Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2/2012

01-02-2012 | Original Article

Does computer use affect the incidence of distal arm pain? A one-year prospective study using objective measures of computer use

Authors: Sigurd Mikkelsen, Christina Funch Lassen, Imogen Vilstrup, Ann Isabel Kryger, Lars Peter Andreas Brandt, Jane Frølund Thomsen, Mette Gerster, Søren Grimstrup, Johan Hviid Andersen

Published in: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | Issue 2/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

To study how objectively recorded mouse and keyboard activity affects distal arm pain among computer workers.

Methods

Computer activities were recorded among 2,146 computer workers. For 52 weeks mouse and keyboard time, sustained activity, speed and micropauses were recorded with a software program installed on the participants’ computers. Participants reported weekly pain scores via the software program for elbow, forearm and wrist/hand as well as in a questionnaire at baseline and 1-year follow up. Associations between pain development and computer work were examined for three pain outcomes: acute, prolonged and chronic pain.

Results

Mouse time, even at low levels, was associated with acute pain in a similar way for all the examined regions. There were no exposure–response threshold patterns. Keyboard time had no effect. Mouse and keyboard sustained activity, speed and micropauses were not risk factors for acute pain, nor did they modify the effects of mouse or keyboard time. Computer usage parameters were not associated with prolonged or chronic pain. A major limitation of the study was low keyboard times.

