, and continuous steady-state exercise. J Strength Cond Res 30(11):3090–3097PubMed
  93. van Hall G (2015) The physiological regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid supply and oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise. Sports Med 45(S1):s23–s32PubMed
  94. Venables MC, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE (2005) Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol 98:160–167PubMed
  95. Vincent G, Lamon S, Gant N, Vincent PJ, MacDonald JR, Markworth JF, Edge JA, Hickey AJ (2015) Changes in mitochondrial function and mitochondria associated protein expression in response to 2-weeks of high intensity interval training. Front Physiol 6:51PubMedPubMed Central
  96. Vollaard NBJ, Metcalfe RS, Williams S (2017) Effect of number of sprints in an SIT session on change in VO2max: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49(6):1147–1156PubMed
  97. Weston KS, Wisløff U, Coombes JS (2014a) High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 48(16):1227–1235PubMed
  98. Weston M, Taylor KL, Batterham AM, Hopkins WG (2014b) Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT) on fitness in adults: a meta-analysis of controlled and non-controlled trials. Sports Med 44(7):1005–1017PubMedPubMed Central
  99. Whyte LJ, Gill JM, Cathcart AJ (2010) Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism 59(10):1421–1428
  100. Williams CB, Zelt JG, Castellani LN, Little JP, Jung ME, Wright DC, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ (2013) Changes in mechanisms proposed to mediate fat loss following an acute bout of high-intensity interval and endurance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 38(12):1236–1244
  101. Zinner C, Morales-Alamo D, Ørtenblad N, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Willis SJ, Gelabert-Rebato M, Perez-Valera M, Boushel R, Calbet JA, Holmberg HC (2016) The physiological mechanisms of performance enhancement with sprint interval training differ between the upper and lower extremities in humans. Front Physiol 30(7):426
Metadata
Title
Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT)
Authors
Todd Anthony Astorino
Matthew M. Schubert
Publication date
01-01-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

European Journal of Applied Physiology 1/2018 Go to the issue

Invited Review

Effects of recreational football on women’s fitness and health: adaptations and mechanisms

Original Article

Causal effect of intra-abdominal pressure on maximal voluntary isometric hip extension torque

Original Article

Skeletal muscle and performance adaptations to high-intensity training in elite male soccer players: speed endurance runs versus small-sided game training

Original Article

The effect of mental fatigue on critical power during cycling exercise

Original Article

Active and passive recovery influence responses of luteinizing hormone and testosterone to a fatiguing strength loading

Original Article

Ultra-shortened time-domain HRV parameters at rest and following exercise in athletes: an alternative to frequency computation of sympathovagal balance