Conclusion

Computer work was not related to the development of prolonged or chronic pain. Mouse time was associated with acute distal arm pain, but the impact was quite small.
Literature
go back to reference Andersen JH, Mikkelsen S (2010) Does computer use pose a hazard for future long-term sickness absence? J Negat Results Biomed 9:1CrossRef Andersen JH, Mikkelsen S (2010) Does computer use pose a hazard for future long-term sickness absence? J Negat Results Biomed 9:1CrossRef
go back to reference Andersen JH, Thomsen JF, Overgaard E, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Vilstrup I, Kryger AI, Mikkelsen S (2003) Computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome: a 1-year follow-up study. JAMA 289:2963–2969CrossRef Andersen JH, Thomsen JF, Overgaard E, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Vilstrup I, Kryger AI, Mikkelsen S (2003) Computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome: a 1-year follow-up study. JAMA 289:2963–2969CrossRef
go back to reference Andersen JH, Harhoff M, Grimstrup S, Vilstrup I, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Kryger AI, Overgaard E, Hansen KD, Mikkelsen S (2008) Computer mouse use predicts acute pain but not prolonged or chronic pain in the neck and shoulder. Occup Environ Med 65:126–131CrossRef Andersen JH, Harhoff M, Grimstrup S, Vilstrup I, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Kryger AI, Overgaard E, Hansen KD, Mikkelsen S (2008) Computer mouse use predicts acute pain but not prolonged or chronic pain in the neck and shoulder. Occup Environ Med 65:126–131CrossRef
go back to reference Arvidsson I, Hansson GÅ, Mathiassen SE, Skerfving S (2006) Changes in physical workload with implementation of mouse-based information technology in air traffic control. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 36:613–622CrossRef Arvidsson I, Hansson GÅ, Mathiassen SE, Skerfving S (2006) Changes in physical workload with implementation of mouse-based information technology in air traffic control. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 36:613–622CrossRef
go back to reference Blangsted AK, Hansen K, Jensen C (2004) Validation of a commercial software package for quantification of computer use. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 34:237–241CrossRef Blangsted AK, Hansen K, Jensen C (2004) Validation of a commercial software package for quantification of computer use. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 34:237–241CrossRef
go back to reference Bongers PM, IJmker S, van den Heuvel S, Blatter BM (2006) Epidemiology of work related neck and upper limb problems: psychosocial and personal risk factors (part I) and effective interventions from a bio behavioural perspective (part II). J Occup Rehabil 16:279–302CrossRef Bongers PM, IJmker S, van den Heuvel S, Blatter BM (2006) Epidemiology of work related neck and upper limb problems: psychosocial and personal risk factors (part I) and effective interventions from a bio behavioural perspective (part II). J Occup Rehabil 16:279–302CrossRef
go back to reference Brandt LP, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, Kryger A, Overgaard E, Vilstrup I, Mikkelsen S (2004) Neck and shoulder symptoms and disorders among Danish computer workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 30:399–409CrossRef Brandt LP, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, Kryger A, Overgaard E, Vilstrup I, Mikkelsen S (2004) Neck and shoulder symptoms and disorders among Danish computer workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 30:399–409CrossRef
go back to reference Chang CH, Amick BC III, Menendez CC, Katz JN, Johnson PW, Robertson M, Dennerlein JT (2007) Daily computer usage correlated with undergraduate students’ musculoskeletal symptoms. Am J Ind Med 50:481–488CrossRef Chang CH, Amick BC III, Menendez CC, Katz JN, Johnson PW, Robertson M, Dennerlein JT (2007) Daily computer usage correlated with undergraduate students’ musculoskeletal symptoms. Am J Ind Med 50:481–488CrossRef
go back to reference Chang CH, Johnson PW, Dennerlein JT (2008) A wide range of activity duration cutoffs provided unbiased estimates of exposure to computer use. J Occup Environ Hyg 5:790–796CrossRef Chang CH, Johnson PW, Dennerlein JT (2008) A wide range of activity duration cutoffs provided unbiased estimates of exposure to computer use. J Occup Environ Hyg 5:790–796CrossRef
go back to reference Chang CH, Menendez CC, Robertson MM, Amick BC III, Johnson PW, del Pino RJ, Dennerlein JT (2010) Daily self-reports resulted in information bias when assessing exposure duration to computer use. Am J Ind Med 53:1142–1149CrossRef Chang CH, Menendez CC, Robertson MM, Amick BC III, Johnson PW, del Pino RJ, Dennerlein JT (2010) Daily self-reports resulted in information bias when assessing exposure duration to computer use. Am J Ind Med 53:1142–1149CrossRef
go back to reference Diggle P, Heagerty P, Liang K, Zeger S (2002) Analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford University Press, New York Diggle P, Heagerty P, Liang K, Zeger S (2002) Analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford University Press, New York
go back to reference Douwes M, de Kraker H, Blatter BM (2007) Validity of two methods to assess computer use: self-report by questionnaire and computer use software. Int J Ind Ergonomics 37:425–431CrossRef Douwes M, de Kraker H, Blatter BM (2007) Validity of two methods to assess computer use: self-report by questionnaire and computer use software. Int J Ind Ergonomics 37:425–431CrossRef
go back to reference Faucett J, Rempel D (1996) Musculoskeletal symptoms related to video display terminal use: an analysis of objective and subjective exposure estimates. AAOHN J 44:33–39 Faucett J, Rempel D (1996) Musculoskeletal symptoms related to video display terminal use: an analysis of objective and subjective exposure estimates. AAOHN J 44:33–39
go back to reference Fernström E, Åborg CM (1999) Alterations in shoulder muscle activity due to changes in data entry organisation. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 23:231–240CrossRef Fernström E, Åborg CM (1999) Alterations in shoulder muscle activity due to changes in data entry organisation. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 23:231–240CrossRef
go back to reference Gerr F, Marcus M, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D, Cohen S, Edwards A, Gentry E, Ortiz DJ, Monteilh C (2002) A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J Ind Med 41:221–235CrossRef Gerr F, Marcus M, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D, Cohen S, Edwards A, Gentry E, Ortiz DJ, Monteilh C (2002) A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J Ind Med 41:221–235CrossRef
go back to reference Gerr F, Monteilh CP, Marcus M (2006) Keyboard use and musculoskeletal outcomes among computer users. J Occup Rehabil 16:265–277CrossRef Gerr F, Monteilh CP, Marcus M (2006) Keyboard use and musculoskeletal outcomes among computer users. J Occup Rehabil 16:265–277CrossRef
go back to reference Hales TR, Sauter SL, Peterson MR, Fine LJ, Putz-Anderson V, Schleifer LR, Ochs TT, Bernard BP (1994) Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal users in a telecommunications company. Ergonomics 37:1603–1621CrossRef Hales TR, Sauter SL, Peterson MR, Fine LJ, Putz-Anderson V, Schleifer LR, Ochs TT, Bernard BP (1994) Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal users in a telecommunications company. Ergonomics 37:1603–1621CrossRef
go back to reference Heinrich J, Blatter BM, Bongers PM (2004) A comparison of methods for the assessment of postural load and duration of computer use. Occup Environ Med 61:1027–1031CrossRef Heinrich J, Blatter BM, Bongers PM (2004) A comparison of methods for the assessment of postural load and duration of computer use. Occup Environ Med 61:1027–1031CrossRef
go back to reference Homan MM, Armstrong TJ (2003) Evaluation of three methodologies for assessing work activity during computer use. AIHA J (Fairfax, Va) 64:48–55CrossRef Homan MM, Armstrong TJ (2003) Evaluation of three methodologies for assessing work activity during computer use. AIHA J (Fairfax, Va) 64:48–55CrossRef
go back to reference Hwang YH, Chen YT, Yeh JY, Liang HW (2010) Effects of passive computer use time and non-computer work time on the performance of electronic activity monitoring. Ergonomics 53:1254–1262CrossRef Hwang YH, Chen YT, Yeh JY, Liang HW (2010) Effects of passive computer use time and non-computer work time on the performance of electronic activity monitoring. Ergonomics 53:1254–1262CrossRef
go back to reference IJmker S, Huysmans MA, Blatter BM, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM (2007) Should office workers spend fewer hours at their computer? A systematic review of the literature. Occup Environ Med 64:211–222CrossRef IJmker S, Huysmans MA, Blatter BM, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM (2007) Should office workers spend fewer hours at their computer? A systematic review of the literature. Occup Environ Med 64:211–222CrossRef
go back to reference IJmker S, Leijssen JN, Blatter BM, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM (2008) Test-retest reliability and validity of self-reported duration of computer use at work. Scand J Work Environ Health 34:113–119CrossRef IJmker S, Leijssen JN, Blatter BM, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM (2008) Test-retest reliability and validity of self-reported duration of computer use at work. Scand J Work Environ Health 34:113–119CrossRef
go back to reference IJmker S, Huysmans MA, van der Beek AJ, Knol DL, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Blatter BM (2010) Software-recorded and self-reported duration of computer use in relation to the onset of severe arm-wrist-hand pain and neck-shoulder pain. Occup Environ Med IJmker S, Huysmans MA, van der Beek AJ, Knol DL, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Blatter BM (2010) Software-recorded and self-reported duration of computer use in relation to the onset of severe arm-wrist-hand pain and neck-shoulder pain. Occup Environ Med
go back to reference Jensen C, Borg V, Finsen L, Hansen K, Juul-Kristensen B, Christensen H (1998) Job demands, muscle activity and musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to work with the computer mouse. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:418–424CrossRef Jensen C, Borg V, Finsen L, Hansen K, Juul-Kristensen B, Christensen H (1998) Job demands, muscle activity and musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to work with the computer mouse. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:418–424CrossRef
go back to reference Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, Amick B (1998) The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J Occup Health Psychol 3:322–355CrossRef Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, Amick B (1998) The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J Occup Health Psychol 3:322–355CrossRef
go back to reference Karlqvist L, Tornqvist EW, Hagberg M, Hagman M, Toomingas A (2003) Self-reported working conditions of VDU operators and associations with musculoskeletal symptoms: a cross-sectional study focussing on gender differences. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 30:277–294CrossRef Karlqvist L, Tornqvist EW, Hagberg M, Hagman M, Toomingas A (2003) Self-reported working conditions of VDU operators and associations with musculoskeletal symptoms: a cross-sectional study focussing on gender differences. Int J Industrial Ergonomics 30:277–294CrossRef
go back to reference Kennedy CA, Amick BC III, Dennerlein JT, Brewer S, Catli S, Williams R, Serra C, Gerr F, Irvin E, Mahood Q, Franzblau A, Van ED, Evanoff B, Rempel D (2010) Systematic review of the role of occupational health and safety interventions in the prevention of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms, signs, disorders, injuries, claims and lost time. J Occup Rehabil 20:127–162CrossRef Kennedy CA, Amick BC III, Dennerlein JT, Brewer S, Catli S, Williams R, Serra C, Gerr F, Irvin E, Mahood Q, Franzblau A, Van ED, Evanoff B, Rempel D (2010) Systematic review of the role of occupational health and safety interventions in the prevention of upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms, signs, disorders, injuries, claims and lost time. J Occup Rehabil 20:127–162CrossRef
go back to reference Kristensen TS, Borg V, Hannerz H (2002) Socioeconomic status and psychosocial work environment: results from a Danish national study. Scand J Public Health Suppl 59:41–48 Kristensen TS, Borg V, Hannerz H (2002) Socioeconomic status and psychosocial work environment: results from a Danish national study. Scand J Public Health Suppl 59:41–48
go back to reference Kryger AI, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Vilstrup I, Overgaard E, Thomsen JF, Mikkelsen S (2003) Does computer use pose an occupational hazard for forearm pain; from the NUDATA study. Occup Environ Med 60:e14CrossRef Kryger AI, Andersen JH, Lassen CF, Brandt LP, Vilstrup I, Overgaard E, Thomsen JF, Mikkelsen S (2003) Does computer use pose an occupational hazard for forearm pain; from the NUDATA study. Occup Environ Med 60:e14CrossRef
go back to reference Lassen CF, Mikkelsen S, Kryger AI, Brandt LP, Overgaard E, Thomsen JF, Vilstrup I, Andersen JH (2004) Elbow and wrist/hand symptoms among 6, 943 computer operators: a 1-year follow-up study (the NUDATA study). Am J Ind Med 46:521–533CrossRef Lassen CF, Mikkelsen S, Kryger AI, Brandt LP, Overgaard E, Thomsen JF, Vilstrup I, Andersen JH (2004) Elbow and wrist/hand symptoms among 6, 943 computer operators: a 1-year follow-up study (the NUDATA study). Am J Ind Med 46:521–533CrossRef
go back to reference Lassen CF, Mikkelsen S, Kryger AI, Andersen JH (2005) Risk factors for persistent elbow, forearm and hand pain among computer workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 31:122–131CrossRef Lassen CF, Mikkelsen S, Kryger AI, Andersen JH (2005) Risk factors for persistent elbow, forearm and hand pain among computer workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 31:122–131CrossRef
go back to reference Macfarlane GJ, Pallewatte N, Paudyal P, Blyth FM, Coggon D, Crombez G, Linton S, Leino-Arjas P, Silman AJ, Smeets RJ, van der Windt D (2009) Evaluation of work-related psychosocial factors and regional musculoskeletal pain: results from a EULAR Task Force. Ann Rheum Dis 68:885–891CrossRef Macfarlane GJ, Pallewatte N, Paudyal P, Blyth FM, Coggon D, Crombez G, Linton S, Leino-Arjas P, Silman AJ, Smeets RJ, van der Windt D (2009) Evaluation of work-related psychosocial factors and regional musculoskeletal pain: results from a EULAR Task Force. Ann Rheum Dis 68:885–891CrossRef
go back to reference Marcus M, Gerr F, Monteilh C, Ortiz DJ, Gentry E, Cohen S, Edwards A, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D (2002) A prospective study of computer users: II. Postural risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J Ind Med 41:236–249CrossRef Marcus M, Gerr F, Monteilh C, Ortiz DJ, Gentry E, Cohen S, Edwards A, Ensor C, Kleinbaum D (2002) A prospective study of computer users: II. Postural risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. Am J Ind Med 41:236–249CrossRef
go back to reference Mathiassen SE (2006) Diversity and variation in biomechanical exposure: what is it, and why would we like to know? Appl Ergon 37:419–427CrossRef Mathiassen SE (2006) Diversity and variation in biomechanical exposure: what is it, and why would we like to know? Appl Ergon 37:419–427CrossRef
go back to reference Mikkelsen S, Vilstrup I, Lassen CF, Kryger AI, Thomsen JF, Andersen JH (2007) Validity of questionnaire self-reports on computer, mouse and keyboard usage during a four-week period. Occup Environ Med 64:541–547CrossRef Mikkelsen S, Vilstrup I, Lassen CF, Kryger AI, Thomsen JF, Andersen JH (2007) Validity of questionnaire self-reports on computer, mouse and keyboard usage during a four-week period. Occup Environ Med 64:541–547CrossRef
go back to reference Nakazawa T, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Komine S, Kato N, Nogawa K (2002) Association between duration of daily VDT use and subjective symptoms. Am J Ind Med 42:421–426CrossRef Nakazawa T, Okubo Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Komine S, Kato N, Nogawa K (2002) Association between duration of daily VDT use and subjective symptoms. Am J Ind Med 42:421–426CrossRef
go back to reference Prentice RL, Gloeckler LA (1978) Regression analysis of grouped survival data with application to breast cancer data. Biometrics 34:57–67CrossRef Prentice RL, Gloeckler LA (1978) Regression analysis of grouped survival data with application to breast cancer data. Biometrics 34:57–67CrossRef
go back to reference Richter JM, Slijper HP, Over EA, Frens MA (2008) Computer work duration and its dependence on the used pause definition. Appl Ergon 39:772–778CrossRef Richter JM, Slijper HP, Over EA, Frens MA (2008) Computer work duration and its dependence on the used pause definition. Appl Ergon 39:772–778CrossRef
go back to reference Richter JM, Mathiassen SE, Slijper HP, Over EA, Frens MA (2009) Differences in muscle load between computer and non-computer work among office workers. Ergonomics 52:1540–1555CrossRef Richter JM, Mathiassen SE, Slijper HP, Over EA, Frens MA (2009) Differences in muscle load between computer and non-computer work among office workers. Ergonomics 52:1540–1555CrossRef
go back to reference Visser B, van Dieen JH (2006) Pathophysiology of upper extremity muscle disorders. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 16:1–16CrossRef Visser B, van Dieen JH (2006) Pathophysiology of upper extremity muscle disorders. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 16:1–16CrossRef
go back to reference Wahlstrom J (2005) Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders and computer work. Occup Med (Lond) 55:168–176CrossRef Wahlstrom J (2005) Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorders and computer work. Occup Med (Lond) 55:168–176CrossRef
go back to reference Westgaard RH, Vasseljen O, Holte KA (2001) Trapezius muscle activity as a risk indicator for shoulder and neck pain in female service workers with low biomechanical exposure. Ergonomics 44:339–353 Westgaard RH, Vasseljen O, Holte KA (2001) Trapezius muscle activity as a risk indicator for shoulder and neck pain in female service workers with low biomechanical exposure. Ergonomics 44:339–353
go back to reference Wu HC, Liu YP, Chen HC (2010) Differences in computer exposure between university administrators and CAD draftsmen. Appl Ergon 41:849–856CrossRef Wu HC, Liu YP, Chen HC (2010) Differences in computer exposure between university administrators and CAD draftsmen. Appl Ergon 41:849–856CrossRef
go back to reference Yeh JY, Liang HW, Hwang YH (2009) The effect of idle time thresholds on computer use time estimations by electronic monitoring. Ergonomics 52:872–881CrossRef Yeh JY, Liang HW, Hwang YH (2009) The effect of idle time thresholds on computer use time estimations by electronic monitoring. Ergonomics 52:872–881CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Does computer use affect the incidence of distal arm pain? A one-year prospective study using objective measures of computer use
Authors
Sigurd Mikkelsen
Christina Funch Lassen
Imogen Vilstrup
Ann Isabel Kryger
Lars Peter Andreas Brandt
Jane Frølund Thomsen
Mette Gerster
Søren Grimstrup
Johan Hviid Andersen
Publication date
01-02-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0340-0131
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1246
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0648-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2/2012 Go to the issue